Resonance Bond Testing: Theory and Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 512-519
Author(s):  
Stetson Watkins ◽  
James Bittner
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Ultrasonic Testing ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Metallic Structures ◽  
Cfrp Laminates ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Load Paths ◽  
Increased Strength ◽  
Skin To Skin

Resonance bond testing is a nondestructive testing (NDT) technique that is used to detect disbonds, delaminations, and other voids in composite materials. The aerospace industry has seen an increase in the use of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) for aircraft and spacecraft construction. Composite materials offer many advantages over traditional metallic structures, which include weight savings, increased strength, design for specific load paths, and the ability to easily construct geometrically complex structures. Resonance bond testing has many established uses for metallic structures as well, such as aluminum skin-to-skin and skin-to-core bonds. This bond testing technique has been around for many decades but is used by only a small portion of the NDT community. Ultrasonic testing (UT), specifically phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT), using linear array techniques has proven to be a reliable method for the inspection of CFRP laminates. When composite structures do not permit the use of high-frequency sound waves due to rapid attenuation, resonance bond testing is a proven alternative. In this paper, the authors will discuss the theory behind resonance bond testing and how it has and continues to play an important role in the NDT industry.

scholarly journals A Study of Drive Shaft Assembly

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Pushpad
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Drive Shaft ◽  
Material Technology ◽  
Metallic Structures ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Advanced Composite ◽  
Advanced Composite Materials ◽  
Analysis Package

The weight reduction of the driveshaft can have a certain role in the general weight reduction of the vehicle and is a highly desirable destination. Substituting composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because of higher specific stiffness and durability of composite materials. The advanced composite materials such as graphite, carbon, Kevlar and Glass with suitable resins are widely practiced because of their high specific strength and high specific modulus. Advanced composite materials seem ideally suited for long, power driver shaft applications. The automotive industry is exploiting composite material technology for structural component construction in order to obtain the reduction of the weight without a reduction in vehicle quality and dependability. It is known that energy conservation is one of the most important objectives in vehicle design and reduction of weight is one of the most efficient steps to get this effect. In reality, on that point is about a direct proportion between the weight of a vehicle and its fuel use, especially in city driving. This task is an analysis performed on drive shaft with different composite materials and concludes that the utilization of composite materials for drive shaft would induce less amount of stress which additionally reduces the weight of the vehicle. CATIA is the modelling package used to model the drive shaft arrangement and ANSYS is the analysis package used to carry out analysis.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of Composite Leaf Spring

2013 ◽  
pp. 209-212
Author(s):  
Y. N. V. Santhosh Kumar ◽  
M. Vimal Teja
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Leaf Spring ◽  
Metallic Structures ◽  
Conventional Steel ◽  
Fiberglass Composite

In these paper, composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because of higher specific stiffness and strength of composite materials is discussed. The automobile industry has shown increased interest in the replacement of steel spring with fiberglass composite leaf spring due to high strength to weight ratio. This work deals with the replacement of conventional steel leaf spring with a Mono Composite leaf spring using E-Glass/Epoxy. The design parameters were selected and analyzed with the objective of minimizing weight of the composite leaf spring as compar

Multi-Axial Fatigue Life Assessment of Wind Turbine Structural Components

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Wei ◽  
Thomas P. Forte
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Fatigue Loading ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Fatigue Life Assessment ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Axial Fatigue

Modern wind turbines, which are usually made of composite materials, are fatigue critical structures that are subjected to variable multi-axial fatigue loading. Therefore, they should be designed as safely as necessary to withstand the fatigue loads over the designed life time. Path-Dependent Maximum Range (PDMR) is a multi-axial fatigue life assessment tool developed by Battelle researchers. PDMR has been successfully applied to fatigue analysis of isotropic structures under general variable amplitude, multi-axial fatigue loading histories. The effectiveness of the PDMR method has been validated by its ability to correlate a large amount of fatigue data available in the literature. For uniaxial loading data, PDMR gives exactly the same results as ASTM standard Rainflow cycle counting method. In this paper, the PDMR method is extended to composite materials, such as glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). The proposed multi-axial fatigue damage model effectively correlates fatigue lives of unidirectional composites for various off-axis ply angles under cyclic tensile loading. With this extended capability, the PDMR can now be used to assess the multi-axial fatigue life of composite structures used in wind energy industry.

scholarly journals Damage and Fracture Analysis of Bolted Joints of Composite Materials Based on Peridynamic Theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Na-Na Yang ◽  
Tian-You Zhao ◽  
Ji-Guang Gu ◽  
Zhi-Peng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Bolted Joints ◽  
Fibre Glass ◽  
Damage Propagation ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Damage And Fracture ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Composite Damage ◽  
Peridynamic Model

Abstract It is clear that the advantages of fibre glass-reinforced plastics surpass those of steel, but the failure analysis of composite structures is much more complex than that of isotropic materials as composite materials may fail in a variety of ways. In order to simulate the damage and fracture of bolted joints of fibre reinforced composite, the bond-based peridynamic method suitable for elastic, brittle and anisotropic characteristics of composite material is used. The peridynamic model for composite laminate is validated by the finite element method. Then a peridynamic program of composite damage is applied to calculating the damage of bolted joint structure and the damage propagation process and failure mode of the structure is obtained.

Aging of polymer composite materials under loading. (See Beginning in #10-2020)

2020 ◽  
pp. 2-12
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Polymer Composite Materials ◽  
Cyclic Loads ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Water Exposure ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Bending Loads ◽  
Moisture Conditions

A study review of aging polymer composite materials (PCM) under different heat-moisture conditions or water exposure with the sequential or parallel influence of static or cyclic loads in laboratory conditions is presented. The influence of tension and bending loads is compared. Conditions of the different load influence on parameters of carbon-reinforced plastics and glass-reinforced plastics are discussed. Equipment and units for climatic tests of PCM under loading are described. Simulation examples of indices of mechanical properties of PCM under the influence of environment and loads are shown.

Aging of polymer composite materials under loading

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-18
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Polymer Composite Materials ◽  
Cyclic Loads ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Water Exposure ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Bending Loads ◽  
Moisture Conditions

A study review of aging polymer composite materials (PCM) under different heat-moisture conditions or water exposure with the sequential or parallel influence of static or cyclic loads in laboratory conditions is presented. The influence of tension and bending loads is compared. Conditions of the different load influence on parameters of carbon-reinforced plastics and glass-reinforced plastics are discussed. Equipment and units for climatic tests of PCM under loading are described. Simulation examples of indices of mechanical properties of PCM under the influence of environment and loads are shown.

scholarly journals Defects and uncertainties of adhesively bonded composite joints

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadik Omairey ◽  
Nithin Jayasree ◽  
Mihalis Kazilas
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Adhesive Bonding ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Bonded Joints ◽  
Adhesively Bonded ◽  
Adhesively Bonded Joints ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bonded Composite

AbstractThe increasing use of fibre reinforced polymer composite materials in a wide range of applications increases the use of similar and dissimilar joints. Traditional joining methods such as welding, mechanical fastening and riveting are challenging in composites due to their material properties, heterogeneous nature, and layup configuration. Adhesive bonding allows flexibility in materials selection and offers improved production efficiency from product design and manufacture to final assembly, enabling cost reduction. However, the performance of adhesively bonded composite structures cannot be fully verified by inspection and testing due to the unforeseen nature of defects and manufacturing uncertainties presented in this joining method. These uncertainties can manifest as kissing bonds, porosity and voids in the adhesive. As a result, the use of adhesively bonded joints is often constrained by conservative certification requirements, limiting the potential of composite materials in weight reduction, cost-saving, and performance. There is a need to identify these uncertainties and understand their effect when designing these adhesively bonded joints. This article aims to report and categorise these uncertainties, offering the reader a reliable and inclusive source to conduct further research, such as the development of probabilistic reliability-based design optimisation, sensitivity analysis, defect detection methods and process development.

scholarly journals Introduction to Macroscopic Optimal Design in the Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Aleksander Muc
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Composite Plates ◽  
Failure Criteria ◽  
Lagrange Equations ◽  
Homogenization Methods ◽  
Mechanics Of Composite Materials

The main goal of building composite materials and structures is to provide appropriate a priori controlled physico-chemical properties. For this purpose, a strengthening is introduced that can bear loads higher than those borne by isotropic materials, improve creep resistance, etc. Composite materials can be designed in a different fashion to meet specific properties requirements.Nevertheless, it is necessary to be careful about the orientation, placement and sizes of different types of reinforcement. These issues should be solved by optimization, which, however, requires the construction of appropriate models. In the present paper we intend to discuss formulations of kinematic and constitutive relations and the possible application of homogenization methods. Then, 2D relations for multilayered composite plates and cylindrical shells are derived with the use of the Euler–Lagrange equations, through the application of the symbolic package Mathematica. The introduced form of the First-Ply-Failure criteria demonstrates the non-uniqueness in solutions and complications in searching for the global macroscopic optimal solutions. The information presented to readers is enriched by adding selected review papers, surveys and monographs in the area of composite structures.

The effect of nanoparticle additive on surface milling in glass fiber reinforced composite structures

2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110141
Author(s):  
Ferhat Ceritbinmez ◽  
Ahmet Yapici ◽  
Erdoğan Kanca
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composite ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Composite Layers

In this study, the effect of adding nanosize additive to glass fiber reinforced composite plates on mechanical properties and surface milling was investigated. In the light of the investigations, with the addition of MWCNTs additive in the composite production, the strength of the material has been changed and the more durable composite materials have been obtained. Slots were opened with different cutting speed and feed rate parameters to the composite layers. Surface roughness of the composite layers and slot size were examined and also abrasions of cutting tools used in cutting process were determined. It was observed that the addition of nanoparticles to the laminated glass fiber composite materials played an effective role in the strength of the material and caused cutting tool wear.

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