scholarly journals Raising College Access and Completion: How Much Can Free College Help?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Marta Ferreyra ◽  
Carlos Garriga ◽  
Juan D. Martin-Ocampo ◽  
Angélica María Sánchez Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Graduation Rates ◽  
College Enrollment ◽  
Cost Performance ◽  
College Performance ◽  
Student Effort ◽  
Central Piece ◽  
The World ◽  
College Programs ◽  
Eligibility Requirements ◽  
Large Effort

Free college proposals have become increasingly popular in many countries of the world. To evaluate their potential effects, we develop and estimate a dynamic model of college enrollment, performance, and graduation. A central piece of the model, student effort, has a direct effect on class completion, and an indirect effect in mitigating the risk of not completing a class or not remaining in college. We estimate the model using rich, student-level administrative data from Colombia, and use the estimates to simulate free college programs that differ in eligibility requirements. Among these, universal free college expands enrollment the most, but it does not affect graduation rates and has the highest per-graduate cost. Performance-based free college, in contrast, delivers a slightly lower enrollment expansion yet a greater graduation rate at a lower per-graduate cost. Relative to universal free college, performance-based free college places a greater risk on students but is precisely this feature that delivers better outcomes. Nonetheless, the modest increase in graduation rates suggests that additional, complementary policies might be required to elicit the large effort increase needed to raise graduation rates.

Chinese Universities and the Market for Ideas

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
College Enrollment ◽  
University Presidents ◽  
Graduate Training ◽  
Chinese Higher Education ◽  
Chinese Universities ◽  
The World ◽  
Post Graduate Training ◽  
Training Research ◽  
Bright Side

AbstractThis paper examines China’s ongoing revolution in higher education. On the bright side, Chinese higher education has enjoyed four decades of remarkable expansion, as measured by college enrollment, post-graduate training, research capacities and various global rankings. In 2007, China’s higher education has become the largest in the world in terms of student enrollment. Yet, after decades of economic liberalization and marketization, Chinese higher education is one of the few areas that remain monopolized by the state. Despite extraordinary progresses Chinese universities have recently made, they have been repeatedly criticized by many insiders (university presidents, college deans, professors, as well as students and their parents) for the lack of academic freedom. It remains to be seen whether China’s universities can transform themselves from an institution of higher education to a home of liberal learning and innovation.

Is Three Years Enough?

1988 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Bert K. Waits ◽  
Franklin Demana
Keyword(s):  
Graduation Rates ◽  
Career Choices ◽  
Remedial Mathematics ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Mathematics Placement ◽  
Mathematics Skills ◽  
University College ◽  
College Programs ◽  
The University ◽  
Do So

It is well known that students needing remedial mathematics when they enter colleges and universities are at serious risk. Only about one-third of the students with remedial mathematics placement actually graduate (Demana and Waits, n.d.). Further, those who do graduate, do so in a limited number of areas that require little or no mathematics. Graduation rates and career choices depend heavily on the mathematics skills students possess upon entering the university. College programs in engineering and scientific areas are essentially out of reach for students who enter the university needing remedial mathematics

Next Generation Surveillance Technology for Airport and ATC Operations

2011 ◽  
pp. 182-189
Author(s):  
Werner Langhans ◽  
Tim Quilter
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Cost Performance ◽  
Control Applications ◽  
Surveillance Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Generation Surveillance

Conventional ATC concepts in many parts of the world need to be augmented with next generation surveillance technology, in order to keep pace with the required level of safety in those regions. Conventional technologies, such as primary radar and secondary radar, are not able to deliver the required cost-performance ratios for these increasing demands and need to be replaced by multilateration and ADS-B surveillance techniques. This chapter outlines the recent achievements in worldwide operational deployments in the fields of ADS-B and multilateration for airport and air traffic control applications and discusses the integration into larger aviation system applications.

scholarly journals Are Grassland Conservation Programs a Cost-Effective Way to Fight Climate Change? Evidence from France

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Chabé-Ferret ◽  
Anca Voia
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Conservation Programs ◽  
Grassland Conservation ◽  
The World ◽  
Eligibility Requirements ◽  
Combat Climate Change ◽  
The Cost

Grasslands, especially when extensively managed and when replacing croplands, store Green-House Gases. As a result, Grassland Conservation Programs, that pay farmers for maintaining grassland cover, might be an effective way to combat climate change, if they succeed in triggering an increase in grassland cover for a reasonable amount of money. In this paper, we use a natural experiment to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the French Grassland Conservation Program, the largest of such programs in the world. We exploit a change in the eligibility requirements for the program that generated a sizable increase in the proportion of participants in the communes most affected by the program. We find that the expansion of the program leads to a small in- crease in grassland area, mainly at the expense of croplands, which implies that the program expansion increased carbon storage. We estimate that the climate benefits from the program are at most equal to 19%±37% of its costs. The program is thus not cost-effective for fighting climate change, especially when compared with forest conservation programs in developing countries whose benefits have been estimated to exceed costs by a factor of two. When taking into account the other benefits brought about by grassland, we find the benefits of the program to be equal to 32%±62% of its costs.

The Effects of Losing Postsecondary Student Grant Aid: Results From a Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 0013189X2110568
Author(s):  
Robin R. LaSota ◽  
Joshua R. Polanin ◽  
Laura W. Perna ◽  
Megan J. Austin ◽  
Rebecca R. Steingut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
College Student ◽  
Degree Completion ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
College Enrollment ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Systematic Review Methodology ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Eligibility Requirements

With the goal of informing federal and state policy makers in a time of budget constraints, we used a systematic review methodology to identify and summarize findings from studies that examined the effects of losing grant aid due to policy changes and students’ failure to meet renewal requirements. Studies reviewed in this policy brief show negative effects on student outcomes when grant aid is reduced or eliminated. While results vary, this general conclusion applies when grant aid is reduced or eliminated from programs that differ in scope (federal and state), eligibility requirements (merit and need), and award amounts. This brief illuminates the importance of maintaining grant aid funding for college student enrollment, persistence, achievement, and completion. Especially in context of other pandemic-related stressors, reducing need-based grant aid will likely exacerbate declines in college enrollment, progression through college, and degree completion for vulnerable students.

A pragmatist philosophy of psychological science and its implications for replication

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Gantman ◽  
Robin Gomila ◽  
Joel E. Martinez ◽  
J. Nathan Matias ◽  
Elizabeth Levy Paluck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Behavioral Measurement ◽  
The World ◽  
Pragmatist Philosophy

AbstractA pragmatist philosophy of psychological science offers to the direct replication debate concrete recommendations and novel benefits that are not discussed in Zwaan et al. This philosophy guides our work as field experimentalists interested in behavioral measurement. Furthermore, all psychologists can relate to its ultimate aim set out by William James: to study mental processes that provide explanations for why people behave as they do in the world.

Culture and the plasticity of perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lifshitz ◽  
T. M. Luhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
The World

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.

Let's call a memory a memory, but what kind?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazim Keven
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
The World

Abstract Hoerl & McCormack argue that animals cannot represent past situations and subsume animals’ memory-like representations within a model of the world. I suggest calling these memory-like representations as what they are without beating around the bush. I refer to them as event memories and explain how they are different from episodic memory and how they can guide action in animal cognition.

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