scholarly journals That Swimsuit Reveals You: Body Image and Bathing Suits of Florida Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Spring ◽  
Veronica McClain
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Beauty Pageant ◽  
The Media ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Conservative Values

Swimsuits are the most revealing garment that American women wear publicly. Yet wearing them affects how women feel about their bodies and attractiveness. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from convenience samples of Florida women and analyzed in terms of five strata: Competitors (competitive swimmers, beauty-pageant contestants, swimsuit models); College students (Afro-Caribbean, Asian, Black/Afro-American, Hispanic, White); and Adult women (North Florida Black and White; South-Beach Hispanic, and pregnant, as well as older women (doing water aerobics). Anthropometric data (BMI, waist circumference, waist-hip ratios, and bust-waist ratios) were collected and related to Figure Rating Scales and body descriptors, preferred and actual body shapes and sizes, and swimwear types and usage by situations (one-piece, two-piece, bikini, and thong worn in the presence of family and friends or on the beach and in private). Results, matching the literature show participants: (1) overestimate their body size and shape discrepancy from cultural ideals; (2) are affected by the media-depicting “thin ideal. Details of swimwear usage show that for Black and some Hispanic women, constructions of attractiveness are changed to laud larger size to mediate body dissatisfaction and enhance swimsuit use. For Asian women, conservative values rather than body size affect swimsuit usage. But even competitors who enjoy the benefits of swimsuits, as well as women of all ages (body-dissatisfaction continues throughout the lifespan) and ethnic/racial groups, still express body dissatisfaction.

scholarly journals The Development of a BMI-Guided Shape Morphing Technique and the Effects of an Individualized Figure Rating Scale on Self-Perception of Body Size

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey M. Hudson ◽  
Yao Lu ◽  
Xiaoke Zhang ◽  
James Hahn ◽  
Johannah E. Zabal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Figure Rating Scale ◽  
The Impact

The creation of personalized avatars that may be morphed to simulate realistic changes in body size is useful when studying self-perception of body size. One drawback is that these methods are resource intensive compared to rating scales that rely upon generalized drawings. Little is known about how body perception ratings compare across different methods, particularly across differing levels of personalized detail in visualizations. This knowledge is essential to inform future decisions about the appropriate tradeoff between personalized realism and resource availability. The current study aimed to determine the impact of varying degrees of personalized realism on self-perception of body size. We explored this topic in young adult women, using a generalized line drawing scale, as well as several types of personalized avatars, including 3D textured images presented in immersive virtual reality (VR). Body perception ratings using generalized line drawings were often higher than responses using individualized visualization methods. While the personalized details seemed to help with identification, there were few differences among the three conditions containing different amounts of individualized realism (e.g., photo-realistic texture). These results suggest that using scales based on personalized texture and limb dimensions are beneficial, although presentation in immersive VR may not be essential.

scholarly journals Effects of exposure to bodies of different sizes on perception of and satisfaction with own body size: two randomized studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 171387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Bould ◽  
Rebecca Carnegie ◽  
Heather Allward ◽  
Emily Bacon ◽  
Emily Lambe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
High Baseline ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
The Media ◽  
Back Task

Body dissatisfaction is prevalent among women and associated with subsequent obesity and eating disorders. Exposure to images of bodies of different sizes has been suggested to change the perception of ‘normal’ body size in others. We tested whether exposure to different-sized (otherwise identical) bodies changes perception of own and others' body size, satisfaction with body size and amount of chocolate consumed. In Study 1, 90 18–25-year-old women with normal BMI were randomized into one of three groups to complete a 15 min two-back task using photographs of women either of ‘normal weight’ (Body Mass Index (BMI) 22–23 kg m −2 ), or altered to appear either under- or over-weight. Study 2 was identical except the 96 participants had high baseline body dissatisfaction and were followed up after 24 h. We also conducted a mega-analysis combining both studies. Participants rated size of others' bodies, own size, and satisfaction with size pre- and post-task. Post-task ratings were compared between groups, adjusting for pre-task ratings. Participants exposed to over- or normal-weight images subsequently perceived others' bodies as smaller, in comparison to those shown underweight bodies ( p  < 0.001). They also perceived their own bodies as smaller (Study 1, p  = 0.073; Study 2, p  = 0.018; mega-analysis, p  = 0.001), and felt more satisfied with their size (Study 1, p  = 0.046; Study 2, p  = 0.004; mega-analysis, p  = 0.006). There were no differences in chocolate consumption. This study suggests that a move towards using images of women with a BMI in the healthy range in the media may help to reduce body dissatisfaction, and the associated risk of eating disorders.

scholarly journals The relationship between Instagram selfies and body image in young adult women

First Monday ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Wagner ◽  
Ester Aguirre ◽  
Erin M. Sumner
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Actual Body ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Young Adult Women ◽  
The Relationship

This study observed the relations between actual body size, body dissatisfaction, frequency of selfies taken, and number of Instagram selfies posted. Results indicated that actual body size was positively related to body dissatisfaction, and negatively related to the number of selfies taken. Results also revealed a positive relationship between body dissatisfaction and selfies taken. Conversely, no correlations were detected between the frequency of selfies posted to Instagram and either actual body size or body image dissatisfaction.

scholarly journals Testing the discrepancy between actual and ideal body image with the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Hernández-López ◽  
Lourdes Quiñones-Jiménez ◽  
Alberto L. Blanco-Romero ◽  
Miguel Rodríguez-Valverde
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Psychological Inflexibility ◽  
Ideal Body Image ◽  
Ideal Body

Abstract Background The discrepancy between actual and ideal body image is considered an index of body dissatisfaction and a risk factor for eating disorders. While discrepancy has been traditionally tested with figural drawing rating scales, in recent times the use of implicit measures has been explored. Methods This study employs the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to examine actual-ideal body-size discrepancy in a sample of 130 Spanish college students, as well as its utility to predict symptoms of eating disorders and other body-image relevant measures. Participants completed the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS). The three smallest and the three largest contour drawings of the CDRS were used as target stimuli in two different IRAP tasks: one in combination with the sample phrases “I am” and “I am not” (that assessed implicit actual body image), another in combination with the phrases “I want to be” and “I don’t want to be” (that assessed implicit ideal body image). After completing both IRAP tasks, participants completed explicit measures of body-image psychological inflexibility, body dissatisfaction, and symptoms of eating disorders. Results Results showed a small implicit bias towards thinness. Participants were faster in affirming than denying that they are thin and that they desire to be thin. They were also faster in affirming than denying that they are fat and that they want to be fat, but to a smaller extent than with thinness. Specifically, the implicit desire to be (or not be) fat emerged as an independent predictor of eating disorder symptoms, psychological inflexibility, and body dissatisfaction that significantly increased the predictive power of CDRS scores. Conclusions These findings underscore the need for further research on specific body image implicit beliefs towards fatness, both in subclinical and clinical populations, in order to examine whether willingness to accept the idea that one can have a larger body size can be a suitable target for prevention and intervention in eating disorders.

scholarly journals Changes in The Prevalence Of Thin Bodies Biases Young Womens’ Judgements about Body Size

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Devine ◽  
Nathalie Germain ◽  
Stefan Ehrlich ◽  
Ben Eppinger
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Many ◽  
Concept Change

Body dissatisfaction is pervasive among young women in Western countries. Among the many forces that contribute to body dissatisfaction, the overrepresentation of thin bodies in visual media has received notable attention. In this study, we propose that prevalence-induced concept change may be one of the cognitive mechanisms that explain how beauty standards shift. We conducted a pre-registered online experiment with young women (N = 419) and found that when the prevalence of thin bodies in the environment increased, the concept of overweight expanded to include bodies that would otherwise be judged as normal. Exploratory analyses revealed significant individual differences in sensitivity to this effect, both in terms of women’s judgements about other bodies and their own. These results suggest that women’s judgements about other women’s bodies are biased by an overrepresentation of thinness. Policies that aim to increase size-inclusive representation in the media may be one way to curtail this influence.

scholarly journals Drawings or 3D models: Do illustration methods matter when assessing perceived body size and body dissatisfaction?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261645
Author(s):  
Cynthia Sob ◽  
Luana Giacone ◽  
Kaspar Staub ◽  
Nicole Bender ◽  
Michael Siegrist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Research Work ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Body Appreciation ◽  
Body Checking ◽  
Figure Rating Scales

Research has reported that both men and women experience body dissatisfaction. Among other instruments, a widely used method to assess perceived body size and body dissatisfaction are figure rating scales. Although a variety of illustration methods (e.g., three-dimensional, or 3D, models and line-drawing models) have been used to create these figure rating scales, to date, they have not been directly compared to one another. Thus, in the first study, which includes 511 participants at a mean age of 46 years old (range: 20–70), the present research work aims to assess how the line-drawing and 3D model scales, representing different body illustration methods, relate to each other. Furthermore, the first study assesses the validity of the indication of body dissatisfaction measured using these figure rating scales by comparing them to body checking or scrutinizing behavior and body appreciation levels. The project’s second study examines the two figure rating scales using objectively measured anthropometric data. In total, 239 participants at a mean age of 54 years (range: 18–94) were included. The results show that figure rating scales can be considered tools that measure perceptual body image due to their positive correlations with body checking behavior (for women) and their negative correlations with body appreciation. The 3D model and line-drawing scales show good to excellent inter-scale reliability, and both scales agree equally well with body mass index (BMI) measurements. Thus, the 3D model and line-drawing scales both seem well suited for assessing perceived body size and perceptual body dissatisfaction, suggesting that neither illustration method is superior to the other.

Body Dissatisfaction: The Ideal Body and a Summary of Theories of Development and Maintenance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Physiological Outcomes ◽  
The Ideal

Body dissatisfaction can be defined as a negative subjective evaluation of one’s body as a whole, or relating to specific aspects of one’s body such as body size, shape, muscularity/muscle tone, and weight. Prior research has found that body dissatisfaction is associated with a number of negative psychological and physiological outcomes. This commentary describes the Western ideal male body, as well as providing a summary of theories of the cause and maintenance of male body dissatisfaction.

Keeping Up with the (Zh)oneses: Language Immersion and School Choice

2021 ◽  
pp. 001312452110273
Author(s):  
Edward Watson
Keyword(s):  
School Choice ◽  
Dual Language ◽  
Language Immersion ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Dual Language Immersion ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Immersion Programs ◽  
White Parents

Dual language immersion programs are growing in popularity across America. This article examines the explanations middle-class parents of various racial/ethnic backgrounds give for enrolling their children in Mandarin Immersion Programs. The author addresses the following questions: Why do American parents enroll their children in Mandarin Immersion Programs? How do parents from different racial groups frame the benefits of immersion? The analysis relies on a mixed-method approach using survey data ( N = 500) to highlight motivations of parents without an ethnic background related to the language, supplemented with 15 semi-structured interviews with Black and White parents of children enrolled in schools with Mandarin Immersion Programs. The study finds that parents frame the benefits of an educational investment differently by race. White parents take a pragmatic stance of greater future returns while Black parents hope immersion will help construct a stronger self-identity. These findings show the influence a burgeoning global society has on parental educational choices.

The Relationship of Urinary Kallikrein Activity to Renal Salt and Water Excretion

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Levy ◽  
R. P. Frigon ◽  
R. A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Urinary Kallikrein ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Kallikrein Activity

1. We measured urinary kallikrein (kininogenin) excretion in black and white normotensive subjects during a variety of manipulations of salt and water balance. 2. A large intravenous saline load administered while the subjects were on an unrestricted sodium diet did not significantly change urinary kallikrein activity in either racial group. 3. After several days of dietary sodium restriction both racial groups increased their urinary kallikrein activity. An intravenous water load given then further increased urinary kallikrein activity. White subjects were studied for an additional 24 h period, and urinary kallikrein activity returned to pre-water load values, indicating that the excretion of a water load in sodium-depleted subjects is associated with an increase in kallikrein excretion. 4. Black subjects excreted less kallikrein in the urine than white subjects during the initial 24 h periods of unrestricted dietary sodium intake, but there were no other significant racial differences during the other experimental conditions.

Race Differences in Antisocial Behaviors and Attitudes and Early Initiation of Substance Use

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Wells ◽  
Diane M. Morrison ◽  
Mary R. Gillmore ◽  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
Bonita Iritani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Antisocial Attitudes ◽  
American Children

This article examines racial differences in self-reported delinquency, school trouble, antisocial attitudes, and toughness and in teacher-rated aggressive and inattentive behaviors among fifth grade black, white, and Asian American subjects. Also examined are the relationships of these variables to substance initiation within each racial group. Controlling for socio-economic status, racial groups differed from one another in self-reported delinquency, school trouble and toughness, and in teacher-rated aggressiveness and inattention. Antisocial behavior and attitudes were stronger predictors of substance initiation for Asian American than for black and white children. For white children both self-reported and teacher-rated behavior were significantly related to substance initiation. For black children, only self-reported antisocial behavior, and for Asian American children only self-reported delinquent behavior and attitudes predicted substance initiation. Implications for prevention and research are discussed.

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