scholarly journals Divine Impassibility: A Comparison of Weinandy's and Culpepper's Perspectives on Whether God Suffers

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Divine Attributes ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Hypostatic Union ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Suffering God

From being generally regarded as a philosophical and theological impossibility, since the late nineteenth century the idea that God suffers has become popular and attractive among a vast array of Christian theologians. Due to this shift, many theologians no longer see the need to argue for it and divine passibility has even been called the ‘new orthodoxy.’ The matter has not yet been laid to rest and is made more complex because the terms ‘suffering’ and ‘impassibility’ are used with a variety of connotations. At the heart of the debate is the desire to assert God’s personalised love for all human beings. If suffering is intrinsic to love, as some ‘passibilists’ state, only a suffering God can also be a God who loves humankind absolutely and unconditionally. Also at stake is the salvation of human beings. For some, a suffering God necessarily implies His lack of transcendence and thus His impotence. From their perspective, Jesus suffers only in His humanity. The divine attributes of omnipotence and immutability are wholly unaffected by the crucifixion. For others, the intimacy of the hypostatic union makes it possible to attribute suffering to the Son in His divinity. Furthermore, by deciding to grant free will to humankind, God makes Himself vulnerable; the eternal knowledge of the divine permission for evil establishes an ‘eternal wound’ in God. This essay will examine the contrasting positions of Thomas Weinandy and Gary Culpepper to assess how it can be said that God must or must not suffer.

scholarly journals Identity considerations for a psychology based on a complex epistemology

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Jaramillo Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Way

Born in the late nineteenth century, within the positivist paradigm, psychology has made important developments that have allowed its recognition in academia and labor. However, contextual issues have transformed the way we conceptualize reality, the world and man, perhaps in response to the poor capacity of the inherited paradigm to ensure quality of life and welfare of human beings. This has led to the birth and recognition of new paradigms, including complex epistemology, in various fields of the sphere of knowledge, which include the subjectivity, uncertainty, relativity of knowledge, conflict, the inclusion of "the observed" as an active part of the interventions and the relativity of a single knowable reality to move to co-constructed realities. It is proposed an approach to the identity consequences for a psychology based on complex epistemology, and the possible differences and relations with psychology, traditionally considered.

The Rise of Criminology in its Historical Context

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Spierenburg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Character Building ◽  
Criminological Theories

This essay traces the origins and development of criminology from Beccaria up to about 1940, exploring the intimate connection between criminological thought and the contemporary cultural and social climate. In various ways, all pre-criminologists were influenced by the early bourgeois image of man, with free will and character building as its central tenets. Professionalization coincided with a cultural turn that greatly reduced the role of free will in human behavior, stressing instead heredity or other fixed structures. The concept of a “quest for purity” typifies the cultural undercurrent beneath all criminological theories up to 1914. The essay closes with an examination of the development of professional criminology from the late nineteenth century on, concentrating on the discipline’s contrasting fate in Germany and the Netherlands and arguing that there was no straight line from late nineteenth-century ideas about degeneration and born criminals to the racist fallacies of the Third Reich.

The Aesthetic Woman: Re-forming Female Bodies and Minds in Early Twentieth-Century Keralam

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. DEVIKA
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Basel Mission ◽  
Established Order

In late nineteenth century Malayalee society, the project of social reforming was caught up in the concern to evolve an alternative to established Jati-based mode of ordering human beings. The criticism by the missionaries of the CMS, LMS and the Basel Mission of the established order in Malayalee society as entirely unnatural and inimical to (universal) human values was heard right through the nineteenth century. At the turn of the century, the nascent modern educated of Tiruvitamkoor, Kochi and Malabar were beginning to echo such viewpoints actively. The terms on which these groups perceived their identities and assessed local society were more or less set by colonial sociology and the codification efforts by both imperial and local powers. Interpreting locally existing jati in terms of the construction of ‘caste’ (i.e., ‘Nair’, ‘Ezhava’, ‘Araya’ etc.) these groups sought to form organisations for the reform of caste, to transform these into full-fledged modern communities.

Yi Chema and the Psychosocial Body in Late Nineteenth Century Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-92
Author(s):  
Kiebok Yi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
East Asian Medicine ◽  
Asian Medicine ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Conventional understandings of Chinese medicine, and by extension East Asian medicine, are that historical and contemporary discourses on the medical body have essentially revolved around a unitary body perception—the cosmological body as demonstrated by the use of concepts such as qi, yinyang, and the Five Phases. Notably, in this body conception, the material, spiritual and emotional dimensions are not separable from each other but are rather interconnected by means of allpervasive qi that resonates in the universe. However, East Asian medicine has in fact provided a far more diverse and dynamic landscape of conceptualizations of the body than has previously been assumed. Addressing this relatively ignored topography, this paper investigates medical thought about body structure that was proposed and practiced by Yi Chema 李濟馬 (1837-1900), a physician and Confucian in late nineteenth century Chosŏn 朝鮮 Korea. Rather than considering cosmological factors, he brought into play human affairs and agency in his discussion of the medical body. In the framework of his medical system, later referred to as Sasang 四象 (fourfold imaging) medicine, psychosocial characteristics—such as affective temperaments, cognitive traits, and behavioral dispositions—are inherently interwoven with the configuration of the viscera and body parts. Importantly, the physiological processes of this psychosocial body are not so much maintained by cosmologically resonating qi flowing throughout the body, but rather, they are activated by the human agent’s psychosocial drive to engage with the world. Yi Chema, through his conceptualization of the psychosocial body, envisaged an ideal world in which the qualities and differences of people should be acknowledged to the fullest extent. Thus he rejected hierarchical socio-cultural orderings of human beings in favor of a respect of heterogeneity. Yi Chema’s effort to promote the psychosocial body can be understood against the backdrop of late nineteenth century East Asia, where the mechanistic body of what was then seen as modern medicine was encroaching upon the cosmological body.

Explanation or Understanding: Language and Interdisciplinarity

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-63
Author(s):  
Jeanne Gaakeer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Law And Literature ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Litmus Test

Chapter 3 addresses the topic of law and interdisciplinarity and the question of the meaning of the “and” in Law and Literature and Law and the Humanities. It discusses the Erklären-Verstehen controversy in the scientific and hermeneutic debate of the late nineteenth century on whether the explanatory model of the natural sciences or the methodology based on understanding text and human action of the humanities should be taken as the litmus test for what is to be called “scientific knowledge”. This debate remains important both for contemporary discussions on the academic status of law as a discipline and for interdisciplinarity as such. This chapter also draws attention to the Wittgensteinian idea of the limits of language in their consequences in relation to the concepts of determinism and free will in legal surroundings.

“What the One Thing Shows Me in the Case of Two Things”: Comparison as Essential to a Proper Academic Study of Religion

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sam Gill
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Biology ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Fundamental Operation ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Central Australia ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So ◽  
Academic Study

Abstract Comparison is a fundamental operation in the milieu of the remarkable abilities of human beings to transcend themselves in acts of perception and the accumulation of knowledge. Comparison is holding together things that are at once the same and different. The very possibility of the copresence of same and different, of is and is not, is a gift of human biology and evolution. Humans compare because it is our distinctive nature to do so. Academics have the added responsibility of being self-aware, self-reflective, and articulate when comparing. This article develops a rich theory of comparison in conjunction with detailed reflections on late nineteenth century encounters of European-Australians and Aborigines in Central Australia. The intent is to advance our understanding of comparison and also to articulate in the practical terms of method what is involved in comparison, arguing most generally that comparison is of the fabric of any proper study of religion.

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