The Effects of School-based Physical Exercise With Different Cognitive Loads on Executive Functions

Introduction: The present study aimed to compare the effects of 3 school-based physical exercises with different levels of cognitive engagement on executive functions. Materials and Methods: In total, 47 students aged 13-14 years were randomly divided into 3 groups, as follows: the Integrated Physical and Cognitive (IPC) exercise, peer physical exercise group (with the same physical challenge), and control group (the routine physical education program). A Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the N-back test, and the Stroop test were used to evaluate executive functions in pretest and posttest. Results: The obtained results indicated that the IPC group significantly improved more than the other groups on the executive functions. Accordingly, physical exercise with a higher cognitive load benefitted both speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks significantly more than the same physical activity alone. Conclusion: Therefore, in the integrated physical and cognitive exercise, the cognitive and physiological effects of this training style interact with each other; therefore, their beneficial effects can be gradually increased, while interventions that only focus on the physical dimension would be less effective in promoting cognitive functions.

Download Full-text

Beneficial Effects of Yoga and Exercise on Psychological Paradigms of an Individual

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0501.032 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mubashir Gull

Keyword(s):

Physical Exercise ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Self Concept ◽

Control Group ◽

Heavy Exercise ◽

Group Design ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Psychological Paradigms ◽

Age Range ◽

And Control

The study was conducted to examine the effects of yogic and physical exercise on self concept. One hundred twenty subjects in four groups viz. light exercise group, heavy exercise group, yoga performers group and control group were administered measure of self-concept. All the subjects are male in the age range of 26 to 58 years. Data were analyzed by simple ANOVA suitable for multi-group design. Results revealed that the control group had significantly self-concept than the exercise and yoga performing group.

Download Full-text

Physical activity during pregnancy and its influence on delivery time: a randomized clinical trial

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.6370 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e6370 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raquel Rodríguez-Blanque ◽

Juan Carlos Sánchez-García ◽

Antonio Manuel Sánchez-López ◽

María José Aguilar-Cordero

Keyword(s):

Physical Exercise ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Total Duration ◽

Perinatal Outcomes ◽

Exercise Group ◽

University Hospital ◽

Control Group ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

The Difference

Introduction During pregnancy, women often change their lifestyle for fear of harmful effects on the child or themselves. In this respect, many women reduce the amount of physical exercise they take, despite its beneficial effects. Objective To determine the duration of labor in pregnant women who completed a program of moderate physical exercise in water and subsequently presented eutocic birth. Methods A randomized trial was performed with 140 healthy pregnant women, divided into an exercise group (EG) (n = 70) and a control group (CG) (n = 70). The women who composed the study population were recruited at 12 weeks of gestation. The intervention program, termed SWEP (Study of Water Exercise during Pregnancy) began in week 20 of gestation and ended in week 37. Perinatal outcomes were determined by examining the corresponding partographs, recorded by the Maternity Service at the Granada University Hospital Complex. Results The intervention phase of the study took place from June through October 2016, with the 120 women finally included in EG and CG (60 in each group). At term, 63% of the women in EG and 56% of those in CG had a eutocic birth. The average total duration of labor was 389.33 ± 216.18 min for the women in EG and 561.30 ± 199.94 min for those in CG, a difference of approximately three hours (p < 0.001). Conclusions The women who exercised in water during their pregnancy presented a shorter duration of labor than those who did not. The difference was especially marked with respect to the duration of the first and second stages of labor.

Download Full-text

High IQ May “Mask” the Diagnosis of ADHD by Compensating for Deficits in Executive Functions in Treatment-Naïve Adults With ADHD

Journal of Attention Disorders ◽

10.1177/1087054714554933 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 455-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Ana Luiza Vidal Milioni ◽

Tiffany Moukbel Chaim ◽

Mikael Cavallet ◽

Nathalya Moleda de Oliveira ◽

Marco Annes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Functioning ◽

Executive Functions ◽

Clinical Diagnosis ◽

Performance Test ◽

Continuous Performance Test ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Commission Errors

Objective: To evaluate and compare the performance of adults with ADHD with high and standard IQ in executive functions (EF) tasks. Method: We investigated the neuropsychological performance of 51 adults with ADHD, compared with 33 healthy controls (HC) while performing a wide battery of neuropsychological tests that measure executive functioning. Adults with clinical diagnosis of ADHD were divided into two groups according to their IQ level (IQ ≥ 110—ADHD group with more elevated IQ, and IQ < 110—ADHD group with standard IQ). Results: The ADHD group with standard IQ presented a worse executive functioning compared with the HC group in the following measures: Stroop 2 ( p = .000) and 3 ( p = .000), Trail Making Test (TMT) B ( p = .005), Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST)—perseverative errors ( p = .022) and failures to maintain set ( p = .020), Continuous Performance Test (CPT)—omission errors ( p = .005) and commission errors ( p = .000), and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB)—conceptualization ( p = .016). The ADHD group with more elevated IQ presented only impairments in the CPT—commission errors ( p = .019) when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Adults with ADHD and more elevated IQ show less evidence of executive functioning deficits compared with those with ADHD and standard IQ, suggesting that a higher degree of intellectual efficiency may compensate deficits in executive functions, leading to problems in establishing a precise clinical diagnosis.

Download Full-text

Comparing the Mathematics Continuous Performance Test With Other Measures of Tests of Attention

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000261 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 291-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dubi Lufi ◽

Shachar Pan

Keyword(s):

Performance Test ◽

Continuous Performance Test ◽

Clinical Population ◽

Control Group ◽

Continuous Performance ◽

Adhd Assessment ◽

Research Reporting ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Continuous Performance Tests ◽

Better Than

Abstract. Several studies have shown that Continuous Performance Tests (CPT) can diagnose Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) better than other tests. Research reporting comparisons of two or more CPT-type tests is scarce. The purpose of the study was to compare the Mathematics Continuous Performance Test (MATH-CPT) with another CPT-type test (CPT II) and a questionnaire (the Brown Scale). The comparison was carried out by looking at correlations among subscales and checking the precision of detecting ADHD. Ninety-five high school and college students participated in the study, 41 with ADHD were the research group and 54 were the control group. The participants performed the two tests and answered the questionnaire. The results showed that the MATH-CPT correctly identified 74.50% of the participants of both groups as compared to the 71.60% of the CPT II. Correlations between the two CPT-type tests were moderate; however, they were similar to correlations found in other studies comparing similar tools. The MATH-CPT, final attention formula, showed significant correlations with the Brown scales, while the CPT II, confidence index associated with ADHD assessment, showed nonsignificant correlations with the questionnaire. The study indicated that MATH-CPT can be used with a clinical population of ADHD and for research purposes.

Download Full-text

School-based obesity interventions in the metropolitan area of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil: pooled analysis from five randomised studies

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521000076 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Renata da R. M. Rodrigues ◽

Bruna K. Hassan ◽

Michele R. Sgambato ◽

Bárbara da S. N. Souza ◽

Diana B. Cunha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Habits ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Intention To Treat ◽

School Year ◽

School Based ◽

Obesity Interventions ◽

The One ◽

And Control

Abstract School-based studies, despite the large number of studies conducted, have reported inconclusive results on obesity prevention. The sample size is a major constraint in such studies by requiring large samples. This pooled analysis overcomes this problem by analysing 5926 students (mean age 11·5 years) from five randomised school-based interventions. These studies focused on encouraging students to change their drinking and eating habits, and physical activities over the one school year, with monthly 1-h sessions in the classroom; culinary class aimed at developing cooking skills to increase healthy eating and attempts to family engagement. Pooled intention-to-treat analysis using linear mixed models accounted for school clusters. Control and intervention groups were balanced at baseline. The overall result was a non-significant change in BMI after one school year of positive changes in behaviours associated with obesity. Estimated mean BMI changed from 19·02 to 19·22 kg/m2 in the control group and from 19·08 to 19·32 kg/m2 in the intervention group (P value of change over time = 0·09). Subgroup analyses among those overweight or with obesity at baseline also did not show differences between intervention and control groups. The percentage of fat measured by bioimpedance indicated a small reduction in the control compared with intervention (P = 0·05). This large pooled analysis showed no effect on obesity measures, although promising results were observed about modifying behaviours associated with obesity.

Download Full-text

Physical exercise accelerates reentrainment of human sleep-wake cycle but not of plasma melatonin rhythm to 8-h phase-advanced sleep schedule

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00345.2009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 298 (3) ◽

pp. R681-R691 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Yujiro Yamanaka ◽

Satoko Hashimoto ◽

Yusuke Tanahashi ◽

Shin-ya Nishide ◽

Sato Honma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Sleep Onset ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Temporal Isolation ◽

Melatonin Rhythm ◽

Plasma Melatonin ◽

Shift Schedule ◽

Sleep Schedule

Effects of timed physical exercise were examined on the reentrainment of sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to an 8-h phase-advanced sleep schedule. Seventeen male adults spent 12 days in a temporal isolation facility with dim light conditions (<10 lux). The sleep schedule was phase-advanced by 8 h from their habitual sleep times for 4 days, which was followed by a free-run session for 6 days, during which the subjects were deprived of time cues. During the shift schedule, the exercise group ( n = 9) performed physical exercise with a bicycle ergometer in the early and middle waking period for 2 h each. The control group ( n = 8) sat on a chair at those times. Their sleep-wake cycles were monitored every day by polysomnography and/or weight sensor equipped with a bed. The circadian rhythm in plasma melatonin was measured on the baseline day before phase shift: on the 4th day of shift schedule and the 5th day of free-run. As a result, the sleep-onset on the first day of free-run in the exercise group was significantly phase-advanced from that in the control and from the baseline. On the other hand, the circadian melatonin rhythm was significantly phase-delayed in the both groups, showing internal desynchronization of the circadian rhythms. The sleep-wake cycle resynchronized to the melatonin rhythm by either phase-advance or phase-delay shifts in the free-run session. These findings indicate that the reentrainment of the sleep-wake cycle to a phase-advanced schedule occurs independent of the circadian pacemaker and is accelerated by timed physical exercise.

Download Full-text

Sustained Attention in Brain Damaged Children

Council review ◽

10.1177/001440297003600502 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 317-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Peter A. Campanelli

Keyword(s):

Sustained Attention ◽

Performance Test ◽

Continuous Performance Test ◽

Specific Site ◽

Control Group ◽

Continuous Performance ◽

Convulsive Disorders

This study explored sustained attention in children with convulsive disorders diagnosed as having cortical and subcortical lesions by means of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Significant differences were found between and within these 2 groups and a control group. Results support other findings concerning specific site of lesion on sustained attention in brain damaged children when measured by the CPT. Implications for learning are discussed.

Download Full-text

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES IN EX-CRACK COCAINE USERS

Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte ◽

10.1590/1517-869220172304173106 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 284-289

Author(s):

Jéssica Abatti Martins ◽

Ana Maria Volpato ◽

Vanise dos Santos Ferreira Viero ◽

Antonio Jose Grande ◽

Leonardo Roever ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Crack Cocaine ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Before And After ◽

Cocaine Users ◽

Total Body

ABSTRACT Introduction: Worldwide cocaine use in all its various forms is increasing; cocaine users exceeded 17 million in the world. In Brazil, this data is also alarming. A survey conducted in 2010 found that the country has more than 900,000 crack-cocaine users. Objective: To evaluate the effects of exercise on anthropometric variables and components of physical fitness in ex-crack cocaine users. Methods: Randomized controlled trial with 20 men, divided into exercise group (n=10) and control group (n=10), admitted to a detoxification center. We assessed the physical fitness components related to health (cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, muscular strength/endurance, and body composition) before and after the physical training program. Results: The exercise contributed to the maintenance of anthropometric variables, while the control group had an increased in total body fat and visceral fat. Regarding physical fitness, resistance training led to the increase of most variables studied, particularly strength and cardiorespiratory capacity. On the other hand, the VO2max and the strength of the sedentary subjects were reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion: The exercise showed beneficial effects on the components of physical fitness and maintenance of body composition.

Download Full-text

Schisto and Ladders version 2: a health educational board game to support compliance with school-based mass drug administration with praziquantel – a pilot study

International Health ◽

10.1093/inthealth/ihaa057 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cynthia Uchechukwu Ejike ◽

Akinola Stephen Oluwole ◽

Olaitan Olamide Omitola ◽

Adedotun Ayodeji Bayegun ◽

Islamiat Yetunde Shoneye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Board Game ◽

Control Groups ◽

Group Discussions ◽

School Based ◽

Praziquantel Treatment ◽

And Control

Abstract Background We redesigned the Schisto and Ladders health educational board game and evaluated its potential to encourage compliance to school-based mass drug administration with praziquantel. Methods Two hundred and seventy-five children from six schools who rejected praziquantel treatment were divided into intervention and control groups. Before the intervention, preassessment interviews were conducted on their knowledge about praziquantel treatment and schistosomiasis. The Schisto and Ladders version 2 game as an intervention, and the Snakes and Ladders game as a control, were played for 6 mo. Postassessment interviews, including focus group discussions, were conducted. Results At preassessment, 0/98 (0.0%) children in the intervention group had heard of praziquantel compared with 2/177 (1.1%) in the control group. Similarly, 0/98 (0.0%) children in the intervention group did not know that praziquantel does not kill compared with 4/177 (2.3%) in the control group. The postassessment showed that 53/78 (67.9%) in the intervention group were aware of praziquantel compared with 2/177 (1.1%) in the control group (p=0.000). Similarly, 53 (69.7%) in the intervention group knew about the safety of praziquantel compared with 0/177 (0.0%) in the control group (p=0.000). Sixty-four children (65.3%) from the intervention group sought praziquantel treatment after the trial. Conclusions Schisto and Ladders version 2 is a useful sensitisation tool with which to encourage compliance to praziquantel treatment in schools.

Download Full-text

Effects of aerobic plus explosive power exercises on bone remodeling and bone mineral density in young men

Turkish Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1515/tjb-2016-0130 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 40-48

Author(s):

Veysi Çay ◽

Gurbuz Buyukyazi ◽

Cevval Ulman ◽

Fatma Taneli ◽

Yeliz Doğru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽

Exercise Program ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Risk Level ◽

Control Group ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Explosive Power ◽

Before And After ◽

And Control

AbstractObjectives:This study aims to examine effects of aerobic jogging and explosive power exercises on body composition, maximal oxygen consumption (MaxVOMaterials and methods:Thirty seven healthy males were divided into exercise group (EG, n=19) and control group (CG, n=18). EG completed 10 weeks of outdoor aerobic (jogging at 60–70% maximal heart rate reserve starting from 20 min steadily increasing up to 28 min) and explosive power exercises (in 2–3 sets, with maximum repetitions lasting 15 s), 3 times per week. All measurements were taken before and after the exercise program. BMD was measured via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).Results:Body mass index (p<0.001) significantly decreased; MaxVOConclusion:Performing our outdoor exercise program in spring months might have an important role in the significant increase (9 vs. 22 ng/mL) in mean vitamin D level, which reached above the fracture risk level of 20 ng/mL.

Download Full-text