scholarly journals NEWLY DISCOVERED CATACOMB BURIAL OF THE 8-9TH CENTURIES IN THE TERRITORY OF CHECHNYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1002-1015
Author(s):  
Azamat U. Ahmarov ◽  
Viktor S. Aksenov
Keyword(s):  
Side Wall ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
The Right ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Village ◽  
Grave Goods

The paper introduces material of two catacomb burials, discovered and investigated by the researchers of the Center for Archeological Research at the Institute of Humanitarian studies of Chechen Academy of Sciences during the archeological reconnaissance in the territory of Shali region of the Chechen Republic, on the land of one of the homeowners of the village Serjen-Yurt. The burial is located at the border of the Chechen plains and Cherny mountains, at their very foot, on a steep slope of the ridge, in the place of its transition into a flat terrace above flood-plain of the left bank of the river Khulkhulau. Remnants of three people (a man, a woman and a child) were revealed in the catacomb №1. In anatomical order, only the woman’s skeleton was found, while the bones of the other two buried were placed at the right side wall of the burial chamber. The woman’s grave goods included earrings, a neck ring (torc), bracelets, glass and cornelian beads, a “horned” buckle, etc. In an almost collapsed burial chamber № 2 remnants of a woman were found, the skeleton of which was purposefully destroyed. Among the remnants of the skeleton were her personal belongings: glass and cornelian beads, bracelets, a “horned” buckle, a pendant, bronze badges. According to the grave goods, the burials can be dated 8th – early 9th centuries. A feature of the investigated burial structures is that the long axis of the chambers was a continuation of the long axis of the entrance pit, while catacombs of the T-type were characteristic for the Alanian population of the North Caucasus of the 6th – 13th centuries.

scholarly journals Monuments from Area Town of Madjary (the North Caucasus): current research developments

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (36) ◽  
pp. 216-230
Author(s):  
Vitaly A. Babenko ◽  
◽  
Yuri D. Obukhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Plain ◽  
River Valley ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Seasonal Flooding ◽  
The North ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Kuma River ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Town ◽  
Selection Of

The paper features the problem of selection of Golden Horde era sites located in the area neighbouring the town of Majary in the territory of the Middle Kuma valley. The bulk of information about the sites is mostly contained in archival documents relating to the 16th – 18th centuries. At present there is information about 9 sites. The locations of five of them have been discovered. Two sites could possibly be locations of the towns of Majary-al-Jedid and Karakogun, which are known due to numismatic and written sources. The medieval climate and landscape in the region allowed to a certain extent cultivating the Kuma river valley, prone to seasonal flooding. Permanent settlements in the area neighbouring Majary could have been founded in the Upland of the Kuma river valley or the terrace areas above the flood plain in the Kuma river valley or the Kuma tributaries. The areas of the estuaries of the left and the right tributaries of the Kuma river seem promising for the search of Golden Horde era artefacts of everyday life. The sites (“Orlovskoye-1”, 13th – 14th centuries, “Preobrazhenskoye-1”) which are situated in the neighborhood of the Madjary hillfort could relate to the rural area around Majary. Specification of a number of sites situated in some distance from Majary requires a more precise definition.

THE ANCIENT MOUNTAIN VILLAGE OF CHERGA: FROM THE TRAKT POINT ON THE CHUYSKY TRACT TO THE ALTAI EXPERIMENTAL FARM OF THE SIBERIAN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
MUKAEVA L. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Altai Mountains ◽  
State Farm ◽  
Siberian Branch ◽  
The North ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village

The article considers the history of the creation and development of the first Russian village in the Altai Mountains - the village of Cherga, which appeared in 1820-s a settlement of peasants assigned to the Cabinet mining plants. According to the author, Cherga played an important role in the economic development of the north-western part of the Altai Mountains. Cherga peasants were successfully engaged in arable farming, cattle breeding, mountain beekeeping, private hauling and taiga fisheries. In the vicinity of Cherga in the second half of the 19th century, there were large dairy farms of entrepreneurs who used advanced technologies and innovations in their farms. In Soviet times, Cherga with the surrounding villages turned into a large multi-industry state farm in the Altai Mountains. The traditions of innovation in Cherga were fully manifested in the 1980-s, when the Altai Experimental Farm of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of USSR was formed on the basis of the Cherginsky State Farm, which was still active at the beginning of the 20th century. Keywords: Seminskaya Valley, Cherga, peasants, economic development, Altai experimental farm SB RAS

scholarly journals Monument Boundary Definition and Exploration Pits at the Krasnyy Vostok Site in the River Kuma Basin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Субботин
Keyword(s):  
Western Slope ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
The North ◽  
Boundary Definition ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
Western Side ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Stone Walls

В статье излагаются результаты инструментальной съемки и шурфовки на раннесредневековом городище, выявленном в начале 1970-х гг. Х. Х. Биджиевым. Городище и связанное с ним селище занимают высокое мысовое плато над каньоном левого берега р. Кумы в Карачаево-Черкесии. Площадь укрепленного городища – 4 га, селища – немногим меньше. С трех сторон городище абсолютно неприступно, с четвертой, западной, надежно защищено высоким валом и глубоким рвом. На городище и селище зафиксирован ряд западин, которые, скорее всего, являются заросшими остатками построек. Содержимое шести шурфов – каменные развалы фундаментов (?) строений и фрагменты сосудов. Керамика может быть датирована VII–X вв. н. э. Памятник являлся одним из звеньев в цепи достаточно известных (несколько десятков) укрепленных крепостей данного времени в предгорьях и горах Северного Кавказа. Строительство сети сложных оборонительных сооружений свидетельствует о высокой строительной культуре и социальной дифференциации общества в это время. The article presents the results of instrumental surveys and pitting at an early medieval site, identified in the early 1970s by Kh.Kh. Bidzhiev. The investigated site and the settlement associated with it occupy a high cape plateau above the canyon of the left bank of the river Kuma in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. The object of study is located in 2.4 km south-west of the southern outskirts of the village Krasnovostochny. The area of the fortified site is 4 hectares, the area of the settlement is slightly less. On three sides, this site is absolutely impregnable. On the forth western side,on its western slope, it is reliably protected by a rampart of up to 6 to 7 m high and a moat of1 to 2 m deep. On the outside of the southern part of the rampart, a small outcrop of masonry constructed of the large blocks of limestone formed in the dry stone wall was discovered. The gates to the site were most likely located on the northern side of the rampart, in the place where a slight decrease was discovered, not at the southern end of the rampart (according to Bidzhiev) because no sign of an entrance was found there. The site revealed several shallow depressions of a sub-square, sub-rectangular or oval shape with a noticeable roller along the contour. There are at least 7 such depressions in the sectional area from 8 to 15 m. Probably, these depressions are the overgrown remains of the foundations of some buildings in the central part of the site. The content of 6 pits made on the territory of the site and the settlement are stone remains of the foundations (?) of ancient buildings and fragments of vessels. The collection of ceramics consists of medium-sized fragments of the walls of pottery (?) vessels, or vessels that are corrected on a wheel. The ceramics are diverse in the color of clay, density of the paste, firing, and impurities. According to the character, paste and collar shapes, ceramics can be dated to the last third of the 1st millennium AD, which does not contradict the opinion of the site’s discoverer on this issue (7th to 10th cent. AD). The examined site was one of the links in the main chain of fairly widely known (several dozen) fortified stone fortresses of this time in the foothills and mountains of the North Caucasus. Specialists know more than 130 similar stone sites, sometimes located in groups in the foothills and mountainous regions: settlements with defensive stone walls. Such small fortresses were built every 2 to 3 km along the tip of the cape above the river. The construction of a network of complex defensive structures indicates a high building culture and a social differentiation of society at the time.

The legal status of emigrants from Russia in the first years after the October Revolution of 1917 (on the example of North Caucasians)

2021 ◽  
pp. 645-659
Author(s):  
Anzor A. Murdalov ◽  
Rustam A. Tovsultanov
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Second World War ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
International Convention ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Second World

Emigration has been known to mankind for more than a century. We name the factors contributing to emigration, give examples from the history of emigration both abroad and Russia. We emphasize that at the present time, Russian citizens emigrate to other countries, using the right to freely leave the state, and can also have dual citizenship under Russian law, or renounce citizenship, and then get it again. We pay special attention to the settlement of the territory of North Caucasus, which began in the 8th – 7th – 6th – 5th thousand BC. We analyze the features of emigration of people from North Caucasus after the October Revolution of 1917. The specifics of the emigration of people from this region of country are emphasized. Thus, the majority of people emigrated to the Ottoman Empire, and then moved to Europe. We indicate that in fact, after the adoption of the Decrees of the Central Executive Committee, the SNK of RSFSR in 1921, “On the deprivation of the rights of citizenship of certain categories of persons who are abroad” many emigrants from Russia, including North Caucasians, have become disenfranchised. This circumstance greatly influenced the publication of the Nansen passport (it was introduced in 1922 and became widespread in 1924), according to which emigrants were granted a number of legal and social rights. In addition, it is applicable to emigrants from Russia, including from the North Caucasus, in 1922 and 1926. The Geneva definition of “Russian refugee” was given, and the International Convention on the International Status of Refugees of 1933 created an alternative to naturalization for refugees from Russia. Subsequently, before the outbreak of the Second World War, people received, as a rule, the citizenship of the countries in which they began to live.

New Trechus species of the kozlovi group from Sichuan (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4786 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-484
Author(s):  
IGOR A. BELOUSOV ◽  
ILYA I. KABAK
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Small River ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Village

The main goal of the present paper is to define the kozlovi-species group of the genus Trechus Clairville, 1806, one of the most species-rich groups of Chinese Trechus and to describe new species of this group from two neighboring areas in Sichuan Province. Description of species groups for Chinese Trechus is a way to get a more consistent view of the taxonomy of this extremely diverse genus. The kozlovi group includes many described species, which are widespread in Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan provinces. In turn, the group can be split into several subgroups each embracing close allopatric relatives but much more material from various areas of China is required for such detailed classification. In the present work, we describe 9 new Trechus species belonging to this group, all collected in central and southern Sichuan, China: T. suopoensis sp. n. and T. gemaensis sp. n., both from the northern slopes of Mount Gema, E of Danba City, T. bianericus sp. n. and T. maoniu sp. n., both from the nortwestern slopes of the mountain massif located south of Bianer Village, WNW of Danba City, T. shangensis sp. n., T. mengensis sp. n., both from the upper valley of the small river located WSW of the village of Shangmeng, NW of Lixian City, T. cuspis sp. n. from the southern slope of Mount “5200” NW of Lixian City, three latter species from the left bank of the Zagunao River, T. qunlaishanicus sp. n. from the Qunlaishan mountains on the right bank of the Zagunao River and T. chiguguanensis sp.n. from the Chiguguan Pass. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of technical and economic effect from setup of distributed photovoltaic generation on the Right-of-Way land of the North Caucasus Railway

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 05004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibragim Asanov ◽  
Elizaveta Sharaborova ◽  
Egor Loktionov
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
The North ◽  
The Right

In this work, we consider the concept of using a distributed solar power plant, setup on the right-of-way of the railroad. The proposed solution allows to shave peaks of electricity consumption without additional land alienation, using the existing power grids. The concept includes the setup of solar panels on the alienated land of the railroad. PV can be placed directly on the cross ties using damping elements, on the embankment slopes and on the right-of-way land. This solution allows minimizing the cost of solar panels installation along the railway tracks. The North Caucasus railway was considered to assess the gross, technical and economic potential of the proposed solution. The operational length of the railroad there is 6,472 km. The railway consists of large non-electrified sections, segments powered with 25 kV AC and 3 kV DC. The railroad is used not only for cargo transport, but also for long-distance and suburban passenger traffic. We have considered different scenarios for right-of-way land use rate and have shown that possible project costs could be reduced by ca. 25% by double land use only. This does not include shared electric grid infrastructure use that also should benefit considerably, but is hard to be estimated. While the potential nameplate capacity of such power plants within one region is 10s-100s of MW.

scholarly journals § VII—The Byzantine Castle of Avret-Hissar

1919 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
A. M. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
South West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Village

About eight miles south-west of Kilkish or Kukuš, on the right bank of the river Zensko, is the ruined village of Avret-Hissar. Facing the village, on the left bank of the stream, is a prominent rocky spur, rising steeply from the river and crowned by the remains of a remarkable mediaeval building.This was correctly identified by Leake, who does not appear to have visited the site, as the castle of Γυναικόκαστρο which played a prominent part in the history of this region in the fourteenth century. As I know of no published description of it, these notes seem to be worth publication in the hopes that a fuller study of the site may be made now that exploration in this area is more feasible.

scholarly journals Protection against the harmful effects of water on the left bank terrace of the Lower Dnipro River

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
M. I. Romashchenko ◽  
D. P. Savchuk ◽  
A. M. Shevchenko ◽  
O. A. Babitska ◽  
O. I. Kharlamov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Critical Limit ◽  
Space Images ◽  
Study Region ◽  
The North ◽  
The Village ◽  
Harmful Effects

Relevance of research. In the area of ​​irrigated agriculture, one of the most difficult as to developing flooding processes is the area of ​​terrace drift within the ancient delta of the Lower Dnieper in Kherson region. The terrace area is located on a flat area within a large drainless bowl about 40 km long and up to 5-10 km wide. On the surface of the bowl there are large drainless depressions (Chornyanske, Novomayatske, Podokalynivske, Tarasivske) and many small ones. The purpose of the work is to establish the patterns of developing flooding processes and substantiate a system of reliable protection of the territory against that in difficult natural and water conditions. Methods and objects of research. The research was conducted at the research and production site located near Tarasivka village, Oleshkiv district, Kherson region. The results of the research were based on the data of reconnaissance surveys, long-term observations on the depths of the groundwater table (GWT), precipitation, space images, etc. In addition, it was assumed that the area is considered to be flooded if the depth of the GWT exceeds the critical limit, which for the study region is defined as 2 m. Research results and main conclusions. In modern conditions, part of the village and adjacent lands are subject to constant groundwater flooding and periodically  surface water flooding. In the central part of the village, groundwater depths exceed the critically acceptable depth, which for the study region is defined as 2 m. The water and ecological situation in the village is significantly exacerbated in wet periods. Current development of flooding within the terrace requires the development and implementation of a more effective protection system. One of the important options for protecting the village territory is the construction of a horizontal drainage system, which is set up in the village and its surroundings. The depth of drainage is 3.0-3.2 m. The runoff is discharged into the North-Crimean Canal by means of a pressure pipeline. The surface drainage system should be represented by a network of trays and ditches arranged in the streets of the village and a collector, which provides self-flowing of excess water into an artificial reservoir - pond. Options for the reconstruction of the NCC, which provide for using the drainage capacity of the canal and the construction of a regional self-flowing reservoir, were addressed. The modernization of irrigation and drainage systems and implementation of the developed proposals will significantly increase the protection level of the ancient terrace of the Dnieper River against the harmful effects of water. The decision on a proposal is made on the basis of feasibility study.

Execution as the supreme punishment of fugitive Cossacks in the middle of the XIX century

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Nikita S. Stepanenko
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Administration ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Village

This article highlights the theme of applying capital punishment to fugitive Cossacks of the Caucasian Linear Cossack Army in the middle of the XIX century. The purpose of the article is to identify the causes and circumstances of the execution of Cossacks of the Caucasian linear Cossack army in the middle of the XIX century. Based on the investigation into the deserters YakovTynyansky and Ivan Khanin, the reasons for the death penalty for these defectors were identified. Hiding in the mountains of the Northwest Caucasus, they took part in raids on Russian settlements. In addition, Ivan Khanin confessed to robberies, murders and abductions in order to obtain a ransom of the girl from the village of Kavkazskaya. The findings noted that such crimes were a kind of “red line”, having crossed that, the fugitive Cossacks could no longer count on the indulgence of the authorities. The military administration took measures to make the execution of capital punishment as public as possible. Analysis of the legal component of the affairs of runaway Cossacks and the memoirs of a contemporary allowed the author to conclude that in the middle of the 19th century a special legal regime of wartime was not introduced in the North Caucasus. This work is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematic.

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