scholarly journals Towards the Question on the Zero Subject in English

Discourse ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 174-194
Author(s):  
I. S. Stepanenko ◽  
L. A. Ulianitckaia ◽  
T. V. Shulzhenko
Keyword(s):  
Structural Features ◽  
Language Models ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Fully Implicit ◽  
The Status ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Logical Modelling ◽  
English Subject

Introduction. The article considers the case, when no subject is present in an impersonal English sentence. Many linguists believe that the subject in this case is implicit, because the sentence preserves its predicativity. In addition, the subject “it” is sometimes substituted in impersonal English sentences by the formal particle “there”. However, the question whether this particle performs the function of subject is still open. That is why it is rather pertinent to consider all cases of subject, both explicit and implicit one, including the cases, when the sentence contains the formal particle “there”. The objective of this work is to build a formal logical model of implicit subject in impersonal English sentence. Implicit subject is often named as zero subject.Methodology and sources. The research methodology is based on traditional approaches towards studying the phenomenon of zero subject, as well as on the binomiality idea, having been developed since 1993 at ETU. On the material of English the status of the issue, whether it is eligible to consider the implicit subject as the zero one, is investigated. The examples illustrating the functional features of the implicit subject in English sentence were selected by means of the method of continuous sampling from 7 corpora. To represent the structural features of the implicit subject the method of formal logical modelling is applied.Results and discussion. The article presents the diversity of subject structures in English sentence. There is dealt with the question on the functions of the formal particle “there” in hypothetical comparison with the formal particle “it”. In this regard, a formal logical modelling of English subject is undertaken, for declarative and interrogative sentences. Herewith both independent and dependent sentences are modelled. Questions to the subject are out of the present consideration. The implicit subject has been assumed to be a “trace” of the explicit subject and may not be recognized as the absolute zero subject.Conclusion. Linguistics has elaborated a variety of original views on the reasons, why “incomplete” subjects emerge. Our language models allow, however, to come to more original and, as we hope, objective conclusions. Dependent on its environment the subject in English can be implicit fully or partly. If the subject is fully implicit, it is a strong or weak implicit semifinitive, fixed in the weak specifier. If the subject is partly implicit, it is a weak implicit semifinitive, fixed in the strong specifier. The English subject appears to be fully implicit much less frequent, than partly implicit. Making the subject fully implicit is possible by means of additional elements. Making the subject partly implicit is possible by means of the strong specifier “there”; no additional elements are then needed. 

scholarly journals СПОСОБИ ТВОРЕННЯ ТЕРМІНІВ ГАЛУЗЕЙ ФІЗІОТЕРАПІЇ ТА ЕРГОТЕРАПІЇ

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Chumakova K.O.
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Frequent Pattern ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
The Past ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject

The article deals with the methods of term formation in the fields of physical therapy and ergotherapy which are currently gaining popularity in Ukraine. The research covers the structural and semantic features of the mentioned terminological units.The objective of the research is to study the structural features of these terms in the English language. The mentioned objective, in turn, requires the fulfillment of the following tasks:– to analyze the morphological characteristics which are typical for the researched terminological units;– to identify the main ways of their formation;– to identify the structural models used for the formation of the researched multicomponent terms.The methods applied in this research included both linguistic ones, such as: the continuous sampling method, the method of morphemic analysis and word-building analysis, structural and etymological analysis, and general scientific ones, namely: quantification method, systematization and classification, generalization.The results of the research are defined as: a) the creation of physio- and ergotherapeutic terms glossary; b) the overview of the term formation methods; c) the identification of the most common patterns used to form multicomponent terminological units in the studied fields.Conclusions. Over the past decades, terminological units have become the subject of numerous linguistic studies worldwide. Despite the fact that terminological units belong to the lexical system of the language and, therefore, the methods of their formation are the same as those used for common lexemes formation, the ratio of certain nomination processes can differ. The research demonstrated that the ratio of monolexeme terminological units and polylexeme physio- and ergotherapeutic terms is 20% to 75% respectively. The majority of monolexeme terms are formed by means of affixation. The majority of multicomponent terminological units consist of two elements, and the most frequent pattern is N + N. Abbreviated terms (5% of the total number of the researched terminological units) are used parallelly with their full forms. Статтю присвячено дослідженню способів творення терміноодиниць галузей фізичної терапії та ерготерапії, що наразі набувають популярності в Україні. Дослідження фокусується на структурних і семантичних характеристиках зазначених терміноодиниць.Метою наукової розвідки є дослідження структурних особливостей зазначених термінів в англійській мові. Для її досяг-нення у дослідженні необхідно виконати такі завдання:– проаналізувати морфологічні характеристики, які є типовими для досліджуваних терміноодиниць;– визначити основні способи їх творення;– визначити структурні моделі, що використовуються для творення мультикомпонентних термінологічних одиниць досліджуваної галузі в англійській мові.Методи, використані в дослідженні, включали як суто лінгвістичні (наприклад, метод суцільного вибору, метод морфем-ного та словотворчого аналізу, методи структурно-семантичного й етимологічного аналізу), так і загальнонаукові (наприклад, метод кількісних підрахунків, систематизацію та класифікацію, узагальнення).Результатами цього дослідження є: а) складання глосарію фізіо- та ерготерапевтичних термінів; б) огляд основних мето-дів їх творення в англійській мові; в) визначення найчастіше використовуваних моделей.Висновки. Упродовж останніх десятиліть терміносистеми привертають дедалі більшу увагу лінгвістів. Незважаючи на той факт, що терміноодиниці належать до лексичної системи мови (а отже, для них характерні ті ж способи творення, що застосовуються для творення загальновживаних лексем), співвідношення різних процесів номінації може відрізнятися. Серед досліджених термінів галузі фізіотерапії та ерготерапії в англійській мові 20% представлені монолексемними терміноодини-цями, тоді як 75% є мультикомпонентними термінами. Більшість термінів-слів утворено за допомогою афіксації. Більшість полілексемних одиниць складається з двох елементів, а найбільш уживаною структурою таких термінів є N + N. Абревіатури (5% загальної кількості досліджених терміноодиниць) вживаються паралельно з повними їхніми формами.

Concerning the abuse of power by an official

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Ihor Oheruk
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Abuse Of Power ◽  
Government Functions ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Logical Semantic

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to analyze the application of the second and third parts of Article 3692 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to officials in the context, that defines them by the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the note to Article 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. In the course of the study, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, logical-semantic, system-structural, logical-normative. Results: in the course of research the cause of criminalization of such act as "abuse of power" is considered, the subject of the specified criminal act which has the features of "an official" in the context, that defines it by the note to Article 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is analyzed and the main ways of committing criminal acts, that are provided for in this article of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are identified. Originality. The study found, that one of the key conditions for the opportunity to influence officials, that are authorized to perform government or local self-government functions, is the position held by the official and the related opportunities. Therefore, taking into account the opinion of the scientists, that the subject of crimes, that are provided for by the second and third parts of Article 3692 is special, the peculiarities of which is the cumulative feature, that denotes, that such person is not endowed with the status of an official, well-founded need to specify the criminal legislation of Ukraine in terms of the application the second and third parts of Article 3692 of the Criminal code of Ukraine concerning officials in the context, that defines them by the criminal legislation of Ukraine in the note to Article 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Practical significance. The research results can be used in lawmaking in the improvement of anti-corruption legislation.

The Status of the Subject in Mahler's Ninth Symphony

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Symphony ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject

FAMILY TRADITIONS: REFLECTION OF SOME FAMILY TRADITIONS IN THE LINGUISTIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD (ON THE BASIS OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK PROVERBS AND IDIOMS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Feruza Mamatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
The World ◽  
Marriage Partner ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject

The present paper aims to compare the principles of choosing a marriage partner and analyse the status of being in the marrriage in the frame of family traditions that are totally inherent to the both of the nations: English and Uzbek. It is known that interconnection and cross-cultural communication between the countries of these two nationalities have been recently developed. The purpose to give an idea about these types of family traditions and prevent any misunderstanding that might occur in the communications makes our investigation topical one. The research used phraseological units as an object and the marriage aspects as the subject

PENCATATAN PERKAWINAN SEBAGAI REKONSEPTUALISASI SYSTEM SAKSI PERKAWINAN BERBASIS MASLAHAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-148
Author(s):  
Mohsi Mohsi
Keyword(s):  
Birth Certificate ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
The Status ◽  
Legal Legitimacy ◽  
The Subject

Marriage registration is often the subject of discussion among academics in the aspect of legal legitimacy. Is marriage registration a condition of marriage, or the harmony of marriage ?. From all the discourses available, the writer concludes that the recording of marriage in the al-maslahah review is a new witness system, but cannot replace the position of the witnesses who have been introduced and patented in the construction of classical texts and fiqh. its existence is only as complementary, but it is very mandatory to be fulfilled because it impacts on aspects of marriage, both directly and indirectly, such as to the status of the child on a birth certificate, divorce, and other aspects as a result of a marriage, also divorce.

Innovations in Food Production - Status and Directions of Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193
Author(s):  
Barbara Grzybowska
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
New Products ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Product Manufacturing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Storage

This paper characterises the directions of innovative activities undertaken by food industry enterprises concerning the manufacturing of food products. Based on the subject literature and secondary statistical data, the status of food industry innovativeness and areas of innovative activities related to implementation of technological and non-technological innovations are presented. The activities of enterprises focus on manufacturing new products in response to the ever-changing needs and expectations of consumers. In particular, the production of so-called functional food (which seeks to promote health, minimise the risk of specific diseases, improve psychophysical fitness, lose weight, etc.) is increasingly extensive. Manufacturers must also improve the technologies and techniques of product manufacturing, packaging and storage. 

A Short Survey of Yemeni Sufism from Its Inception up to the Thirteenth Century

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Short Survey ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intellectual Activities

This paper analyzes the historical conditions of Yemen’s Sufi movement from the beginning of Islam up to the rise of the Rasulid dynasty in the thirteenth century. This is a very difficult task, given the lack of adequate sources and sufficient academic attention in both the East and theWest. Certainly, a few sentences about the subject can be found scattered in Sufi literature at large, but a respectable study of the period’s mysticism can hardly be found.1 Thus, I will focus on the major authorities who first contributed to the ascetic movement’s development, discuss why a major decline of intellectual activities occurred in many metropolises, and if the existing ascetic conditions were transformed into mystical tendencies during the ninth century due to the alleged impact ofDhu’n-Nun al-Misri (d. 860). This is followed by a brief discussion ofwhat contributed to the revival of the country’s intellectual and economic activities. After that, I will attempt to portray the status of the major ascetics and prominent mystics credited with spreading and diffusing the so-called Islamic saintly miracles (karamat). The trademark of both ascetics and mystics across the centuries, this feature became more prevalent fromthe beginning of the twelfth century onward. I will conclude with a brief note on the most three celebrated figures of Yemen’s religious and cultural history: Abu al-Ghayth ibn Jamil (d. 1253) and his rival Ahmad ibn `Alwan (d. 1266) from the mountainous area, andMuhammad ibn `Ali al-`Alawi, known as al-Faqih al-Muqaddam (d. 1256), from Hadramawt.

Self and Selves

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph C.S. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Synthetic A Priori

Kant is committed to the reality of a subject self, outside time but active in forming experience. Timeless activity is problematic, but that can be dealt with. But he holds that the subject of experience is not an object of experience, so nothing can be known about it; this raises a problem about the status of his own theory. But he ought to allow that we can know of its existence and activity, as preconditions of experience: the Critique allows that synthetic a priori truths can be known in this way. However, its identity conditions remain unknowable. Kant’s unity of apperception shares much with Locke’s continuity of consciousness, but does not determine the identity of a thing. Personal identity is bodily identity. Only Kant’s moral philosophy justifies recognizing other selves; it could warrant ascribing a similar status to animals.

scholarly journals Served on a Plate: Engraved Sources of San Diego de Alcalá’s ‘Miraculous Meal’ for the Franciscans of Santiago, Chile (ca. 1710)

Arts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Catherine Burdick
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject

There exists a consensus in academic literature regarding the centrality of engraved prototypes for the production of colonial paintings in the Spanish Americas. In Peru, these artistic models were written into legal contracts between painters and clients. An examination of the notarial contracts produced in Cusco from 1650 to 1700 suggests that prototypes in a variety of formats were not only central to artistic professional practice, but that adherence to their images may have provided one motive for entering into such agreements. This study leans upon the centrality of Flemish print sources to confirm the attribution of a partial canvas at the Pinacoteca Universidad de Concepción, Chile as an episode of the series on the life of Diego de Alcalá (c. 1710) in Santiago, Chile. Commissioned from Cusco by the Franciscans of Santiago, the status of the hagiographic cycle as the most extensive ever produced on the subject of this missionary saint dictates that a multiplicity of sources was necessary for its creation. By identifying two engravings that served as its models, this study recovers the subject of this painting as a miracle that sustained Diego during an arduous journey.

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