Investigation of random waypoint and steady state random waypoint mobility models in NS-3 using AODV

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-274
Author(s):  
Alok Singh ◽  
Saurabh Sharma ◽  
Rajneesh K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Transition Phase ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
High Level ◽  
Simulation Time ◽  
Random Waypoint

NS-3 has been one of the popular network simulator software for many years especially in research related to Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs). In NS-3, there is provision of several mobility models including Random Waypoint (RWP) mobility model and Steady State Random Waypoint (SSRWP) mobility model. RWP mobility model suffers from the transition phase related imperfection. SSRWP mobility model overcomes this limitation of RWP mobility by allowing the steady state initialization states of nodes in terms of position, speed and pause time of mobile nodes right from the beginning of the simulation. As SSRWP mobility model avoids any requirement of warm-up (cut-off) phase of RWP mobility model, it saves a significant amount of time of warm-up (cut-off) phase as well as establishes a high level of confidence in results obtained due to absence of any subjective guess. In the present work, RWP and SSRWP mobility models have been investigated using AODV routing protocol and it has been found that a way to mitigate the misleading effect of the transition phase of RWP mobility model is to have a sufficiently large simulation time which results, to a good extent, in convergence of performance of RWP mobility model toward that of SSRWP mobility model.

scholarly journals Link-state QoS routing protocol under various mobility models

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 906
Author(s):  
Safaa Laqtib ◽  
Khalid El Yassini ◽  
Moulay Lahcen Hasnaoui
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Link State ◽  
Random Waypoint

<p>Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) consists of a group of mobile or wireless nodes that are placed randomly and dynamically that causes the continual change between nodes. A mobility model attempts to mimic the movement of real mobile nodes that change the speed and direction with time. The mobility model that accurately represents the characteristics of the mobile nodes in an ad hoc network is the key to examine whether a given protocol. The aim of this paper is to compare the performance of four different mobility models (i.e. Random Waypoint, Random Direction, Random walk, and Steady-State Random Waypoint) in MANET. These models were configured with Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol under three QoS (Quality of Service) <a title="Learn more about Metrics" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/metrics">metrics</a> such as the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Throughput, End-to-End delay. The simulation results show the effectiveness of Steady-State Random Waypoint Mobility Models and encourage further investigations to extend it in order to guarantee other QoS requirements.</p>

MOVE

2010 ◽  
pp. 355-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun-Chan Lan
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Level Of Details ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Prohibitive Cost ◽  
Random Waypoint

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is surging in popularity, in which vehicles constitute the mobile nodes in the network. Due to the prohibitive cost of deploying and implementing such a system in real world, most research in VANET relies on simulations for evaluation. A key component for VANET simulations is a realistic vehicular mobility model that ensures conclusions drawn from simulation experiments will carry through to real deployments. However, VANET simulations raise many new questions about suitable levels of details in simulation models for nodes mobility. In VANET simulations, the mobility models used affect strongly the simulation output. The researchers need to decide what level of details are required for their simulations. In this chapter, the authors introduce a tool MOVE that allows users to rapidly generate realistic mobility models for VANET simulations. MOVE is built on top of an open source micro-traffic simulator SUMO. The output of MOVE is a realistic mobility model and can be immediately used by popular network simulators such as ns-2 and Qualnet. The authors show that the simulation results obtained when using a realistic mobility model such as MOVE are significantly different from results based on the commonly used random waypoint model. In addition, the authors evaluate the effects of details of mobility models in three case studies of VANET simulations (specifically, the existence of traffic lights, driver route choice and car overtaking behavior) and show that selecting sufficient level of details in the simulation is critical for VANET protocol design.

The Robustness of RM-DSR Multipath Routing Protocol with Different Network Size in MANET

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
Naseer Ali Husieen ◽  
Suhaidi Hassan ◽  
Osman Ghazali ◽  
Lelyzar Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Route Maintenance ◽  
Dynamic Source

This paper evaluates the performance of Reliable Multipath Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (RM-DSR) protocol with different network size compared to DSR protocol. RM-DSR developed in the mobile ad-hoc network to recover from the transient failure quickly and divert the data packets into a new route before the link is disconnected. The performance of RM-DSR protocol is tested in the Network Simulator (NS-2.34) under the random way point mobility model with varying number of mobile nodes. The network size parameter is used to investigate the robustness and the efficiency of RM-DSR protocol compared to DSR protocol. The network size affects the time of the route discovery process during the route establishment and the route maintenance process which could influence the overall performance of the routing protocol. The simulation results indicate that RM-DSR outperforms DSR in terms of the packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, normalized routing load and packet drop.

Traffic-Centric Mesoscopic Analysis of Connectivity in VANETs

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mani Zarei
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Distance Distributions ◽  
Hoc Networks

Abstract Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have emerged as an appropriate class of information propagation technology promising to link us even while moving at high speeds. In VANETs, a piece of information propagates through consecutive connections. In the most previous vehicular connectivity analysis, the provided probability density function of intervehicle distance throughout the wide variety of steady-state traffic flow conditions is surprisingly invariant. But, using a constant assumption, generates approximate communication results, prevents us from improving the performance of the current solutions and impedes designing the new applications on VANETs. Hence, in this paper, a mesoscopic vehicular mobility model in a multilane highway with a steady-state traffic flow condition is adopted. To model a traffic-centric distribution for the spatial per-hop progress and the expected spatial per-hop progress, different intervehicle distance distributions are utilized. Moreover, the expected number of hops, distribution of the number of successful multihop forwarding, the expected time delay and the expected connectivity distance are mathematically investigated. Finally, to model the distribution of the connectivity distances, a set of simplistic closed-form traffic-centric equations is proposed. The accuracy of the proposed model is confirmed using an event-based network simulator as well as a road traffic simulator.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF RE-AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL WITH DIFFERENT MOBILITY MODELS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-463
Author(s):  
Outazgui Saloua ◽  
Fakhri Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Aodv Routing Protocol

This paper aims to present a detailed study of different mobility models applicable for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have evolved dramatically in mobile networks, providing the key advantage of offering access to information without considering a user's spatial and topological characteristics. Due to the exponential advancement of the Internet and the development of small handheld devices as a source of connectivity and data sharing, the wireless network has almost exploded over the past few years. As a routing protocol for WSN in different studies, the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance-vector routing protocol (AODV) has shown better performance than different routing protocols. It offers quick adaptation to dynamic link conditions, low processing, low memory overheads, and low network utilization. To develop an optimized routing protocol, in our previous work, we had proposed an enhancement of the AODV routing protocol to increase the performance of the classic AODV protocol by optimizing the energy consumption and automatically maximizing the network lifetime. In this paper, we present a detailed study of mobility models applicable for WSN. We describe various mobility models representing mobile nodes whose movements are independent (individual mobility models) and dependent (group mobility models). Furthermore, we will focus on studying the behavior of our optimized version of AODV that we named RE-AODV with different existing mobility models so that we can, in the end, select the best mobility model. In terms of network efficiency, simulation results in this Work demonstrate that the type of mobility model used makes the difference and influences the behavior of nodes.

scholarly journals Performance of AODV and OLSR Protocols with Different Mobility Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 4775-4778
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Network Routing ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Control Overhead

The Mobile and ad hoc wireless network has a set of nodes and is a low power, wireless infrastructure less, self-organized and limited distance communicating network devices. The nodes are always changing their characteristics over time results into a different network topology. So, it is very difficult to predict the mobile ad hoc network performance. In this research paper we proposed comparative analysis and estimate the performance of network amongst the mobile nodes by reducing the control overhead. Main intention of the paper is to relate and estimate the performance of different network routing protocols under diverse mobility models. The routing protocols performance metrics are examined with varying node speed and node density of network amongst different mobile nodes. NS-3 is used as a network simulator with version 3.25 (NS-3.25) to carry out the research simulation results.

scholarly journals Realistic Model of Mobility based on Location and Route for VANET

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 5111-5116
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Transmission Delay ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Optimal Solutions

In this research work, we propose two realistic mobility models named as location based realistic mobility model and route based realistic mobility model. In location based realistic mobility model speed and velocity is updating and route based realistic mobility model implies how many routes are available. With these models the targeted position is set and vehicles are moving according to the same position. Hence the problem of routing is resolved which is encountered in existing realistic mobility model. For implementation of our models, we use open source software named as network simulator NS-3 and traffic simulator MOVE with SUMO. We also compare our models with the existing realistic models in terms of performance matrices: packet loss, throughput and transmission delay. Since the vehicles are moving according to targeted position, so as application aspects we predict accidents and lots of traffic and with the help of prediction we will choose some optimal solutions.

scholarly journals Investigation of Mobility Model Against Reactive Routing Protocols in MANETs

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 751-767
Author(s):  
Shruti Bajaj ◽  
Er. Rajdeep Singh ◽  
Er. Parveen Kakkar
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Reactive Routing ◽  
Network Metrics ◽  
The Impact

Ad-hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes which dynamically form a temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. It may connect hundreds to thousands of mobile nodes. The mobile nodes communicate directly with each other without the aid of access points. They form an arbitrary topology, where the routers are free to move randomly and arrange themselves as required. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the impact of mobility models on the performance of three MANET on-demand reactive routing protocols: AODV, DSR and DYMO. The mobility models that are used in this work are: Random Waypoint mobility model and Group mobility model. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network size, varying pause time, and varying velocity. We used Qual-Net [18] from scalable networks for the simulation purpose. The performance analysis is based on different network metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, average end –to –end delay and average jitter.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Open-Source Simulation Framework for LiFi Communication

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2485
Author(s):  
Shakir Ullah ◽  
Saeed Ur Rehman ◽  
Peter Han Joo Chong
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Optical Gain ◽  
Packet Delay ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Seamless Integration

Light Fidelity (LiFi) is a new candidate for wireless networking that utilizes the visible light spectrum and exploits the existing lighting infrastructure in the form of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It provides point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication on a bidirectional channel at very high data rates. However, the LiFi has small coverage, and its optical gain is closely related to the receiver’s directionality vis-à-vis the transmitter, therefore it can experience frequent service outages. To provide reliable coverage, the LiFi is integrated with other networking technologies such as wireless fidelity (WiFi) thus forming a hybrid system. The hybrid LiFi/WiFi system faces many challenges including but not limited to seamless integration with the WiFi, support for mobility, handover management, resource sharing, and load balancing. The existing literature has addressed one or the other aspect of the issues facing LiFi systems. There are limited free source tools available to holistically address these challenges in a scalable manner. To this end, we have developed an open-source simulation framework based on the network simulator 3 (ns-3), which realizes critical aspects of the LiFi wireless network. Our developed ns-3 LiFi framework provides a fully functional AP equipped with the physical layer and medium access control (MAC), a mobility model for the user device, and integration between LiFi and WiFi with a handover facility. Simulation results are produced to demonstrate the mobility and handover capabilities, and the performance gains from the LiFi-WiFi hybrid system in terms of packet delay, throughput, packet drop ratio (PDR), and fairness between users. The source code of the framework is made available for the use of the research community.

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