scholarly journals Dysphonia: state-of-the-art and treatment tools

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 749-754
Author(s):  
S.V. Nikolaeva ◽  
◽  
A.B. Turovskiy ◽  
Yu.N. Khlypovka ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Voice Disorder ◽  
Neck Tumors ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Absence From Work ◽  
Medical Referral

Dysphonia is a voice disorder manifesting with hoarseness, nasality, weak voice, and vocal fatigue. Being a common complaint, dysphonia is a common cause of medical referral and disability due to absence from work. Voice disorders affect individuals of any age. Meanwhile, voice disorders are more commonly reported in patients over 65 years (29.1%) and children. Moreover, 23.4% of children may have dysphonia at a certain point — this disorder is more common in boys than in girls. There are numerous causes of dysphonia, e.g., head snd neck tumors, neurological, gastrointestinal, or lung diseases, psychological disorders, injuries, iatrogenic injuries, infections, etc. Meanwhile, acute laryngitis, a symptom of acute respiratory infections, is one of the leading causes of dysphonia. The most common causative agents of acute laryngitis are parainfluenza and influenza viruses, adenoviruses, on occasion, respiratory syncytial virus, and viral-bacterial associations. Dysphonia treatment should be complex and include systemic and topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, mucoactive medications, systemic and topical antibiotics, and combined medications (e.g., Homeovox). Clinical trials have demonstrated their efficacy in adults and children. KEYWORDS: acute laryngitis, dysphonia, hoarseness, treatment. FOR CITATION: Nikolaeva S.V., Turovskiy A.B., Khlypovka Yu.N. Dysphonia: state-of-the-art and treatment tools. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):749–754 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-749-754.

scholarly journals Approaches to Antiviral Chemotherapy for Acute Respiratory Infections

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro Shigeta
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Antiviral Chemotherapy

The causative agents of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in infants and children are mostly thought to be viruses. Some ARI in adult patients may be caused by bacteria but most often the causes are virus infections. When ARI affect immunocompromised patients or the elderly the mortality rates are significantly higher than in immunocompetent individuals. Many types of viruses cause ARI. Among them, influenza viruses A and B and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are thought to be the most important because of the severity of illness after infection and their high communicability in the human population. Recently, several novel antiviral drugs against ARI have been developed and some are proceeding in clinical trials. This review covers current investigations into antiviral compounds targeted at several points in the virus life-cycle. This includes PM-523, which broadly inhibits ortho- and paramyxoviruses, two neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza virus, neutralizing antibody to RSV and chimeric soluble ICAM-1–IgA molecules targeted against rhinoviruses.

Respiratory tract viruses

2020 ◽  
pp. 723-734
Author(s):  
Malik Peiris
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Respiratory Tract Viruses ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections

Viral respiratory infections, including coronavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza viruses, are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, most notably the COVID-19 pandemic. Transmission occurs through direct contact, contaminated fomites, and large airborne droplets, with long-range transmission by small particle aerosols reported in at least some instances of influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical syndromes affect the upper and/or lower respiratory tract, including coryza, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Each syndrome can potentially be caused by several viruses, and each respiratory virus can be associated with different clinical syndromes. Measles is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and fatality in tropical countries.

TOPICAL ISSUES OF INFECTIOUS RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
A.V. Gorelov ◽  
◽  
S.V. Nikolaeva ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Pediatric Pathology ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Serious Infection ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Respiratory Pathology ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are still topical, holding the first place in the structure of infectious pediatric pathology. The most common causative agents of ARI are viruses. Currently, about 200 respiratory viruses are known, among which the most significant are influenza and parainfluenza viruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses. Relatively recently, previously unknown serotypes of coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, NL63 and HKU), bocaviruses and metapneumovirus were described, and at the end of 2019 a new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was discovered, which causes COVID-19 infection. Pneumotropic bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, etc. contributed to the incidence of respiratory infections. Pertussis remains a serious infection for young children, which in recent years, despite the typical clinical picture, presents certain difficulties for diagnosis. The ability of ARI to provoke the development of secondary bacterial complications (bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia) often dictates the unjustified prescription of antibiotic therapy, which has led in recent years to an increase in antibiotic resistance. Thus, the relevance of ARI at the present stage is not in doubt, and the above problems dictate the need for an individual approach to each patient.

Respiratory tract viruses

2020 ◽  
pp. 723-734
Author(s):  
Malik Peiris
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Respiratory Tract Viruses ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections

Viral respiratory infections, including rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza viruses, are a substantial cause of morbidity worldwide. Transmission occurs through direct contact, contaminated fomites, and large airborne droplets, with long-range transmission by small particle aerosols reported in at least some instances of influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical syndromes affect the upper and/or lower respiratory tract, including coryza, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Each syndrome can potentially be caused by several viruses, and each respiratory virus can be associated with different clinical syndromes. Measles is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and fatality in tropical countries.

scholarly journals Immunoprophylaxis of influenza, acute and recurrent respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
A. A. Girina ◽  
A. L. Zaplatnikov ◽  
E. I. Burtseva ◽  
V. I. Svintsitskaya ◽  
I. D. Maykova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Bacterial Lysate ◽  
Good Tolerability ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Bacterial Lysates

The article notes features of the last epidemic season (2020-2021) in the form of extremely low activity of influenza viruses with SARS-CoV-2 remaining dominant in the etiological structure of acute respiratory viral infections. Presented own data indicating the heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha, Delta, B.1.1.317, B.1.1.397, B.1.1.523) isolated from hospitalized patients was noted. An increase in the etiological role of bocavirus, alpha-coronavirus and metapneumovirus with a decrease in the frequency of parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus was established. An unusual shift of the period of maximum activity of respiratory syncytial virus to the 20th week was noted. Attention is paid to the need during the ongoing pandemic COVID-19 to fully immunize children as part of the National Immunization Calendar, also emphasized the role of mandatory annual vaccination against influenza. It is noted that the maximum protective effect of immunoprophylaxis of influenza acute and recurrent respiratory infections can be achieved with a combination of vaccination with bacterial lysates. The article presents a review of the literature and our data demonstrating the safety, good tolerability, and high clinical and immunological efficiency of polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate for the prevention of acute and recurrent respiratory infections in children. It is shown that the use of polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate during the prevaccination period makes it possible to substantially reduce the frequency of intercurrent infections, which reduces the number of temporary medical withdrawals and increases the coverage of vaccinations against influenza in organized groups to 85.1%. The role of trained immunity as one of the possible mechanisms providing nonspecific immunoprophylaxis during influenza vaccination and the use of bacterial lysates is discussed.

Human bocavirus respiratory infections in children

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (7) ◽  
pp. 1032-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. GAGLIARDI ◽  
M. A. IWAMOTO ◽  
F. E. PAULA ◽  
J. L. PROENÇA-MODENA ◽  
A. M. SARANZO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Human Parainfluenza Viruses

SUMMARYHuman bocavirus (HBoV) was recently identified in respiratory samples from patients with acute respiratory infections and has been reported in different regions of the world. To the best of our knowledge, HBoV has never been reported in respiratory infections in Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from patients aged <5 years hospitalized in 2005 with respiratory infections in Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HBoV. HBoV-positive samples were further tested by PCR for human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses 229E and OC43, human influenza viruses A and B, human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3, human rhinovirus and human adenovirus. HBoV was detected in 26/248 (10·5%) children of which 21 (81%) also tested positive for other respiratory viruses. Despite the high rates of co-infections, no significant differences were found between HBoV-positive patients with and without co-infections with regard to symptoms.

scholarly journals Other Respiratory Viruses Are Important Contributors to Adult Respiratory Hospitalizations and Mortality Even During Peak Weeks of the Influenza Season

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodica Gilca ◽  
Rachid Amini ◽  
Monique Douville-Fradet ◽  
Hugues Charest ◽  
Josée Dubuque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Background.  During peak weeks of seasonal influenza epidemics, severe respiratory infections without laboratory confirmation are typically attributed to influenza. Methods.  In this prospective study, specimens and demographic and clinical data were collected from adults admitted with respiratory symptoms to 4 hospitals during the 8–10 peak weeks of 2 influenza seasons. Specimens were systematically tested for influenza and 13 other respiratory viruses (ORVs) by using the Luminex RVP FAST assay. Results.  At least 1 respiratory virus was ide.jpegied in 46% (21% influenza, 25% noninfluenza; 2% coinfection) of the 286 enrolled patients in 2011–2012 and in 62% (46% influenza, 16% noninfluenza; 3% coinfection) of the 396 enrolled patients in 2012–2013. Among patients aged ≥75 years, twice as many ORVs (32%) as influenza viruses (14%) were detected in 2011–2012. During both seasons, the most frequently detected ORVs were enteroviruses/rhinoviruses (7%), respiratory syncytial virus (6%), human metapneumovirus (5%), coronaviruses (4%), and parainfluenza viruses (2%). Disease severity was similar for influenza and ORVs during both seasons. Conclusions.  Although ORV contribution relative to influenza varies by age and season, during the peak weeks of certain influenza seasons, ORVs may be a more frequent cause of elderly hospitalization than influenza.

Probiotics in the comprehensive prevention of respiratory infections in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.В. Николаева ◽  
Д.В. Усенко ◽  
Ю.Н. Хлыповка ◽  
А.В. Горелов
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Potential Clinical Benefit ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Вирусные инфекции дыхательных путей являются наиболее частой причиной инфекционных заболеваний, особенно у детей. В большинстве случаев, особенно при поражении верхних дыхательных путей, острые респираторные вирусные инфекции протекают в легкой или среднетяжелой форме и часто купируются самостоятельно. Фармакологические средства для лечения или профилактики данных инфекций у детей в настоящее время ограничены. Многочисленные исследования доказали эффективность пробиотиков в лечении и профилактике заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта, таких как инфекционные и антибиотик-ассоциированные диареи, диареи путешественников, некротизирующий энтероколит, инфекция Helicobacter pylori, а также атопических заболеваний. Становится актуальным изучение эффективности пробиотиков в качестве средств профилактики острых респираторных инфекций среди детей и взрослых. Данные in vitro демонстрируют, что пробиотики обладают штаммоспецифическим иммуномодулирующим действием на иммунные клетки. Показано, что пробиотики эффективны в подавлении репликации различных респираторных вирусов, включая вирусы гриппа и респираторно-синцитиальный вирус. Подобные эффекты были продемонстрированы на мышах, было показано, что пробиотики способны снижать титры вируса в тканях легких и модулировать экспрессию противовирусных и провоспалительных генов до и после вирусной инфекции. Доклинические исследования также показывают уменьшение симптомов заболевания у мышей, что указывает на потенциальную клиническую пользу. Данные литературы по изучению применения пробиотиков и синбиотиков при вирусных инфекциях респираторного тракта показывают, что их использование связано с более низкой частотой и меньшей продолжительностью легких форм респираторной инфекции как у детей, так и у взрослых. Целесообразно дальнейшее проведение исследований для получения адекватных выводов об эффективности пробиотиков и синбиотиков при острых респираторных инфекциях. Viral infections of the respiratory tract are the most common cause of infectious diseases, especially in children. In most cases, especially when the upper respiratory tract is affected, acute respiratory viral infections are mild to moderate and often stop spontaneously. Pharmacological agents for the treatment or prevention of these infections in children are currently limited. Numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as infectious and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, Helicobacter pylori infection, as well as atopic diseases. It is becoming urgent to study the effectiveness of probiotics as prophylactic agents for acute respiratory infections. among children and adults. In vitro data demonstrate that probiotics have strain-specific immunomodulatory effects on immune cells. Probiotics have been shown to be effective in suppressing the replication of various respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of probiotics to reduce viral titers in lung tissues and modulate the expression of antiviral and pro-inflammatory genes before and after viral infection. Preclinical studies also show improvement in symptoms in mice, indicating potential clinical benefit. Literature data on the use of probiotics and synbiotics for viral infections of the respiratory tract show that their use is associated with a lower frequency and duration of mild forms of respiratory infection in both children and adults. It is advisable to further conduct research necessary to obtain adequate conclusions about the effectiveness of probiotics and synbiotics in acute respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Influenza, RSV, and Other Respiratory Infections among Children in Qatar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria K. Smatti ◽  
Hamad E. Al-Romaihi ◽  
Hebah A. Al-Khatib ◽  
Peter V. Coyle ◽  
Asmaa A Al Thani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) lead to high rates of mortality and morbidity among children. However, studies on the etiology of respiratory infections among children in Qatar and surrounding countries are still limited. Objectives: To describe the prevalence and seasonality of RSV, influenza, and other respiratory pathogens among children in Qatar. Methods: We retrospectively collected data of 33,404 patients <15 years old presented with Influenza-like illness (ILI) from 2012 to 2017. All samples were tested for influenza viruses, while 30,946 were tested for a complete panel of 21 respiratory pathogens. Results: At least one respiratory pathogen was detected in 26,138 (78%) of patients. Together, human rhinoviruses (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza viruses comprised nearly two-thirds of all ILI cases, detected in 24%, 19.7%, and 18.5%, respectively. A detection rate of 5-10% was recorded for adenovirus, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), bocavirus (HboV), and human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Other pathogens such as human metapneumovirus (HMPV), enteroviruses, mycoplasma pneumonia, and parechovirus had prevalence rates below 5%. ILI positive cases were detected throughout the year. RSV, influenza, HMPV exhibited strong seasonal activity in the winter, while HRV was primarily active during low RSV and influenza activity. The burden of RSV exceeds that of influenza among young age groups (<5 years), affecting 17-30% of ILI cases. Prevalence of influenza, on the other hand, correlated positively with age, ranging from 23% to 32% in age groups above five years. Further, male patients had higher rates of HRV (26%) and adenovirus (9%), whereas females showed a higher prevalence of influenza (22%), and RSV (20%) infections. Conclusion: This comprehensive report provides insights into the etiology of ILI among children in Qatar, which represents the Gulf region. Our results reinforce the significance of active surveillance of respiratory pathogens to improve infection prevention and control strategies, particularly among children.

scholarly journals Facility-based surveillance for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in rural Zambia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Loevinsohn ◽  
Mutinta Hamahuwa ◽  
Pamela Sinywimaanzi ◽  
Katherine Z. J. Fenstermacher ◽  
Kathryn Shaw-Saliba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Rural Zambia

Abstract Background While southern Africa experiences among the highest mortality rates from respiratory infections, the burden of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in rural areas is poorly understood. Methods We implemented facility-based surveillance in Macha, Zambia. Outpatients and inpatients presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI) underwent testing for influenza A, influenza B, and RSV and were prospectively followed for 3 to 5 weeks to assess clinical course. Log-binomial models assessed correlates of infection and clinical severity. Results Between December 2018 and December 2019, 17% of all outpatients presented with ILI and 16% of inpatients were admitted with an acute respiratory complaint. Influenza viruses and RSV were detected in 17% and 11% of outpatient participants with ILI, and 23% and 16% of inpatient participants with ILI, respectively. Influenza (July–September) and RSV (January-April) prevalence peaks were temporally distinct. RSV (relative risk [RR]: 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.51–2.11), but not influenza, infection was associated with severe disease among patients with ILI. Underweight patients with ILI were more likely to be infected with influenza A (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.72; 95% CI 1.04–2.87) and to have severe influenza A infections (RR: 2.49; 95% CI 1.57–3.93). Conclusions Populations in rural Zambia bear a sizeable burden of viral respiratory infections and severe disease. The epidemiology of infections in this rural area differs from that reported from urban areas in Zambia.

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