RHYNCHOLITES AND THE PROBLEM OF NARROW AND BROAD CONCEPTION OF TAXONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Khuzina ◽  
V. N. Komarov
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Artificial System ◽  
Broad Understanding

The paper considers a point of view, based on the conception of the broad understanding of taxons. According to this point of view, rhyncholites of the subgenus Dentatobeccus and Microbeccus are accepted to be synonymous with the genus Rhynchoteuthis, and subgenus Romanovichella is considered to be synonymous with the genus Palaeoteuthis. The criteria, exercising influence on the different approaches to the classification of rhyncholites, have been analyzed (such as age and individual variability, sexual dimorphism, pathological and teratological features, degree of disintegration of material), underestimation of which can lead to inaccuracy. Divestment of the subgenuses Dentatobeccus, Microbeccus and Romanovichella, possessing very bright morphological characteristics, to have an independent status and denomination to their synonyms, has been noted to be unjustified. An artificial system (any suggested variant) with all its minuses is a single probable system for rhyncholites. The main criteria, minimizing its negative sides and proving the separation of the new taxon, is an available mass-scale material. The narrow understanding of the genus, used in sensible limits, has been underlined to simplify the problem of the passing the view about the genus to the other investigators and recognition of rhyncholites for the practical tasks.

scholarly journals The system of points of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Guz ◽  
Yulia G. Babicheva
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the work is to explore the point of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories in its systematic and diverse manifestation. Topicality is provided by the exceptional significance of this category in narratology. The study of the point of view based on the material of short stories by Vasily Shukshin has been conducted for the first time. The article briefly traces the history of scientific understanding of the category of point of view in foreign and Russian philology and notes the variety of approaches and definitions in the formulation of the concept. The authors use the classification of Boris Uspenskij for analysis and consider the point of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories in psychological, ideological (evaluative), spatial-temporal and phraseological terms. The positions of Boris Korman, Yuri Lotman, Wolf Schmid and Franz Karl Stanzel also take into account. The authors note the features of Vasily Shukshin's narration that affect the expression of the point of view in the text. Vasily Shukshin's short stories are characterised by a dynamic and frequent change of points of view, which indicates the technique of “montageˮ and similarities in this regard with cinematic techniques. The conclusions generalise the variety of ways and forms of expression of the point of view in the studied artistic material. The point of view in the considered stories is characterised by variability in the correlation of subjects of speech and subjects of consciousness, alternation of external and internal points of view, mutual transitions from one to the other, text interference and other hybrid phenomena.

On the Classification and Prognosis of Idiocy

1872 ◽  
Vol 18 (83) ◽  
pp. 333-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pathological Conditions

There always must be some awkwardness about the classification of insanity. It is regarded as aberration of function of the nervous centres, the result of a number of nervous diseases. The physician who wishes to have a proper know ledge of insanity from a medical point of view must study the pathological conditions of which it is the symptom or the result, and when he has done so it is impossible for him to disconnect one series of observations from the other-the mental aberration from the accompanying disaese of tissue or pathological symptoms.

Il concetto di “diagnosi fuzzy”: una applicazione alla malattia di Anderson-Fabry* / The concept of “fuzzy diagnosis”: an application to the Anderson-Fabry disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-524
Author(s):  
Elena Mancini ◽  
Roberta Martina Zagarella
Keyword(s):  
Fabry Disease ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Diagnostic Reliability ◽  
Real Objects ◽  
Diagnostic Hypothesis ◽  
Ethical Criteria ◽  
Fuzzy Diagnosis

Per garantire un’elevata affidabilità diagnostica, la classificazione tradizionale delle malattie si basa su due criteri fondamentali: la presenza di caratteristiche peculiari che identificano una malattia distinguendola dalle altre e l’individuazione delle cause o della correlazione multifattoriale. Questa concezione si basa su regole che rimandano ai principi della logica classica, la quale, tuttavia, non può considerarsi uno strumento adeguato in medicina. Essa potrebbe rivelarsi uno strumento utile di fronte a quelle manifestazioni della malattia “prototipiche”, ma non per molte patologie che si presentano come fenomeni complessi e incoerenti, ovvero caratterizzati, sul piano eziologico, da un insieme interrelato di possibili cause e fattori scatenanti e, sul piano clinico, da una elevata variabilità individuale. La diagnosi di tali malattie richiede una logica tramite la quale sia possibile categorizzare il mondo degli oggetti reali. L’articolo prende in esame la logica fuzzy come strumento per il ragionamento diagnostico, e in particolar modo i concetti di “fuzzy set” e “diagnosi fuzzy”, anche al fine di verificarne il possibile impiego nella diagnosi di una patologia rara ad eziologia complessa: la malattia di Anderson-Fabry. L’analisi svolta porta a soffermarsi sulla finalità pratica (e non conoscitiva) della diagnosi, che le conferisce una valenza etica. Muovendo da questa prospettiva, l’articolo propone, nell’ultima parte, alcuni criteri etici di orientamento nel complesso bilanciamento che il clinico effettua tra il rischio inerente alla formulazione di una ipotesi diagnostica di “tipo fuzzy” e i benefici per il paziente di una diagnosi precoce, soprattutto in considerazione della disponibilità di trattamenti farmacologici innovativi. ---------- To ensure high diagnostic reliability, the traditional classification of the diseases is based on two fundamental criteria: the presence of peculiar characteristics that identify a disease distinguishing it from the others; and the detection of causes or multifactorial correlation. This idea is based on rules that refer to the principles of classical logic, which however cannot be considered an appropriate tool in medicine. It may prove to be a useful tool in case of “prototypical” manifestations of a disease, but not for a lot of pathologies that appear as complex and inconsistent cases, or characterized (on the etiological plane) by an interrelation between possible causes and trigger factors, and (on the clinical plane) by an high individual variability. The diagnosis of such diseases requires a logic through which it is possible to categorize the world of real objects. The article examines the fuzzy logic as a tool for the diagnostic reasoning, and particularly the “fuzzy set” and “fuzzy diagnosis” concepts, in order to verify its possible use in the diagnosis of a rare disease with complex etiology: the Anderson-Fabry disease. Our analysis underlines the practical (and not theoretical) purpose of the diagnosis, which gives it an ethical value. From this point of view, the article suggests, in the last part, some ethical criteria in the balance carried out by the clinician between the risk concerning the formulation of a “fuzzy” diagnostic hypothesis and the advantages of an early diagnosis for the patients, especially considering the availability of innovative pharmacological treatments.

A classification of the literature of insanity with relative index, on Dewey's decimal system

1905 ◽  
Vol 51 (213) ◽  
pp. 380-390
Author(s):  
A. R. Urquhart
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Decimal System ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Other Hand

While the Association is engaged in considering the proposals of the Statistical Committee, it may be helpful to note what has been written about insanity from the point of view of a librarian. The following extended classification has been found adequate for the arrangement of some 1,500 books and pamphlets relating to this subject. An authors catalogue is easily prepared upon the usual dictionary plan, but it assumes a wide knowledge of literature, not only as a matter of history, but also as an incessant and overmastering growth. A subjects catalogue, on the other hand, is the method of importance to workers who, with the least possible delay, want to ascertain what has been written on all or any of the various aspects of the main subject engaging attention.

scholarly journals I - Biology and morphology of the immature stages of Mycetophilidae ( Diptera, Nematocera )

1937 ◽  
Vol 227 (541) ◽  
pp. 1-110 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Form ◽  
Secondary Characters

The importance of larval characters in determining the affinities and systematic position of Diptera has been emphasized by Dufour, Brauer, Mik, Osten-Sacken, and Keilin. Osten-Sacken considered that the desideratum of dipterology was “ to establish the natural character of each family in its larval form as well as the natural characters of at least the principal genera within each family during the same stage of existence” . As Edwards says, “ The question as to whether the larval or adult characters are of greater value for classification has often been raised. In more than one case the larval characters have been shown to be more important (Culicidae, Mycetobia ), and in some cases the classification of adults has been based on Secondary Characters, and only further examination revealed the characters of real taxonomic value ”. The position of Mycetobia provides a good example of the importance of larval characters. Winnertz and J ohannsen included it in the Mycetophilidae. Keilin (1919, a),from a detailed larval study of Mycetobia and Rhyphus , concluded that they are closely related. Further investigations by E dwards based on adult characters confirmed Keilin’s view that it should be transferred to the Rhyphidae.* In our present state of knowledge, however, classification based on larval characters could not supersede classification by adults, as only a small proportion of the immature stages of insects is known in comparison to the number of adults. However, as Edwards points out, “ Any attempt to base a classification on adults only without reference to the other stages is an unnatural proceeding and likely to produce unnatural results, owing to the ease with which striking but really superficial characters can be confused with those of more fundamental importance from the point of view of phylogeny ”.

scholarly journals A new fossil soldier beetle (Coleoptera, Cantharidae, Silinae) from Eocene Baltic amber

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4370 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABRIZIO FANTI ◽  
MICHAEL J. PANKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Taxonomic Position ◽  
Baltic Amber ◽  
Lateral Margin ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
New Genus And Species

A new genus and species of fossil soldier beetle Markus karenae gen. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Eocene Baltic amber. Its morphological characteristics place it in the taxonomic position of the subfamily Silinae. It is characterized by a particular lateral pronotal shape with two difform processes, pronotum slightly longer than wide, with a blunt and evident angle near the basal angles, anterior and posterior margins flat and with shallow punctation, and lateral margin strongly granulose and in relief. Furthermore, each of its legs has a claw with one acute tooth at the base, except for the posterior legs where the tooth appears to be blunt. The new taxon is morphologically compared with the other fossil representatives of Silinae from Baltic amber, and with extant Palearctic genera. 

scholarly journals TRACES OF EXPLOSION AS A CONSTITUENT OF CRIMINALISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL PICTURE OF TERRORIST DIRECTEDNESS CRIMES

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
G. O. Chornyi
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Imaging Theory ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Explosive Devices ◽  
Trace Formation ◽  
Typical Picture ◽  
Broad Understanding

There are viewed the main issues of the general criminalistic classification of traces in the commission of a terrorist directedness crimes, in which the traces are divided into ideal and material. The philosophical basis for the research and study of traces in the broad understanding is the imaging theory. At that a necessary condition for mapping is similarity with the represented object and similarity to it. Material traces by their nature cover changes in the situation of the place of incidence, traces of the object reflection, which are physical evidence and document. The most common traces that remain after the commission of terrorist directedness crimes are the traces of the use of explosives, explosive devices. The author gives the notion of an explosion, from the point of view of its criminalistic meaning, explores the main elements of an explosive device. Particular attention is paid to the classification of explosion traces, depending on conditions and time of trace formation, there are: 1) traces, the formation of which is associated with the illegal manufacture, acquisition, transfer, sale, storage, transportation or carrying of explosives or explosive devices; 2) preparation traces of the explosive device for the direct explosion; 3) traces of the use of an explosive device in the commission of crimes (traces of an explosion). For each classification group the author indicates the types of traces that are characteristic to it. In the traces, the nature of the actions of criminals, the traits of their personality and the circumstances of committing crimes of a terrorist directedness are objectively reflected. The study of traces makes it possible to reconstruct the mechanism and circumstances of the commission of a crime, the method of preparing it, committing and concealing it, the motives andpur- poses of the crime.

scholarly journals Systemology of objects and processes in digitalization of the life cycle of engineering products

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-512
Author(s):  
B. M. Bazrov ◽  
M. L. Kheifetz ◽  
V. L. Hurevich ◽  
N. N. Popok
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Profile ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
Complex Profile Surfaces ◽  
Production Conditions

The main methods of classification and coding in mechanical engineering are studied from the systemic point of view, their main characteristics are considered. When analyzing the systemology of classification of machines of various functional purposes, the absence of a unified methodological approach in constructing the classification and in coding the products is shown. In the existing classifications, products are considered constructively only as objects of operation, and the other stages of their life cycle are not affected. As a result of the system analysis, a unified methodological approach is proposed for constructing classifications, coding and unification of products for various functional purposes, reflecting the features of all stages of their life cycle. For the production stages of the life cycle, a system of classifications using various coding methods is considered: a description of structural and technological elements formed by the tool edges, a sequence of numbers, taking into account signs; a description of the surfaces formed by tool movements, in numbers, indicating the directions of feed movements; and to describe complex-profile surfaces and a combination of long-range elements, their combination is used. The expediency of using each of the classifications in real production conditions is determined by the statistics of use of structural and technological elements and surfaces, as well as of tools that form them.

scholarly journals Ancylotherium pentelicum (Mammalia, Chalicotheriidae) from the late Miocene of Kerassia (Greece) and remarks on its intraspecific variability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Kampouridis ◽  
Socrates J. Roussiakis ◽  
Ioannis X. Giaourtsakis ◽  
Nikolaos Kargopoulos ◽  
Georgia Svorligkou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Morphological Differences

AbstractThe first detailed description of Ancylotherium pentelicum (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856) from the late Miocene (Turolian) of Kerassia (Greece) is provided based on three metapodial elements. Potential intraspecific variability of this species in the Eastern Mediterranean has been previously discussed, but no decisive conclusions could be drawn. The present comparison of metapodial elements of A. pentelicum from Kerassia, Pikermi, Samos (Greece), Pinaryaka, Salihpaşalar (Turkey), Kiro Kuchuk (North Macedonia), and Hadjidimovo (Bulgaria) provides evidence for the existence of notable intraspecific variation in both the morphology and especially the size of the species. The morphological differences in the shape and occurrence of some metapodial articular facets are probably associated with the anticipated individual variability and not with sexual dimorphism. On the other hand, the notable metrical variability observed among metapodials of A. pentelicum may be indicative of sexual dimorphism, as has been previously documented in other chalicotheriids.

scholarly journals The Concept of «Violence» in Sociological Discourse: Critical Tradition

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Critical Potential ◽  
Critical Tradition ◽  
Sociological Discourse

The article is devoted to the analysis of sociological reflection of the phenomenon of violence in terms of its conceptual and ideological diversity. The classification of approaches to the study of violence in sociology, based on the relation of violence and sociality, is proposed: apologetic and critical traditions are identified in the sociological discourse of violence. The process of problematization of symbolic violence in the critical tradition of theorizing is studied. The concepts of K. Marx and F. Engels, A. Gramsci, N. Elias and M. Foucault are considered in detail from the point of view of their contribution to the sociology of violence in general. The author reveals how in the formation of the critical tradition the idea of the complexity and multidimensionality of the nature of violence develops, which excludes the possibility of reduction of the violence only to the physical one; therefore, therefore it is necessary to distinguish the other forms and types of violence – symbolic, psychological, structural, etc; the article focuses on the problem of the foundation of the concept of symbolic violence. The author comes to the conclusion that the concept of «symbolic violence» combines a variety of critical epistemological constructs, such as «domination», «alienation», «exploitation», «hegemony», «struggle», «establishments and outsiders» and others. The critical potential of the concept of «symbolic violence» lies, firstly, in the possibility of deconstruction of the obvious and everyday structures in order to find an embodiment of power relations, and secondly, in the allocation of interests of a certain group of people in the usual and routine relations of subordination and domination, concentrated in structures of everyday life.

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