40 Years without Smallpox

Acta Naturae ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Shchelkunova ◽  
S. N. Shchelkunov
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Human Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Eradication Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Prevention And Therapy

The last case of natural smallpox was recorded in October, 1977. It took humanity almost 20 years to achieve that feat after the World Health Organization had approved the global smallpox eradication program. Vaccination against smallpox was abolished, and, during the past 40 years, the human population has managed to lose immunity not only to smallpox, but to other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections as well. As a result, multiple outbreaks of orthopoxvirus infections in humans in several continents have been reported over the past decades. The threat of smallpox reemergence as a result of evolutionary transformations of these zoonotic orthopoxviruses exists. Modern techniques for the diagnostics, prevention, and therapy of smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections are being developed today.

The SCI target - low infection rates.

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-202
Author(s):  
Alan Fenwick ◽  
Wendie Norris ◽  
Becky McCall
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
National Government ◽  
World Health ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Schistosomiasis Control ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for counseling national ministries on how best to control schistosomiasis using MDA as a main tool. It also seeks to determine how often to perform treatment and for whom depends on the level of infection in the community. In the past, because limited resources (including the availability of praziquantel), each national government is encouraged to broaden its agenda to find a balance between the frequency of treatment and the use and cost of a rare drug. This chapter discusses schistosomiasis control and elimination strategies.

COVID-19 Exposes Warped Global Health Power: The System Needs a Course Correction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Aruna KASHYAP ◽  
Kyle KNIGHT ◽  
Margaret WURTH
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Arundhati Roy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Just three weeks after the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a global pandemic, novelist Arundhati Roy wrote: ‘Historically, pandemics have forced humans to break with the past and imagine their world anew. This one is no different. It is a portal, a gateway between one world and the next.’1

Interactions of Numrrion and Infection (World Health Organization Monograph Series No. 57), by Nevin S. Scrimshaw, Ph. D., M. D., M. P. H., Carl E. Taylor, M. D., Dr. P. H., F. R. C. P. ( Canada), and John E. Gordon, Ph. D., M. D., F. R. C. P. ( Lond. ). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1968, 329 pp., $ 9.00 (clothbound)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-629
Author(s):  
Heinz F. Eichenwald
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Human Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Monograph Series ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Biological Environment ◽  
Health Organization

In the past several years, there has been a renewal of interest in malnutrition. More importantly, perhaps, approaches to the study of human malnutrition have become increasingly sophisticated; it has been recognized that this condition does not constitute a single definable entity. Rather, malnutrition occurs primarily among underprivileged populations; thus, it is located in a particular physical, social, psychological, and biological environment. In other words, studies of the effects of malnutrition in human population groups rarely peimit the identification of a single cause for a specific effeet; rather, a series of complex interactions leads to an observed result.

A Future for Leprosy: Clinical and Bioarchaeological Perspectives

Leprosy ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 303-310
Author(s):  
Charlotte A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Future Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Hebrew Word ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

This concluding chapter considers the overall findings of the book, some limitations of the data, and addresses the myths of leprosy outlined at the start of the book. All the ten myths are dismissed. For example, leprosy can be cured using antibiotic therapy, which has been free for all who need it since 1995; leprosy as we know it today is not described in the Bible—this misconception is related to a mistranslation of a Hebrew word; leprosy is a problem for people today. While figures from the World Health Organization indicate that new “cases” of leprosy have shown a steady decline since the late 1990s, the legacy of leprosy (impairment, stigma, isolation) remains; and all people with leprosy were not necessarily segregated from society in the past—the bioarchaeological data show that not everyone with leprosy was segregated and that people likely remained part of their communities. Finally, a future for leprosy in our world is considered, alongside its future study in history and bioarchaeology through an evolutionary perspective that is ethically grounded, not forgetting that using the word “leper” is not advised.

Review of the Times When One-Third of the Mankind is Under Lockdown due to Coronavirus

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod Gware ◽  
Deepanshu Gulati
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Affair ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Times ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract:: On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization's (WHO) China office heard the principle reports of an in the past darken disease behind different pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. Coronaviruses are an enormous social affair of diseases that are known to corrupt the two individuals and animals which cause respiratory illness that run from essential colds to significantly progressively authentic defilements. Covid-19 contamination is spreading like fire in the whole world. It is spreading the world over with an uncommonly snappy rate. Fever, running nose, dry hack and inconvenience in breathing are a couple of signs of the sickness. The World Health Organization, which has legitimately broadcasted the scene a pandemic, has drawn closer "all countries to continue with attempts that have been fruitful in limiting the amount of cases and moving back the spread of the contamination."

Committee on Nutrition and the WHO Code of Marketing Breastmilk Substitutes

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-431
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness
Keyword(s):  
American Academy ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Code ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Notable Effect ◽  
The World ◽  
Who Code ◽  
Health Organization

Many have questioned the decision of the American Academy of Pediatrics not to support all of the provisions of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes of the World Health Organization. Some have attributed the AAP stance to allegiances other than to children, but the AAP has long been known for its support of breast-feeding. The AAP has already expressed its concern for the adequacy of the WHO code in a press release and elsewhere. Some of the deliberations of the AAP Committee on Nutrition (CON), while I was its chairman, may be of interest. The AAP Committee on Nutrition has unofficially considered the various drafts of the Code during the past three years and has voiced its suggestions for further revisions, without notable effect.

scholarly journals Editorial

Transfers ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Deborah Breen ◽  
Gijs Mom
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Executive Director ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Policies ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Motorized Vehicles

“Mobility crisis”: These are the words used by Anumita Roychoudhury, the executive director of Delhi’s Centre for Science and Environment, to describe the growing pollution in India, especially in large cities like Delhi, as a result of the dramatic increase in the use of motorized vehicles in the past two decades. Although the population of Delhi and its surrounding cities more than doubled (to twenty-two million) between 1991 and 2011, she points out that registered cars and motorbikes increased fivefold, to eight million.1 Th is growth, along with increased but poorly regulated construction, underinvestment in public transport, and local and national policies that privilege automobiles at the expense of other forms of transport, has resulted in pollution rates that are now, according to a World Health Organization report, the worst in the world.2

scholarly journals Parental Social Isolation and Child Maltreatment Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawna J. Lee ◽  
Kaitlin P. Ward ◽  
Joyce Y Lee ◽  
Christina Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Verbal Aggression ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Perceived Social Isolation

Background: On March 11, 2020, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The social isolation and economic stress resulting from pandemic have the potential to exacerbate child abuse and neglect. Objective: This study examines the association of parents’ perceived social isolation and recent employment loss to risk for child maltreatment (neglect, verbal aggression, and physical punishment) in the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants and Setting: Participants (N = 283) were adults living in the U.S. who were parents of at least one child 0-12 years of age. Methods: Participants completed an online survey approximately 2 weeks after the World Health Organization declared that COVID-19 was a pandemic. The survey asked about recent changes (i.e., in the past 2 weeks) to employment status, parenting behaviors, use of discipline, use of spanking, and depressive symptoms. Results: Parents’ perceived social isolation and recent employment loss were associated with self-report of physical and emotional neglect and verbal aggression against the child, even after statistically controlling for parental depressive symptoms, income, and sociodemographic factors. Parents’ perceived social isolation was associated with parental report of changes in discipline, specifically, using discipline and spanking more often in the past 2 weeks. Associations were robust to analyses that included two variables that assessed days spent social distancing and days spent in “lockdown.” Conclusions: Study results point to the need for mental health supports to parents and children to ameliorate the strain created by COVID-19.

scholarly journals Clinical trials in the time of a pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan S Ellenberg
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Health Organization

The first rumblings about a new coronavirus spreading in China were heard in January 2020. By the end of that month, the World Health Organization, recognizing the severity of the disease and the potential for global spread, had declared a public health emergency. By February 2020, cases had been identified in multiple countries, clinical trials of treatments with some biological plausibility had begun in China, and the initial steps of vaccine development were underway. In mid-March, by which time countries around the world were experiencing rapidly increasing numbers of cases and deaths, the World Health Organization categorized the outbreak as a pandemic. This new coronavirus was designated SARS-COV-2 in recognition of its similarity to the coronavirus responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2002–2003. The race is on to develop treatments that can mitigate the severe consequences of infection and vaccines that can prevent infection and/or diminish the severity of disease in those who do get infected. Many challenges face these development efforts. Some are similar to those faced in the past; others are new. The urgency of finding ways to treat, and ultimately prevent, the consequences of this new and potentially deadly infection has led to unprecedented focus on clinical trials.

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