scholarly journals Sunflower cultivation technology with strip tillage in the Ciscaucasian zone

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-80
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Kuzychenko ◽  
R. G. Gadzhiumarov ◽  
A. N. Dzhandarov
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Root System ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Strip Tillage

The article presents research materials devoted to evaluating the technology of sunflower cultivation with strip basic soil cultivation using elements of Strip-till technology in comparison with the recommended one. The originality of the approach to the cultivation system, in comparison with the classic Strip-till technology, consists in preliminary surface stubble cultivation in two tracks, which retains productive moisture, provokes more intensive germination of weeds, and, accordingly, a more effective effect of subsequent spraying of the stubble with glyphosate. It was found that during the growing season of sunflower with abnormally harsh climatic conditions in 2020 (GTC = 0.07) the soil density in the flowering phase of sunflower was 1.30-1.32 g/cm3, with low moisture reserves in layer 0-100 cm both in spring (57 and 65 mm, respectively) and in bloom (5 and 16 mm, respectively). Applying the fractal dimension method with the calculation of the development index of the root system D, it was found that the harder the agrophysical parameters were during the period of plant development, the less intensively the roots developed: at GTC = 0.22, the D index with the recommended technology and Strip-till technology was 1.63 and 1.76 units respectively, and at GTK = 0.07 — 1.46 and 1.51 units. The low yield of sunflower is associated with a deficit of productive moisture in the summer-autumn period of 2019 and 2020, with a lower reserve of 23 and 102 mm from the long-term norm; nevertheless, a significant increase in the yield of sunflower over the years of research was established by 0.96 and 0.14 tons/ha when cultivating a crop with strip tillage based on the introduction of elements of Strip-till technology in comparison with the recommended one, with a decrease in costs by 11% and an increase in profitability up to 136%.

scholarly journals The role of variety and forecrop in the population dynamics of Rhizoctonia solani in soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
A. A. Malyuga ◽  
N. S. Chulikova
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Peaks

Long-term studies (2014–2019) of the population dynamics of the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Küch. were carried out in the soil on the Purple Majesty, Vitelotte and Fioletovy potato varieties and preceding crops (potatoes, oats and tendergreen). The study was carried out in Novosibirsk region in the soil and climatic conditions typical of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. To study the peculiarities of R. solani fungus population dynamics in potato plantations, soil samples were taken from under the plants during the entire growing season. The accumulation of rhizoctonia propagules in the soil was determined using the method of multiple soil pellets. The difference in the amount and rate of accumulation of the fungus R. solani on different varieties, as well as the influence of previous crops on this process, was established. Two peaks of the fungus accumulation were observed on the Purple Majesty variety: the first (48.7 propagules/100 g of soil) – during the full germination period, the second (57.2 propagules/100 g of soil) – at the end of the crop maturation phase. One peak was observed in the population dynamics of the fungus on Vitelotte and Fioletovy varieties, at the end of the ripening period (59.0 and 49.1 propagules/100 g soil, respectively). The smallest amount of R. solani fungus in the soil on average during the growing season was noted on the Fioletovy variety – 33.3 propagules/100 g of soil. In the Purple Majesty and Vitelotte varieties, this figure was 41.5 and 40.4 propagules/100 g of soil, respectively. When potato variety Agata was cultivated as monoculture, there was a rapid and significant accumulation of the fungus R. solani in the soil (from 34.6 to 126.8 propagules/100 g of soil). When this variety was cultivated following tendergreen or oats, the amount of the pathogen varied to a lesser extent (25.1–52.2 and 19.8–41.0 propagules/100 g of soil, respectively). No sharp increases in the number of propagative structures of the phytopathogen in the soil were noted.

scholarly journals Long-term tendencies in climate change of the Urals due to global warming

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 05001
Author(s):  
A.A. Vasiliev ◽  
L.V. Ufimtseva ◽  
N.V. Glaz ◽  
D.Yu. Nokhrin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
Annual Amount ◽  
Observation Period

During the observation period, the annual air temperature increased: in Yekaterinburg (1832-2018) by 3,1°C, in Zlatoust (1881-2018) by 2,2°C, in Kurgan (1894-2018) by 2,2°C and in Shadrinsk (1894-2018) by 2,1°C. The analogical climate change was noted for the period 1966-2018. The strongest warming is observed in winter (by 2,3-3,0°C), the weakest warming is observed in spring (by 0,8-1,7°C). We noted an increase the annual amount of precipitation in Ivdel (by 68,2 mm), Shadrinsk (by 50,9 mm) and Krasnoufimsk (by 43,6 mm). Also marked an increase the amount of precipitation during the growing season in Ivdel (by 43,9 mm), Shadrinsk (by 42,8 mm) and Krasnoufimsk (by 26,8 mm). The annual amount of precipitation increased in Chelyabinsk and Yekaterinburg, but the amount of precipitation during the growing season decreased in Kurgan. Favorable changes in the agro-climatic conditions of growing season were noted in Shadrinsk and Zlatoust. Unfavorable changes in hydrothermal coefficient for cultivated plants were noted in Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Troitsk, Yekaterinburg and Bredy. Identified the need to introduce an irrigation system for cultivated plants of the southern districts (Chelyabinsk region).

scholarly journals Conventional agriculture and not drought alters relationships between soil biota and functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Birkhofer ◽  
Andreas Fliessbach ◽  
María Pilar Gavín-Centol ◽  
Katarina Hedlund ◽  
María Ingimarsdóttir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Conventional Agriculture

AbstractSoil biodiversity constitutes the biological pillars of ecosystem services provided by soils worldwide. Soil life is threatened by intense agricultural management and shifts in climatic conditions as two important global change drivers which are not often jointly studied under field conditions. We addressed the effects of experimental short-term drought over the wheat growing season on soil organisms and ecosystem functions under organic and conventional farming in a Swiss long term trial. Our results suggest that activity and community metrics are suitable indicators for drought stress while microbial communities primarily responded to agricultural practices. Importantly, we found a significant loss of multiple pairwise positive and negative relationships between soil biota and process-related variables in response to conventional farming, but not in response to experimental drought. These results suggest a considerable weakening of the contribution of soil biota to ecosystem functions under long-term conventional agriculture. Independent of the farming system, experimental and seasonal (ambient) drought conditions directly affected soil biota and activity. A higher soil water content during early and intermediate stages of the growing season and a high number of significant relationships between soil biota to ecosystem functions suggest that organic farming provides a buffer against drought effects.

scholarly journals Methods of tilling under conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening during winter wheat cultivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 09008
Author(s):  
Julia Semenikhina ◽  
Sergey Kambulov ◽  
Galina Parkhomenko ◽  
Andrey Boyko ◽  
Svetlana Ponomareva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Wheat Cultivation ◽  
Leguminous Crop ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Direct Sowing ◽  
Tillage Methods

Acute deficit of soil moisture during the growing season of crops negatively affects the yield. Various tillage methods that are part of the technology (traditional and zero) of winter wheat cultivation affect the soil structure in the topsoil, forming the soil structure in such a way that it acquires the properties of accumulation and preservation of atmospheric moisture. Purpose of the study is to determine the method of soil cultivation that contributes into increase in winter wheat productivity and moisture preservation in the soil. The study of various tillage methods was carried out under the conditions of many years of stationary experience in leguminous crop rotation. Soil and climatic conditions over the years of research were taken into account. The researched processing methods that form the basis of the traditional cultivation technology and implement their tillage tools are: surface - disc harrow B7T; small combined unit KUM 4; dump plow PN5-35. And cultivation of winter wheat by seeder of direct sowing WINTERSTEIGER Plotseed according to zero technology was studied, i.e. the main tillage was absent.

Carbon accumulation in peatlands along a boreal to subarctic transect in eastern Canada

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362098803
Author(s):  
Guillaume Primeau ◽  
Michelle Garneau
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Hydrological Conditions ◽  
Recent Warming ◽  
Peatland Development ◽  
Ecosystem State

In this study, we investigated the links between peat carbon accumulation and past ecological and hydrological conditions in three peatlands (Bouleau, Mista, Auassat) which developed along a South-North transect within a watershed encompassing the boreal and subarctic domain in Eastern Canada. Peatland development and long-term apparent rates of carbon accumulation (LORCA) were asynchronous in the watershed, suggesting an influence of both latitude and topography (altitude) on the length of the growing season (GGD0). Results show that peat initiation within the three peatlands (respectively ca. 9070, 8400, and 6270 cal BP) was delayed after the deglaciation and that LORCA (respectively 35.5, 15.4, and 9.0 g C m−2 yr−1) decreased from South to North. Peatland development and fen to bog transitions were found to be almost synchronous for the two southernmost sites. The fen to bog transition in the northernmost subarctic site was delayed until the 20th century, owing to the less favorable climatic conditions. This suggests that recent warming has extended the length of the growing season and increased Sphagnum growth enough to potentially influence an ecosystem state-shift as observed in other Subarctic regions of eastern Canada.

scholarly journals Changes in potato cultivation technology in Korça region as adaptation to climate change

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Adrian Maho ◽  
Besnik Skënderasi ◽  
Magdalena Cara
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Agricultural Plants

The production of agricultural crops depends on the optimisation rate of plant genetic factors, climatic and soil factors and the level of agrochemicals. These factors are in constant dynamism and also are the production of agricultural plants. Changing in climatic conditions of the area will necessitate bring changes in the genetic resources of the plants that will be cultivated as well as in the technology of cultivation. The study analyses the thermal and pluviometry performance of the Korça field, one of the areas with the best agricultural development and on this basis is experimented with the time of potato planting and the adaption to these changes. The analysis of climate variability and trends of ecological climate factors is determining for the sustainability of agricultural production. Especially the increase in temperature indicators requires adaptation to the changes in the technology of crops cultivation. The planting time, which is essentially determined by the optimum agronomic temperature, determines the entire biological cycle of the plant by directly influencing the morphologic and plant yield. Climate changes of the last decades make experimentation necessary to determine the optimal planting terms. Sustainable agricultural development determined by long-term climate change requires adaptation to these changes.

scholarly journals The results of the introduction of Pyracantha М. Roem. representatives in the conditions of the National Dendrological Park “Sofiyivka” of the NAS of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
T. V. Kopylova ◽  
Y. O. Rumyankov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Seasonal Rhythms ◽  
The Right ◽  
Term Data

Based on the analysis of long-term data, it was revealed that the weather and climatic conditions of the Right-Bank forest-steppe of Ukraine are pretty favourable for the course of seasonal rhythms of plant development studied species. P. coccinea (total points 83), P. crenatoserrata (total points 76), and P. crenulata (total score 81) are pretty promising species according to the scale for assessing the prospects of introduction of woody plants. Such species as P. × ‘Orange Charmer’ (sum of points 83) is quite promising among the varieties, and P. × ‘Red Column’ (sum of points 61), and P. × ‘Orange Glow’ (sum of points 66) are less promising. The least promising plant is P. × ‘Red Cushion’ (sum of points 42), and P. × ‘Soleil d’Оr’ (sum of points 37) is unpromising.

scholarly journals Stocking rate impacts performance and economics of grazing beef steers on mixed-grass prairies of the Southern Great Plains1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A Beck ◽  
Matthew R Beck ◽  
Stacey A Gunter ◽  
Jon T Biermacher ◽  
Robert L Gillen
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

Abstract Stocking rate is a fundamental management factor that has major impacts on animal performance, profitability, and long-term sustainability of native range ecosystems. This research was conducted to determine the effects of stocking rate on performance and economics of growing steers grazing a mixed-grass prairie on a rolling upland red shale ecological site at the Marvin Klemme Range Research Station (35° 25′ N 99° 3′ W). The recommended sustainable stocking rate at this location is suggested to be 25 animal unit days (AUD)/ha. Steers [n = 836, initial body weight (BW) ± SD = 216 ± 11.7 kg] grazed at seven stocking rates ranging from 4.13 ha/steer to 1.83 ha/steer over a 7-yr period, from 1990 to 1996, with year considered the random replication. During the experimental period, overall climatic conditions were favorable for forage production with average growing season precipitation of 118% of the long-term average over the 7-yr experiment, and only 1 yr (1994 with only 57% of the long-term average) with growing season precipitation substantially less than the long-term average. Over the entire summer grazing season, average daily gain (ADG) decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing stocking rate, such that for each additional hectare available per steer ADG increased by 0.05 kg/d (R2 = 0.88). Contrary to ADG, BW gain per hectare over the grazing season increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing stocking rate, as stocking rate increased from 4.13 ha/steer to 1.83 ha/steer BW gain per hectare doubled from 33.1 kg/ha to 66.8 kg/ha, respectively. With land costs included in the economic analysis, net return per hectare increased linearly (P < 0.01) from $13 [U.S. Dollars [USD]) at the 4.13 ha/steer to $52/ha at the 1.83 ha/steer. For each additional hectare per steer, net return was reduced by $15.80 (USD)/steer and $15.70 (USD)/ha. In favorable climatic conditions, such as during this 7-yr experiment, economically optimal stocking rates can be more than doubled compared with the stocking rate recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Conservation Service. Increasing stocking rates decrease individual animal performance but maximize BW gain per hectare, which leads to the increasing economic returns observed. Research is needed to determine the long-term implications of these stocking rates during unfavorable growing conditions and setting stocking rates based on seasonal weather patterns and extended weather outlook predictions.

Introduction of a Protected Species Hungarian Lilac (Syringa josikaea Jacg.) in the South Ural

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Natalya V. Polyakova
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
The South ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Phenological Phases

The results of a long-term introduction study of Hungarian lilac, an endemic of the Carpathians and Transylvania, cultivated in the South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the UFIC RAS, are presented. The study used phenological data from 2005-2020. The beginning of the growing season for Hungarian lilacs falls on the period from April 14 to 30, flowering is observed annually in late May and early June. The duration of flowering over the last 5 years (2015-2020) averaged 16 days, which is 6 days shorter than the flowering period of this type of lilac in 2005-2009. The likely reason for the shortened flowering period is climate change. Complete lignification of the shoots of Hungarian lilac occurs in the second half of July. In Ufa, Hungarian lilacs have fruiting (seeds begin to ripen from September 18 to 27), as well as the presence of self-seeding. The beginning of leaf fall (the end of the growing season) coincides in timing with the beginning of seed ripening. All phenological phases of Hungarian lilac retain their sequence every year. Winter hardiness is usually I point (plants are absolutely winter hardy). The phenological atypicality index is -0.250 or 4 points according to Zaitsev, which means that the phenology of the species is fully consistent with the climatic conditions of Ufa. Thus, the introduction of Hungarian lilac in the South Ural can be characterized as successful and promising.

scholarly journals Study of Density of Raspberry Fruits in View of Mechanized Harvesting

2021 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 01045
Author(s):  
Natalia Bogomolova ◽  
Svetlana Rezvyakova ◽  
Maxim Lupin
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Breeding Material ◽  
June July August ◽  
Crushing Force ◽  
June July ◽  
Full Maturity

The paper discusses the possibility of combining large-fruits and density of raspberries as one of the main and decisive limiting indicators of the suitability of varieties for mechanized cultivation and further harvesting, as well as for long-term transportation to the consumer. The objects of research were 20 raspberry varieties and 15 elite forms from controlled crossings and populations from free pollination. The annual assessment of the density of raspberries was carried out at the collection and selection plots during the period of active fruiting (June-July-August) 2019-2020. From each variety sample, 10 berries were taken at full maturity. The berry crushing force was determined using the fruit test device. The climatic conditions of the study periods were rich in contrast, which indicates the instability of climatic factors of the summer growing season. This made it possible to fairly objectively evaluate the collection and breeding material in terms of the size and density of raspberries. Assessing the crushing force of collection and elite forms of raspberries made it possible to identify varieties having the increased fruit density. Rannyaya Zarya, Lyachka and Lazarevskaya have a relatively large (3.5-4.5 g) and dense berry with a crushing force of 7.6-8.4 N. The interesting elite forms are 9-58; 9-27; 9-20 with a berry mass of 3.8-4.0 g and a crushing force of 7.3-9.7-N. The crushing force of fruits of these elite forms during the study period was not lower than 5.0 N, but sometimes it was significantly influenced by soil and air moisture, which negatively affected the commercial qualities of berries.

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