scholarly journals A CASE ON EMPLOYABILITY AND WORK LIFE BALANCE ISSUES OF WORKING WOMEN IN INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
PANKKHURRI SEMWAL
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Health Clinics

Indonesia - a diverse nation of more than 300 ethnic groups. The largest economy in Southeast Asia. At present, Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous nation, the world’s 10th largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity. Out of a total population of 252 million, more than 28 million people in Indonesia are still living below the poverty line. Approximately 40% of the total population of the country remains vulnerable of falling into poverty, as their income hover marginally above the national poverty line. Which can be largely be because of the slower pace of job creation as another challenge to efforts at reducing poverty, largely affecting the 1.7 million youth who enter the workforce each year. While there have been greater efforts at improving basic public services, the quality of health clinics and schools is uneven by middle income standards, contributing to alarming indicators, particularly in health.

Changes over Time in Individual Countries

2018 ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Gary S. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Employment Creation ◽  
Successful Employment ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Sizeable Number ◽  
Over Time

Of the world’s 6.7 billion people (as of 2008), 1.3 billion lived on less than $1.25 Purchasing Power Parity dollars per person per day and another 1.7 billion lived on between $1.25 and $2.50 PPP dollars. The scourge of absolute economic misery among billions of the world’s people is one of the most serious problems facing humankind today. Unemployment (defined below) befalls about 200 million of the world’s people - a sizeable number but small compared to the three billion people who are poor using the $2.50 PPP dollar poverty line. A much larger number – 900 million – are employed but earning so little that they and their families are unable to reach even $2 per person per day. They are working hard and they are the working poor. To achieve more and better employment (where “better” depends on such factors as rate of pay, job security, employment protections, and type of work), analysts and donors need to understand better how employment, growth, poverty, and other factors interact, how unemployment is caused, and how employment can be improved. At the same time, drawing on practical experience, research can identify knowledge gaps that to date pose limits to successful employment creation policy.

Measuring Global Poverty

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shatakshee Dhongde
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals

Economists have long been preoccupied with trying to understand the nature and causes of poverty. From Adam Smith to David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill, a common belief among economists is that the benefits of economic growth are rarely experienced by the poorer sections of society. An important issue is how to measure global poverty accurately. International organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank have endeavored to measure global poverty since the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), stated in the UN’s Millennium Declaration which was adopted in 2000 by 189 nations. However, measuring global poverty is far from simple. Estimates of poverty and particularly of global poverty are very sensitive to the underlying assumptions, such as the notion of poverty itself, the choice of welfare indicator, the unit of measurement used, and purchasing power parity rates. One of the significant advances in global poverty studies was the World Bank’s introduction of a poverty line in the 1990 World Development Report (WDR). Despite these efforts, the precise number of poor in the world remains ambiguous. Nevertheless, emerging frontiers in poverty analysis indicate new interest in measuring poverty more broadly. Some ideas that may dominate the future of poverty research include multidimensional poverty, vulnerability to poverty, and chronic poverty.

scholarly journals The burden of multiple sclerosis 2015: Methods of data collection, assessment and analysis of costs, quality of life and symptoms

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 4-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Kobelt ◽  
Jennifer Eriksson ◽  
Glenn Phillips ◽  
Jenny Berg
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
National Patient ◽  
Health Related

Introduction: This article describes the methods used to perform this large European-wide burden-of-illness study on multiple sclerosis (MS) using individual patient data. Methods: The study collected all MS-related resource consumption, workforce participation, prevalent disease symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Patients were recruited by national patient associations and, after informed consent, completed a specific questionnaire either on-line or on paper. Analyses were performed by country as well as for the study overall. Costs were estimated from the societal perspective, using publicly available unit costs and reported in national currencies and in EUR 2015 adjusted for purchasing power parity. The results are reported by disease severity groups according to self-assessed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (mild, moderate, severe) and by EDSS point to highlight the development of costs as disability progresses. Results: A total of 16,808 patients in 16 countries participated in the study: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Conclusion: This study, endorsed by the European Platform of MS Societies, provides up-to-date information on costs and expands the previously available information on HRQoL and symptoms.

scholarly journals BRICs Nations Growing Impact on the Global Health Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 150-166
Author(s):  
M. B. Jakovljevic ◽  
N. V. Ekkert ◽  
M. S. Mikerova ◽  
V. A. Reshetnikov
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Pharmaceutical Spending

The most notable feature of the past five centuries of global economic history dating back from Colonial Age until the present accelerated globalization is the persistence of «North–South» division between the global rich and poor. This ground pattern has been falling apart over the last three decades with the rise of BRICs emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China). The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative fosters further rapid growth and synergy among these large nations. This ambitious and historically unprecedented infrastructural project if successful can lead to a formation by 2049 of a huge common economic zone bringing opportunities for multilateral development to the BRICs. These profound changes have deep implications for the global health care sector. Previous research on health and pharmaceutical spending has clearly documented that low- and middle-income economies (LMICs), led by these emerging markets, have doubled their share in global health spending from roughly 20% up to approximately 40% in purchasing power parity terms. Alongside with these global developments, a decade ago, some of the leading Western academic centers, confirm new era of rising world’s geo-economic and geopolitical multipolarity. The world witnesses this process being accelerated today and seek deeper understanding how it will reflect on long term health and pharmaceutical expenditure trends, particularly in the leading BRICs emerging markets being a front runner of such evolution.The authors declare absence of conflict of interests.

Prenusinersen economic and health-related quality of life burden of spinal muscular atrophy

Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. e1-e10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina M. Chambers ◽  
Stella Nalukwago Settumba ◽  
Kate A. Carey ◽  
Anita Cairns ◽  
Manoj P. Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Spinal Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

ObjectiveTo quantify the economic and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) burden incurred by households with a child affected by spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).MethodsHospital records, insurance claims, and detailed resource use questionnaires completed by caregivers were used to capture the direct and indirect costs to households of 40 children affected by SMA I, II, and III in Australia between 2016 and 2017. Prevalence costing methods were used and reported in 2017 US dollar (USD) purchasing power parity (PPP). The HRQoL for patients and primary caregivers was quantified with the youth version of the EQ-5D and CareQoL multiattribute utility instruments and Australian utility weights.ResultsThe average total annual cost of SMA per household was $143,705 USD PPP for all SMA types (SMA I $229,346, SMA II $150,909, SMA III $94,948). Direct costs accounted for 56% of total costs. The average total indirect health care costs for all SMA types were $63,145 per annum and were highest in families affected by SMA II. Loss of income and unpaid informal care made up 24.2% and 19.8% respectively, of annual SMA costs. Three of 4 (78%) caregivers stated that they experienced financial problems because of care tasks. The loss in HRQoL of children affected by SMA and caregivers was substantial, with average caregiver and patient scores of 0.708 and 0.115, respectively (reference range 0 = death and 1 = full health).ConclusionOur results demonstrate the substantial and far-ranging economic and quality of life burden on households and society of SMA and are essential to fully understanding the health benefits and cost-effectiveness associated with emerging disease-modifying therapies for SMA.

Work-Life Balance of Women Employees in Service sector: A Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sonali Ramesh Kshirsagar
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
At Home

An employed mother is carrying the pains of her child crying at home till she returns at home indicating separation anxiety; a Father is stressed on the work spot resulting of his known negligence for his family. It has a great influence on overall quality of life.  Of course the art of doing lies in balancing among work, non-work and family aspects of life. Work and quality of life: QWL provides for the balanced relationship among work, non-work and family life should not be strained by working hours, including business travel, transfers, vacations etc. The research study was focused on Women Employee Work-Life Balance of service sector namely Academics, Banks and Health care sector of Aurangabad Region on a pilot study basis . An Attempt was done to study the existence of work-life balance problem among the working women in the specified area which can be executed on a large sample later on. It was tried to examine how the factors affecting work-life balance influence quality of life of married working women.

Estimating Global Poverty; Towards a Unified Approach

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massoud Karshenas
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Poverty Measures ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Parity Exchange

In this article we discuss the compatibility of different global poverty estimates under a unified framework. We examine the updating of the rules of the international poverty lines under different Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate estimates and discuss the way this process has affected the latest World Bank poverty-line updates. The issue of the lack of comparability of the data of survey means and national accounts is also discussed, and it is argued that positions based on using one set of data as the indicator of average well-being, to the exclusion of the other, are problematic. We put forward an alternative approach, to deal with the inconsistency between the two data sources, which consists of calibrating the survey means, using the national-accounts data as external calibrating information. We show that combining the information in both sets of data in this way produces poverty measures which are more in congruence with other indicators of national poverty.

International price comparisons of Alzheimer's drugs: a way to close the affordability gap

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1116-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guk-Hee Suh ◽  
Anders Wimo ◽  
Serge Gauthier ◽  
Daniel O'Connor ◽  
Manabu Ikeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
High Income ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
International Price ◽  
Differential Pricing ◽  
Price Comparisons ◽  
Low And Middle Income

ABSTRACTBackground: Alzheimer's drugs are believed to have limited availability and to be unaffordable in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. The price, availability and affordability of Alzheimer's drugs have not been reported before.Methods: During 2007 an international survey was conducted in 21 countries in six continents (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, France, India, Japan, Macedonia, Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, the Philippines, Portugal, Serbia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Uganda, the U.K. and the U.S.A.). Prices of Alzheimer's drugs were compared using the affordability index (the total number of units purchasable with one's daily income) derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) converted prices as well as raw prices.Results: Donepezil is available in all 21 countries, whereas the newer drugs are less available. A 5 mg tablet of branded originator donepezil costs just US$0.26 in India and US$0.31 in Mexico, whereas it costs US$6.64 in the U.S.A. Pricing conditions of rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine appear to be similar to that of donepezil. The cheapest branded originators are from India and Mexico. However, in terms of PPP, Alzheimer's drugs in other low- and middle-income countries are much more expensive than in high-income countries. Most people in low- and middle-income countries cannot afford Alzheimer's drugs.Conclusions: Alzheimer's drugs, albeit available, are often unaffordable for those who need them most. It is hoped that equitable differential pricing will be applied to Alzheimer's drugs.

scholarly journals WORK-LIFE BALANCE STUDY FOCUSED ON WORKING WOMEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 134-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpana Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Life Balance

The role of working women has changed throughout the world due to economic conditions and social demands. This has resulted in a scenario in which working women have tremendous pressure to develop a career as robust as their male counterparts while sustaining active engagement in personal life. The ever-increasing work pressure is taking a ring on the working women leaving them with less time for themselves. The increasing responsibilities on the personal front with the technological blessings like advanced mobile phones, notepads, etc. that keeps work life integrated with personal life also creates stress on personal and professional fronts in this knowledge age. This affects the person’s physical, emotional and social well-being. Thus, achieving work life balance is a necessity for working women to have a good quality of life. This paper is an attempt to explore the tough challenges faced by working women in maintaining a balance between their personal and professional life. The various factors affecting the work-life balance of married working women have been examined in this study. The tool used for the study is the manual on work–life balance of The Industrial Society. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and it was found that the problems faced by the working women of Pune Maharashtra state in terms of work-life balance are quite high. The results also indicate that the work-life balance of individuals affect their quality of life.

scholarly journals Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Goodchild ◽  
Nigar Nargis ◽  
Edouard Tursan d'Espaignet
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic

BackgroundThe detrimental impact of smoking on health has been widely documented since the 1960s. Numerous studies have also quantified the economic cost that smoking imposes on society. However, these studies have mostly been in high income countries, with limited documentation from developing countries. The aim of this paper is to measure the economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases in countries throughout the world, including in low- and middle-income settings.MethodsThe Cost of Illness approach is used to estimate the economic cost of smoking attributable-diseases in 2012. Under this approach, economic costs are defined as either ‘direct costs' such as hospital fees or ‘indirect costs’ representing the productivity loss from morbidity and mortality. The same method was applied to 152 countries, which had all the necessary data, representing 97% of the world's smokers.FindingsThe amount of healthcare expenditure due to smoking-attributable diseases totalled purchasing power parity (PPP) $467 billion (US$422 billion) in 2012, or 5.7% of global health expenditure. The total economic cost of smoking (from health expenditures and productivity losses together) totalled PPP $1852 billion (US$1436 billion) in 2012, equivalent in magnitude to 1.8% of the world's annual gross domestic product (GDP). Almost 40% of this cost occurred in developing countries, highlighting the substantial burden these countries suffer.ConclusionsSmoking imposes a heavy economic burden throughout the world, particularly in Europe and North America, where the tobacco epidemic is most advanced. These findings highlight the urgent need for countries to implement stronger tobacco control measures to address these costs.

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