Bullying and Victimization in Ethnically Diverse Schools: Risk and Protective Factors on the Individual and Class Level

ABSTRACTSynthetic tobacco is a type of drug produced from tobacco mixed with chemical liquids. Synthetic tobacco produces a calming effect, daydreaming, hallucinations, and unconsciousness. In some individuals there is resistance to chemicals, resulting in dizziness, vomiting and unconsciousness. The basic ingredients of tobacco make synthetic tobacco difficult to distinguish from ordinary tobacco. So that the impact on the prevention and eradication of drugs is increasingly difficult. The CJ community is a community of drug users who have used synthetic tobacco for 5 months. This study aimed to determine the risk and protective factors of synthetic tobacco use in the CJ community. This research was a qualitative study on the case of the CJ community with the direct involvement of researchers in the community. The result of the research was an analysis description of the risk and protective factors in the CJ community. Medically dangerous side effects have not been communicated to users in the CJ community. Awareness of the future and responsibility are protective factors that motivate community members to stop using drugs. This research showed that the use of synthetic tobacco type drugs can be more harmful to individuals and the environment. The impact on the individual physically and psychologically will affect the individual's difficulty in interacting with the social environment. There is a need for socialization and education that takes into account various aspects of society so that prevention can take place effectively. The results of the research can become the basis for providing intervention designs with community collaboration as agents of change.Key Word: Synthetic Tobacco, Risk Factor, Protective Factor, Drugs User ABSTRAKTembakau sintetis merupakan jenis narkoba yang dihasilkan dari tembakau yang dicampur dengan cairan kimia. Tembakau sintetis menghasilkan efek tenang, melamun, halusinasi, dan tidak sadarkan diri. Pada beberapa individu terdapat penolakan terhadap zat kimia, berakibat pusing, muntah dan tidak sadarkan diri. Bahan dasar tembakau membuat tembakau sintetis sulit dibedakan dengan tembakau biasa. Sehingga berdampak kepada pencegahan dan pemberantasan narkoba yang semakin sulit. Komunitas CJ merupakan komunitas pengguna narkoba yang sudah menggunakan tembakau sintetis selama 5 bulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui risk and protective factor penggunaan tembakau sintetis pada komunitas CJ. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kualitatif pada kasus komunitas CJ dengan keterlibatan langsung peneliti pada komunitas. Hasil penelitian berupa deskripsi analisis dari risk and protective factor pada komunitas CJ. Efek samping yang berbahaya secara medis belum tersosialisasikan kepada para pengguna di komunitas CJ. Kesadaran mengenai masa depan dan tanggung jawab menjadi faktor protektif yang memotivasi anggota komunitas untuk berhenti menggunakan narkoba. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penggunaan narkoba jenis tembakau sintetis dapat lebih berbahaya bagi individu dan lingkungan. Dampak kepada individu secara fisik dan psikologis akan mempengaruhi kesulitan individu berinteraksi dengan lingkungan sosial. Perlu adanya sosialisasi dan edukasi yang memperhatikan berbagai aspek di masyarakat agar pencegahan dapat berlangsung dengan efektif. Hasil penelitian dapat menjadi landasan dalam memberikan rancangan intervensi dengan kolaborasi masyarakat sebagai agen perubahan.Kata Kunci: Tembakau Sintetis, Faktor Risiko, Faktor Protektif, Pengguna Narkoba

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Risk and Protective Factors for Depression in Youth

Behaviour Change ◽

10.1375/bech.23.1.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 1-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Alison L. Shortt ◽

Susan H. Spence

Keyword(s):

Protective Factors ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Ecological Framework ◽

Preventive Interventions ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Protective Processes ◽

The Individual ◽

Over Time

AbstractRisk and protective processes and mechanisms associated with depression in youth are discussed within a developmental–ecological framework. Risk factors at the individual (genetics, biology, affect, cognition, behaviour) and broader contextual levels (e.g., family, school, community) are proposed to interact, leading to the development of depression in youth. Transactions between these individual and contextual factors are suggested to be dynamic and reciprocal, and these transactions are expected to change over time and developmental course. The ‘best bet’ for the prevention of depression may be multicomponent and multilevel interventions that address the multiple risk and protective factors associated with depression. Preventive interventions need to focus on building protective factors within young people themselves, as well as creating health-promoting environments at home and at school. These interventions likely need to be long term and geared towards assisting youth across successive periods of development.

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Risk and protective factors for drug use and antisocial behavior in Spanish adolescents and young people

International journal of psychological research ◽

10.21500/20112084.746 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 25-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Silvia López Larrosa ◽

José Luis Rodríguez-Arias Palomo

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Drug Use ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Antisocial Behavior ◽

Antisocial Behaviour ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Youth Survey ◽

The Common ◽

Predictive Risk ◽

The Individual

In this study, 2440 adolescents and young people of different localities in the Northwestern Spanish coast participated. The Communities that Care Youth Survey (CTCYS) (Arthur, Hawkins, Pollard, Catalano y Baglioni, 2002; Glaser, Van Horn, Arthur, Hawkins y Catalano, 2005) was used to identify drug use and antisocial behavior, and their risk and protective factors in the family, the school, the community and the individual/peers. The objective of the research was to identify the predictive role of age and sex in the drug use and the antisocial behaviour, as well as the identification of common predictive risk and protective factors. Data show that age predicts drug use but not the antisocial behaviour. The common predictive risk factors are school failure, gang involvement, attitudes favourable to and early start of antisocial behaviour. The common protective factors are social skills and moral order beliefs. Results show the relevance of considering risk and protection, confirm the existence of common predictive factors and the reciprocal influence of drug use and antisocial behaviour.

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Child Witchcraft Confessions as an Idiom of Distress in Sierra Leone; Results of a Rapid Qualitative Inquiry and Recommendations for Mental Health Interventions.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-104718/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Heleen Yoder ◽

Joop T.V.M. de Jong ◽

Wietse Anton Tol ◽

Joshua Abioseh Duncan ◽

Amjata Bayoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Sierra Leone ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Qualitative Inquiry ◽

Health Interventions ◽

Individual Child ◽

Idiom Of Distress ◽

Mental Health Interventions ◽

The Individual

Abstract BackgroundReports about child witchcraft are not uncommon in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study we approach child witchcraft as an idiom of distress. In an environment that may prohibit children from openly expressing distress, belief in witchcraft can provide a shared language to communicate about psychosocial suffering. We used an ecological approach to study how some children in distressing circumstances come to a witchcraft confession, with the aim to set out pathways for mental health interventions. MethodsWe employed rapid qualitative inquiry methodology, with an inductive and iterative approach, combining emic and etic perspectives. We conducted 37 interviews and 12 focus group discussions with a total of 127 respondents in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Inductive analysis was used to identify risk and protective factors related to witchcraft accusations and confessions. ResultsWe identified risk and protective factors related to the individual child, the family, peer relations, teachers and other professionals in a child’s life, traditional healers, pastors and the wider society. We found that in the context of a macrosystem that supports witchcraft, suspicions of witchcraft are formed at the mesosystem level, where actors from the microsystem interact with each other and the child. The involvement of a traditional healer or pastor often forms a tipping point that leads to a confession of witchcraft. ConclusionsChild witchcraft is an idiom of distress, not so much owned by the individual child as well as by the systems around the child. Mental health interventions should be systemic and multi-sectoral, to prevent accusations and confessions, and address the suffering of both the child and the systems surrounding the child. Interventions should be contextually relevant and service providers should be helped to address conscious and subconscious fears related to witchcraft. Beyond mental health interventions, advocacy, peacebuilding and legislation is needed to address the deeper systemic issues of poverty, conflict and abuse.

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Risk, Resilience, and Adjustment of Individuals with Learning Disabilities

Learning Disability Quarterly ◽

10.2307/1511092 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 43-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

Gale M. Morrison ◽

Merith A. Cosden

Keyword(s):

Protective Factors ◽

Learning Disability ◽

Emotional Adjustment ◽

School Dropout ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Future Research ◽

The Family ◽

Community Environments ◽

The Individual ◽

External Characteristics

This article uses the concepts of risk and resiliency to frame our understanding of how having a learning disability affects nonacademic outcomes such as emotional adjustment, family functioning, adolescent problems of school dropout, substance abuse and juvenile delinquency, and adult adaptation. The presence of a learning disability is viewed as a risk factor that, in and of itself, does not predict positive or negative outcomes. Rather, other risk and protective factors, as highlighted in the literature, interact with the presence of a learning disability to facilitate or impede adjustment. These risk and protective factors may be internal characteristics of the individual or external characteristics of the family, school and community environments. Implications for the development of proactive interventions and areas for future research are discussed.

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Child witchcraft confessions as an idiom of distress in Sierra Leone; results of a rapid qualitative inquiry and recommendations for mental health interventions

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health ◽

10.1186/s13034-021-00370-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hélène N. C. Yoder ◽

Joop T. V. M. de Jong ◽

Wietse A. Tol ◽

Joshua A. Duncan ◽

Amjata Bayoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Sierra Leone ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Qualitative Inquiry ◽

Health Interventions ◽

Individual Child ◽

Idiom Of Distress ◽

Mental Health Interventions ◽

The Individual

Abstract Background Reports about child witchcraft are not uncommon in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study we approach child witchcraft as an idiom of distress. In an environment that may prohibit children from openly expressing distress, the shared imagery of witchcraft can provide a cultural idiom to communicate about psychosocial suffering. We used an ecological approach to study how some children in distressing circumstances come to a witchcraft confession, with the aim to set out pathways for mental health interventions. Methods We employed rapid qualitative inquiry methodology, with an inductive and iterative approach, combining emic and etic perspectives. We conducted 37 interviews and 12 focus group discussions with a total of 127 participants in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Inductive analysis was used to identify risk and protective factors related to witchcraft accusations and confessions. Results We identified risk and protective factors related to the individual child, the family, peer relations, teachers and other professionals in a child’s life, traditional healers, pastors and the wider society. We found that in the context of a macrosystem that supports witchcraft, suspicions of witchcraft are formed at the mesosystem level, where actors from the microsystem interact with each other and the child. The involvement of a traditional healer or pastor often forms a tipping point that leads to a confession of witchcraft. Conclusions Child witchcraft is an idiom of distress, not so much owned by the individual child as well as by the systems around the child. Mental health interventions should be systemic and multi-sectoral, to prevent accusations and confessions, and address the suffering of both the child and the systems surrounding the child. Interventions should be contextually relevant and service providers should be helped to address conscious and subconscious fears related to witchcraft. Beyond mental health interventions, advocacy, peacebuilding and legislation is needed to address the deeper systemic issues of poverty, conflict and abuse.

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Psychopathology as an outcome of development

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579497002046 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 251-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 377

Author(s):

L. ALAN SROUFE

Keyword(s):

Protective Factors ◽

Research Agenda ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Developmental Perspective ◽

Research Questions ◽

The Individual ◽

Over Time

When maladaptation is viewed as development rather than as disease, a transformed understanding results and a fundamentally different research agenda emerges. Within a developmental perspective, maladaptation is viewed as evolving through the successive adaptations of persons in their environments. It is not something a person “has” or an ineluctable expression of an endogenous pathogen. It is the complex result of a myriad of risk and protective factors operating over time. Key research questions within this framework center on discovery of factors that place individuals on pathways probabilistically leading to later disturbances and factors and processes which maintain individuals on, or deflect them from, such pathways once enjoined. There is an interest in recognizing patterns of maladaptation which, while not properly considered disorder themselves, commonly are precursors of disorder and also in conditions of risk that lie outside of the individual, as well as any endogenous influences. Likewise, there is a focus on factors and processes that lead individuals away from disorder that has emerged, which goes beyond interest in management of symptoms. Finally, many topics that currently are capturing attention in the field, such as “comorbidity” and “resilience,” are seen in new ways from within the perspective of development.

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Child witchcraft confessions as an idiom of distress in Sierra Leone; results of a rapid qualitative inquiry and recommendations for mental health interventions.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-104718/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Heleen Yoder ◽

Joop T.V.M. de Jong ◽

Wietse Anton Tol ◽

Joshua Abioseh Duncan ◽

Amjata Bayoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Sierra Leone ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Qualitative Inquiry ◽

Health Interventions ◽

Individual Child ◽

Idiom Of Distress ◽

Mental Health Interventions ◽

The Individual

Abstract Background Reports about child witchcraft are not uncommon in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study we approach child witchcraft as an idiom of distress. In an environment that may prohibit children from openly expressing distress, the shared imagery of witchcraft can provide a cultural idiom to communicate about psychosocial suffering. We used an ecological approach to study how some children in distressing circumstances come to a witchcraft confession, with the aim to set out pathways for mental health interventions.Methods We employed rapid qualitative inquiry methodology, with an inductive and iterative approach, combining emic and etic perspectives. We conducted 37 interviews and 12 focus group discussions with a total of 127 participants in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Inductive analysis was used to identify risk and protective factors related to witchcraft accusations and confessions.Results We identified risk and protective factors related to the individual child, the family, peer relations, teachers and other professionals in a child’s life, traditional healers, pastors and the wider society. We found that in the context of a macrosystem that supports witchcraft, suspicions of witchcraft are formed at the mesosystem level, where actors from the microsystem interact with each other and the child. The involvement of a traditional healer or pastor often forms a tipping point that leads to a confession of witchcraft. Conclusions Child witchcraft is an idiom of distress, not so much owned by the individual child as well as by the systems around the child. Mental health interventions should be systemic and multi-sectoral, to prevent accusations and confessions, and address the suffering of both the child and the systems surrounding the child. Interventions should be contextually relevant and service providers should be helped to address conscious and subconscious fears related to witchcraft. Beyond mental health interventions, advocacy, peacebuilding and legislation is needed to address the deeper systemic issues of poverty, conflict and abuse.

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RELATING RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS TO YOUTH REOFFENDING: A TWO-YEAR FOLLOW-UP

International Journal of Child Youth and Family Studies ◽

10.18357/ijcyfs22.120117705 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (2.1) ◽

pp. 172 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Leslie D. MacRae ◽

Lorne D. Bertrand ◽

Joanne J. Paetsch ◽

Joseph P. Hornick

Keyword(s):

Protective Factors ◽

Average Rate ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Study Data ◽

Youth Justice ◽

Gang Affiliation ◽

Contact Data ◽

History Of ◽

The Individual

<p>This article presents findings of a retrospective longitudinal study of youth reoffending in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Increasingly, the examination of risk and protective factors in the youth reoffending literature is grouped into five general domains: individual, family, peer, school, and community. For purposes of the present study, data on each of these factors were obtained from interviews and probation file reviews for a sample of 123 youth who had various levels of involvement in the youth justice system. These baseline data were collected from July 2006 to July 2007. Reoffending was tracked for two years following the interview using police contact data. Descriptive findings indicated that, overall, youth who possessed risk factors in each domain had a higher average rate of reoffending. Stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that in the individual domain, a history of purchasing illegal drugs, stealing a car or motorcycle, and committing an assault with a weapon, as well as a diagnosis of ADD/ADHD, were significantly related to the extent of reoffending. In the peer domain, gang affiliation was significant. In the community domain, the presence of gangs in the community was significant. None of the predictors in the family or school domains were significant. Implications for future Canadian research are discussed.</p>

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Do Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Offending Vary Across Indigenous and White Youth Followed Prospectively Through Full Adulthood?

Crime & Delinquency ◽

10.1177/0011128717741616 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 64 (10) ◽

pp. 1247-1270 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Evan C. McCuish ◽

Raymond R. Corrado

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Adolescent Offenders ◽

White Youth ◽

Indigenous Youth ◽

Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽

Individual Level ◽

Offending Trajectories ◽

The Individual

Although Indigenous youth are overrepresented in justice systems across North America, Australia, and New Zealand, explanations for this overrepresentation are principally theoretical as data at the individual level are lacking. Risk for offending among Indigenous youth may be overestimated because of their typically more negative socioeconomic outcomes tied to historical injustices perpetrated by governments across different nations. Data on 403 adolescent offenders followed from ages 12 to 29 were used to examine offending trajectories and associated risk and protective factors across Indigenous and White participants. A greater number of social adversities characterized Indigenous youth, yet they did not differ from White youth in their likelihood of assignment to the highest rate offending trajectory. Culturally sensitive assessment of risk for offending is recommended.

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