Changes over Time in Individual Countries

2018 ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Gary S. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Employment Creation ◽  
Successful Employment ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Sizeable Number ◽  
Over Time

Of the world’s 6.7 billion people (as of 2008), 1.3 billion lived on less than $1.25 Purchasing Power Parity dollars per person per day and another 1.7 billion lived on between $1.25 and $2.50 PPP dollars. The scourge of absolute economic misery among billions of the world’s people is one of the most serious problems facing humankind today. Unemployment (defined below) befalls about 200 million of the world’s people - a sizeable number but small compared to the three billion people who are poor using the $2.50 PPP dollar poverty line. A much larger number – 900 million – are employed but earning so little that they and their families are unable to reach even $2 per person per day. They are working hard and they are the working poor. To achieve more and better employment (where “better” depends on such factors as rate of pay, job security, employment protections, and type of work), analysts and donors need to understand better how employment, growth, poverty, and other factors interact, how unemployment is caused, and how employment can be improved. At the same time, drawing on practical experience, research can identify knowledge gaps that to date pose limits to successful employment creation policy.

Measuring Global Poverty

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shatakshee Dhongde
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals

Economists have long been preoccupied with trying to understand the nature and causes of poverty. From Adam Smith to David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill, a common belief among economists is that the benefits of economic growth are rarely experienced by the poorer sections of society. An important issue is how to measure global poverty accurately. International organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank have endeavored to measure global poverty since the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), stated in the UN’s Millennium Declaration which was adopted in 2000 by 189 nations. However, measuring global poverty is far from simple. Estimates of poverty and particularly of global poverty are very sensitive to the underlying assumptions, such as the notion of poverty itself, the choice of welfare indicator, the unit of measurement used, and purchasing power parity rates. One of the significant advances in global poverty studies was the World Bank’s introduction of a poverty line in the 1990 World Development Report (WDR). Despite these efforts, the precise number of poor in the world remains ambiguous. Nevertheless, emerging frontiers in poverty analysis indicate new interest in measuring poverty more broadly. Some ideas that may dominate the future of poverty research include multidimensional poverty, vulnerability to poverty, and chronic poverty.

scholarly journals A CASE ON EMPLOYABILITY AND WORK LIFE BALANCE ISSUES OF WORKING WOMEN IN INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
PANKKHURRI SEMWAL
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Health Clinics

Indonesia - a diverse nation of more than 300 ethnic groups. The largest economy in Southeast Asia. At present, Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous nation, the world’s 10th largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity. Out of a total population of 252 million, more than 28 million people in Indonesia are still living below the poverty line. Approximately 40% of the total population of the country remains vulnerable of falling into poverty, as their income hover marginally above the national poverty line. Which can be largely be because of the slower pace of job creation as another challenge to efforts at reducing poverty, largely affecting the 1.7 million youth who enter the workforce each year. While there have been greater efforts at improving basic public services, the quality of health clinics and schools is uneven by middle income standards, contributing to alarming indicators, particularly in health.

Estimating Global Poverty; Towards a Unified Approach

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massoud Karshenas
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Poverty Measures ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Parity Exchange

In this article we discuss the compatibility of different global poverty estimates under a unified framework. We examine the updating of the rules of the international poverty lines under different Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate estimates and discuss the way this process has affected the latest World Bank poverty-line updates. The issue of the lack of comparability of the data of survey means and national accounts is also discussed, and it is argued that positions based on using one set of data as the indicator of average well-being, to the exclusion of the other, are problematic. We put forward an alternative approach, to deal with the inconsistency between the two data sources, which consists of calibrating the survey means, using the national-accounts data as external calibrating information. We show that combining the information in both sets of data in this way produces poverty measures which are more in congruence with other indicators of national poverty.

What Would Make Morocco an Emerging Economy?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ahmed Naciri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

Morocco is steadily progressing toward development and may well join the ranks of rich countries as early as in 2022. We perform least squares regressions on a sample of 12 components of economic freedom, for a total of 375 observations over 25 years (1995-2019). We also consider Morocco’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in USD billion, Morocco’s GDP growth as a percentage of change (pcGDP)and Morocco’s per capita GDP based on purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD for the last 25 years. The empirical evidence shows that during this period, Morocco achieved an enviable level of performance by increasing its GDP by 455%, despite the strong demographic pressures exerted by 35% population growth.[1]    However, the country’s performance in relation to some components of its economic freedom was so weak that it may end up jeopardizing this economic development momentum, as expressed by the behaviour of its pcGDP and the increase of this value over time. Morocco must introduce some fundamental changes in its economic freedom policies if it wishes to continue to progress. Fortunately, the country appears to have the determination to do so.   [1]According to the IMF, Morocco’s population grew from 26.7995 million in 1995 to 36.47 million in 2019, an increase of 36%.  

scholarly journals Purchasing Power Parity Exchange Rates for the Global Poor

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Deaton ◽  
Olivier Dupriez
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
National Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Aggregate Consumption ◽  
National Income Accounting ◽  
Parity Exchange

The global poverty count uses a common global poverty line, often referred to as the dollar-a-day line, currently $1.25 at 2005 international prices, whose construction and application depends on purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates for consumption. The price indexes that underlie the PPPs used for this purpose are constructed for purposes of national income accounting, using weights that represent patterns of aggregate consumption, not the consumption patterns of the global poor. We use household surveys from 62 developing countries to calculate global poverty-weighted PPPs and to calculate global poverty lines and new global poverty counts. (JEL C43, E21, F31, I32, O15)

scholarly journals Price Indexes, Inequality, and the Measurement of World Poverty

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Deaton
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
The Us ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
World Poverty

I discuss the measurement of world poverty and inequality, with particular attention to the role of purchasing power parity (PPP) price indexes from the International Comparison Project. Global inequality increased with the latest revision of the ICP, and this reduced the global poverty line relative to the US dollar. The recent large increase of nearly half a billion poor people came from an inappropriate updating of the global poverty line, not from the ICP revisions. Even so, PPP comparisons between widely different countries rest on weak theoretical and empirical foundations. I argue for wider use of self-reports from international monitoring surveys, and for a global poverty line that is truly denominated in US dollars. (JEL C43, D31, I31, I32, F31)

scholarly journals Digitization of India - Impact on the BOP Sector

2018 ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Keerthan Raj ◽  
P. S. Aithal
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Major Step ◽  
The World ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
The Government

India is the fastest growing economy in the world. It is also the seventh largest economy in the world by GDP measure and the second largest in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). The digital Indian plan was a major step by the government in India to bring all segments into purview. It has a three pronged agenda of providing infrastructure, governance and digital empowerment to every citizen. This initiative will transform the economy of the nation and make it among the top seven countries globally to go completely digital. But, inherently this exercise was a critical need to get the vast population and the informal sector into the folds of accountability and get statistics on the informal economy in India. Although, there is no accurate figure defined as BOP for the Indian sector by the government statistical organizations, the below poverty line statistics published by the government look at people living on even less than $ 0.45 per day. Such being the socio economic situation with the thrust on a lot of developmental measures and poverty alleviation methods, there has been a significant improvement in employment opportunities and as per some statistics we have seen a large number of households moving out of dire poverty. The importance of these digitization efforts is planned economic and societal growth triggered by a massive adoption of digital technologies. This paper studies the various action plans in digitization and their impact on the BOP sector in India.

Comparison of two devices for measuring exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressures in patients with claudication

VASA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Urban ◽  
Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽  
Isabelle Signolet ◽  
Christophe Colas Ribas ◽  
Mathieu Feuilloy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Pressure ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Chemical Sensors ◽  
Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽  
Starting Values ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure ◽  
New Sensors ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.

Neuropsychological Symptoms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Changes Over Time

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda Olff ◽  
Mirjam Nijdam ◽  
Kristin Samuelson ◽  
Julia Golier ◽  
Mariel Meewisse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Neuropsychological Symptoms ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time
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