scholarly journals Correction of Long-Lasting Negative Effects of Neonatal Isolation in White Rats Using Semax

Acta Naturae ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Volodina ◽  
E. A. Sebentsova ◽  
N. Yu. Glazova ◽  
D. M. Manchenko ◽  
L. S. Inozemtseva ◽  
...  

Adverse experience during the early postnatal period induces negative alterations in physiological and neurobiological functions, resulting in long-term disorder in animal behavior. The aim of the present work was to study the long-lasting effects of chronic neonatal stress in white rats and to estimate the possibility of their correction using Semax, an analogue of ACTH fragment (4-10). Early neonatal isolation was used as a model of early-life stress. Rat pups were separated from their mothers and littermates for 5 h daily during postnatal days 1-14. The pups of the control group were left undisturbed with the dams. Half of the rats subjected to neonatal isolation received an intranasal injection of Semax at a dose of 50 g/kg daily, from postnatal day 15 until day 28. The other animals received intranasal vehicle injections daily at the same time points. It was shown that neonatal isolation leads to a delay in physical development, metabolic disturbances, and a decrease in the corticosterone stress response in white rats. These changes were observed during the first two months of life. Semax administration weakened the influence of neonatal isolation on the animals, body weight , reduced metabolic dysfunction, and led to an increase in stress-induced corticosterone release to the control values. So the chronic intranasal administration of Semax after termination of the neonatal isolation procedure diminishes the negative effects of neonatal stress.

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
D.-C. Herta ◽  
B. Nemes ◽  
S. Nica ◽  
D. Cozman

Introduction:Recent data suggest that schizophrenia is a complex disorder with intricate patterns of neurocognitive impairment supported by specific neurobiological systems, present in schizophrenia patients, regardless of individual or clinical variables. the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia states that early insults (pre-, perinatal), late environmental, early and late genetic factors interact in various developmental stages, leading to various individual expressions of the disorder.Aim:To assess specific developmental risk factors in connection with the level of neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.Material and methods:Issues concerning family history, parenting style, attachment and early life stress were investigated in correlation with general intellectual functioning, working memory and executive functions in a set of young schizophrenia patients and a control group.Results:The authors found that certain prenatal insults, complications of delivery and early development, along with the quality of attachment and parenting style, were strongly correlated with the patterns of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia patients.Conclusions:Cognitive impairment might be a trait-like feature, stable throughout the lifetime, occurring years before the onset of the illness. Extending the concept of development to the entire life span could entail that factors with limited timeframe of action may play a role in the epigenetic regulation of certain genes and proteins expressed in specific areas of the brain, in specific developmental stages, which in turn may lead to overt and definitive changes much later in life.


2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (43) ◽  
pp. 8276-8291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Guadagno ◽  
Silvanna Verlezza ◽  
Hong Long ◽  
Tak Pan Wong ◽  
Claire-Dominique Walker

Author(s):  
Н.Н. Хлебникова ◽  
С.Д. Ширенова ◽  
Н.А. Крупина

Введение. Ингибиторы пролинспецифической сериновой протеазы дипептидилпептидазы IV (ДПП-IV, CD26, EC 3.4.14.5), способные модулировать широкий спектр физиологических процессов, находят применение в клинике. В наших работах получены свидетельства влияния ингибиторов ДПП-IV при их введении в раннем постнатальном периоде на эмоционально-мотивационное поведение взрослых крыс. Более сильные изменения в поведении отмечались у крыс при действии ингибитора ДПП-IV дипротина А. Однако не ясно, как долго сохраняются такие изменения. Цель работы - изучение отсроченных эффектов ингибитора ДПП-IV дипротина А на выраженность эмоционально-мотивационных расстройств, индуцированных действием ингибитора в раннем постнатальном периоде, в динамике взросления крыс от 2 до 7 мес. Методика. Дипротин А вводили крысятам ежедневно в 5-18-й постнатальные дни внутрибрюшинно (2 мг/кг), в объеме 0.1 мл на 10 г массы тела. Крысята контрольной группы получали инъекции физиологического раствора. Поведение взрослых крыс оценивали в возрасте 2 и 7 мес в тестах автоматизированного «открытого поля», «Приподнятый крестообразный лабиринт» (ПКЛ), принудительного плавания и социального взаимодействия. Уровень кортикостерона в сыворотке крови определяли методом твердофазного иммуноферментного анализа ELISA. Для статистической обработки результатов использовали двухфакторный дисперсионный анализ Two Way ANOVA и непараметрический U-критерий Манна-Уитни с поправкой на множественность сравнений. Результаты. У крыс опытной группы по сравнению с контрольной группой в возрасте 2 и 7 мес была повышена двигательная активность и скорость перемещения в тесте ПКЛ. В возрасте 7 мес у них также была увеличена вертикальная исследовательская активность. Признаков повышения тревожности не выявлено. У крыс опытной группы выявлены признаки депрессивно-подобного поведения по нарушению биоритмологической структуры плавания, более выраженные в возрасте 7 мес. Неагрессивное социальное взаимодействие у крыс, получавших неонатально дипротин А, было снижено по сравнению с контролем в возрасте 2 мес, а в возрасте 7 мес, напротив, увеличено. У этих животных число и длительность агрессивных социальных контактов были увеличены по сравнению с контролем как в возрасте 2, так и в возрасте 7 мес. Уровень кортикостерона в сыворотке крови у крыс опытной группы в возрасте 7.5 мес был выше, чем в контроле. Заключение. Данные настоящего исследования свидетельствуют о развитии гиперактивного фенотипа и длительных психоэмоциональных нарушений в виде повышенной агрессивности наряду с активацией гипоталамо-гипофизарно-адреналовой оси у взрослых крыс, подвергнутых действию дипротина А в 5-18-й постнатальные дни, и поддерживают представления об участии дипептидилпептидазы-IV в генезе психоэмоциональных расстройств. Background. Inhibitors of the proline-specific serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV, CD26, EC 3.4.14.5) may modulate a wide range of physiological processes and are used in the clinic. In our studies, we obtained evidence for the impact of DPP-IV inhibitors on adult rats’ emotional and motivational behavior when administered in the early postnatal period. Diprotin A exhibited the most significant impact on the animals’ behaviors. However, it is not clear how long the changes persist. Aim. To study the delayed effects of the DPP-IV inhibitor diprotin A on the severity of emotional and motivational disorders induced by the inhibitor action in the early postnatal period, in the dynamics of rats maturation from 2 to 7 months. Methods. Diprotin A was administered to rat pups daily on postnatal days 5-18, intraperitoneally, at a dose of 2 mg/kg, in a volume of 0.1 ml per 10 g of body weight. The rat pups of the control group received saline. The behavior of adult rats was assessed at the age of 2 and 7 months in the automated “open field,” “Elevated Plus Maze” (EPM), forced swimming, and social interaction tests. Serum corticosterone levels were determined by ELISA. The results were statistically processed using Two Way ANOVA and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results. Experimental rats increased motor activity and travel speed in the EPM test compared with the control group at 2 and 7 months of age. At the age of 7 months, experimental rats also increased vertical (rearing) activity. There were no signs of increased anxiety. Experimental rats demonstrated depression-like behavior judged by the biorhythmologic structure of swimming, more pronounced at 7 months. Non-aggressive social interaction in rats treated neonatally with diprotin A was reduced compared with controls at the age of 2 months and, on the contrary, increased at the age of 7 months. In these animals, the number and duration of aggressive social contacts were increased compared with controls at the ages of 2 and 7 months. Serum corticosterone levels in experimental rats at the age of 7.5 months were higher than in control. Conclusion. The present study results testify to the development of a hyperactive phenotype and prolonged psychoemotional disorders as increased aggressiveness along with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation in adult rats exposed to the action of diprotin A on postnatal days 5-18. The data support the dipeptidyl peptidase IV involvement in the genesis of psychoemotional disorders.


2017 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Gethin ◽  
K.E. Lythe ◽  
C.I. Workman ◽  
A. Mayes ◽  
J. Moll ◽  
...  

AbstractBackground:There is contradictory evidence regarding negative memory biases in major depressive disorder (MDD) and whether these persist into remission, which would suggest their role as vulnerability traits rather than correlates of mood state. Early life stress (ELS), common in patients with psychiatric disorders, has independently been associated with memory biases, and confounds MDD versus control group comparisons. Furthermore, in most studies negative biases could have resulted from executive impairments rather than memory difficulties per se.Methods:To investigate whether memory biases are relevant to MDD vulnerability and how they are influenced by ELS, we developed an associative recognition memory task for temporo-spatial contexts of social actions with low executive demands, which were matched across conditions (self-blame, other-blame, self-praise, other-praise). We included fifty-three medication-free remitted MDD (25 with ELS, 28 without) and 24 healthy control (HC) participants without ELS.Results:Only MDD patients with ELS showed a reduced bias (accuracy/speed ratio) towards memory for positive vs. negative materials when compared with MDD without ELS and with HC participants; attenuated positive biases correlated with number of past major depressive episodes, but not current symptoms. There were no biases towards self-blaming or self-praising memories.Conclusions:This demonstrates that reduced positive biases in associative memory were specific to MDD patients with ELS rather than a general feature of MDD, and were associated with lifetime recurrence risk which may reflect a scarring effect. If replicated, our results would call for stratifying MDD patients by history of ELS when assessing and treating emotional memories.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsofia P. Cohen ◽  
Kelly T. Cosgrove ◽  
Elisabeth Akeman ◽  
Sara Coffey ◽  
Kent Teague ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Early life stress (ELS) has been linked to poor mental and physical health outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Mindfulness reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety and improves cognitive and social outcomes in both youth and adults. However, little is known whether mindfulness can mitigate against the adverse neurobiological and psychological effects of ELS. This study aimed to examine the feasibility of conducting a group mindfulness intervention in adolescents with ELS and provide preliminary indication of potential effects on stress-related biomarkers and mental health symptoms. Methods Forty adolescents were randomized to receive either eight sessions of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Teens in group format (MBSR-T; n = 21) or Treatment as Usual Control group (CTRL; n = 17). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and follow-up and included measures associated with neurobiological functioning (immune and endocrine biomarkers) and self-reported mental health (depressive) symptoms. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess the effects of group and time on these outcome measures. Results Sixteen of the 21 adolescents completed the intervention, attending an average of 6.5 sessions. The model examining cortisol responses to stress induction revealed medium effects trending toward significance (Cohen’s d = .56) for anticipatory cortisol levels in the MBSR-T relative to CTRL groups. No significant effects were found in models examining C-reactive protein or interleukin 6 inflammatory markers. The model examining depressive symptoms revealed a medium effect for symptom reduction (Cohen’s d = .69) in the MBSR-T relative to CTRL groups. Conclusions This study demonstrated feasibility of conducting a group-based MBSR-T intervention for adolescents with ELS. There was some evidence for efficacy on a symptom level with potential subtle changes on a biological level. Future larger studies are needed to determine the efficacy of group-based mindfulness interventions in this population. Trial registration Identifier #NCT03633903, registered 16/08/2018.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153
Author(s):  
D.D. Khayrullin ◽  

The main factors constraining the development of animal husbandry is a weak fodder base, due to insufficient supply of nutrients; the costs of its production increase and becomes the cause of metabolic disorders in animals. The aim of our research was to study the embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of the new CVMC “Lizunets-Solevit” on white rats. For this reason, the drug was administered to pregnant females in the form of an aqueous suspension in different doses for 19 days. By the end of the study, no visible signs of fetal abnormalities were found after autopsy of the experimental rats. There was no significant increase in the number of corpus luteum compared with the control group at 1/10 dose by 1.1% and 1/20 dose by 1.95%, respectively. The preimplantation death of zygotes was taken into account on the embryotoxic effect of the drug, in comparison with the control group at a dose of 1/10 more by 19.7%, and at a dose of 1/20 less by 6.23%. The total embryonic mortality is higher in the experimental groups of animals by 12.69% and 3.74% than in the control. Post-implantation death of embryos in the control group was 4.99%, in the experimental 1/10 dose - 4.69% and in the experimental 1/20 dose - 6.66%. In terms of physiological development, the rat pups of the experimental groups did not differ from the control. Thus, it was found that CVMC “Lizunets-Solevit”, in doses of 1/10 and 1/20, has no embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in the body of white rats, their embryos and young animals of the neonatal and postnatal periods of life.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsofia Cohen ◽  
Kelly Cosgrove ◽  
Elisabeth Akeman ◽  
Sara Coffey ◽  
Kent Teague ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Early life stress (ELS) has been linked to poor mental and physical health outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Mindfulness reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety and improves cognitive and social outcomes in both youth and adults. However, little is known whether mindfulness can mitigate against the adverse neurobiological and psychological effects of ELS. This study aimed to examine the feasibility of conducting a group mindfulness intervention in adolescents with ELS and provide preliminary indication of potential effects on stress-related biomarkers and mental health symptoms.Methods: Forty adolescents were randomized to receive either eight sessions of Mindfulness- Based Stress Reduction for Teens in group format (MBSR-T; n = 21) or Treatment as Usual Control group (CTRL; n = 17). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and follow-up and included measures associated with neurobiological functioning (immune and endocrine biomarkers) and self-reported mental health (depressive) symptoms. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess the effects of group and time on these outcome measures.Results: Sixteen of the 21 adolescents completed the intervention, attending an average of 6.5 sessions. The model examining cortisol responses to stress induction revealed medium effects trending toward significance (Cohen’s d = .56) for anticipatory cortisol levels in the MBSR-T relative to CTRL groups. No significant effects were found in models examining C-reactive protein or interleukin 6 inflammatory markers. The model examining depressive symptoms revealed a medium effect for symptom reduction (Cohen’s d = .69) in the MBSR-T relative to CTRL groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrated feasibility of conducting a group-based MBSR intervention for adolescents with ELS. There was some evidence for efficacy on a symptom level 73 with potential subtle changes on a biological level. Future larger studies are needed to determine 74 the efficacy of group-based mindfulness interventions in this population.Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier #NCT03633903, registered 16/08/2018.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Ranger ◽  
Tatyana Behring ◽  
Jasmine H Kaidbey ◽  
Muhammad Anwar ◽  
Allie B Lipshutz ◽  
...  

Early-life stress is known to impair neurodevelopment. Prior work from our group showed that prolonged physical and emotional separation necessitated by the medical needs of preterm infants (born <$37 weeks) is associated with lower electroencephalogram (EEG) power in frontal areas, and that trend can be reversed by an intervention that enhances the physical and emotional contact between preterm infant and mother. Here we sought to model the changes in preterm infant frontal EEG power in a rodent model. We examined effects of daily maternal separation (MS) on frontal cortex electrophysiological (electrocorticography [EcoG]) activity in neonatal rats. We also explored the effects of dam-pup behavioral interactions on EcoG activity. From postnatal days (P) 2-10, rat pups were separated daily from their dam and isolated from their littermates for 3 hours. Control rats were normally reared. On P10, pups were implanted with telemetry devices and an electrode placed on the left frontal dura. EcoG activity was recorded during daily sessions over the next four days while pups remained in the home cage, as well as in response to a pup-dam isolation-reunion paradigm at P12. EcoG power was computed in 1 Hz frequency bins between 1-100 Hz. Dam and pup behavioral interactions during recording sessions were coded and synchronized to EcoG data. MS pups showed lower EcoG power during dam-pup interactions. These data parallel human and provide evidence of lower fronto-cortical activity as an early marker of early-life stress and possible mechanism for long-term effects of maternal separation on neurobehavioral development.


Author(s):  
Heba M. Eltahir ◽  
Ghadi Alamri ◽  
Asmaa Alamri ◽  
Asmaa Aloufi ◽  
Maiiada Nazmy ◽  
...  

Background: Energy Drinks (EDs) and Soft Drinks (SDs) are widely consumed among adolescents and young adults. These drinks contain variable amounts of caffeine which is a central nervous system stimulator; in addition to sugar, taurine, vitamins and herbal extracts. Several adverse effects have been reported for the excessive consumption of caffeine and sugar. Aim: This work aimed at providing a comparison between the effect of chronic consumption of both drinks on metabolism biochemically as well as at the histopathological level. Methods: Adult albino rats were randomly divided into three groups and treated for 4 weeks. Animals received water (control, group 1), 12.5 ml/kg/day of either Pepsi® (SD, group 2) or Power Horse® (ED, group 3). All animals had free access to water and standard animal chow. Results: ED and SD groups showed a significant weight gain compared to control. ED animals showed a significant increase in serum urea, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in comparison to control and SD groups. Serum uric acid significantly increased in ED and SD groups. ED group showed congestion and inflammation in their renal tissues in addition to splenomegaly and increased phagocyte infiltration. Conclusion: The high caffeine-sugar content in ED exerts a more significant influence on the metabolic pathways than SDs. Both increase the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and tissue inflammation due to their effect on lipid profile and blood glucose. The other ingredients in EDs may play a role in the observed metabolic disturbances. Chronic use of EDs should be especially discouraged to avoid these negative effects.


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