scholarly journals Kebijakan Elijah Muhammad pada Gerakan Nation of Islam (NoI) dalam Memperjuangkan Etnis Afro-Amerika di Amerika Serikat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidik Fauji
Keyword(s):  
Black Identity ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
The Us ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Elijah Muhammad ◽  
The Voice

The US people had discriminated Afro-Americans in various spheres. In the midst of the discrimination as well as the racism experienced by the blacks, a mysterious merchant called Fard emerged in 1930. As a form of existence and resistance toward the wide-spread discrimination and racism as well as to raise the voice of the citizens who did not get their rights and justice, he founded the Nation of Islam (NOI). One of Fard's disciples, Elijah Muhammad, then led and developed NOI in 1934-1975. The purpose of this research is to explain Elijah Muhammad's struggle in dignifying the Afro-American ethnic and his influence in the NOI movement. Focusing on literary research, the method used in this research is historical analysis, while the activities carried out in the analysis include topic selection, heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results obtained from this research are descriptions of Elijah Muhammad's policies in uplifting the identity of the Afro-American ethnic. In this case, Elijah Muhammad at least took two measures in the movement that he led, namely recovering the Black identity to be respectfully recognized and developing economic independence.

Black Muslim Theology and the Classical Islamic Tradition

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley Williams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Elijah Muhammad ◽  
Black Muslim

Elijah Muhammad declared unapologetically that “God is aman.” This anthropomorphist doctrine does violence to modern normative Islamic articulations of tawú¥d (monotheism), the articulations of which involve God’s “otherness” from the created world. The Nation of Islam (NOI), therefore, has been the target of polemics from Muslim leaders who, from within and without the United States, have declared its irredeemable heterodoxy. But in premodern Islam, heresy was in the eye of the beholder and “orthodoxy” was a precarious and shifting paradigm. This paper attempts to, in the words of Zafar Ishaq Ansari, “examine how the ‘Nation of Islam’ fits into the framework of Islamic heresiology.”

scholarly journals Examining Political Change and Presidential Power in the US

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN DUMBRELL
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
New Haven ◽  
Yale University ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
Paperback Edition ◽  
The Us ◽  
American Liberalism ◽  
Duke University ◽  
Level Of Analysis

H. W. Brands, The Strange Death of American Liberalism (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, paperback edition, 2003, £9.95). Pp. 200. ISBN 0 300 098 24 3.Michael J. Gerhardt, The Federal Appointments Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis (Durham NC and London: Duke University Press, revised and expanded paperback edition, 2003, £18.50). Pp. 406. ISBN 0 8223 3199 3.William G. Howell, Power without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presidential Action (Princeton NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003, cloth £29.95, paper £12.95). Pp. 239. ISBN 0 691 10269, 0 691 10270 8.Drew Noble Lanier, Of Time and Judicial Behavior: United States Supreme Court Agenda – Setting and Decision-Making, 1888–1997 (Selinsgrove PA: Susquehanna University Press and London: Associated University Presses, 2003, $42.50). Pp. 276. ISBN 1 57591 067 5.Byron E. Shafer, The Two Majorities and the Puzzle of Modern American Politics (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003, cloth $35, paper $19.95). Pp. 356. ISBN 0 7006 1235 1, 0 7006 1236 X.One does not have to be an especially sophisticated philosopher of explanatory method to appreciate that, in explaining change in human affairs, much depends on the situation of and level of analysis adopted by the would-be explainer. Do the dots connect or are they mostly what they appear to be – just dots? Reality, according to Bertrand Russell's famous aphorism, is either a bowl of connected jelly or a bucket of disconnected shot. It all depends on the observer, who, of course, is also part of the reality being considered.

From Empire to Law: Customs Collection in the American Founding

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 554-584
Author(s):  
Aaron T. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
American Founding ◽  
Early American ◽  
The Federalist ◽  
Archival Source ◽  
The Us ◽  
Administrative Change ◽  
Federal Administration

This essay investigates the eighteenth-century origins of the federal administrative state through the prism of customs collection. Until recently, historians and legal scholars have not closely studied collection operations in the early federal custom houses. Gautham Rao's National Duties: Custom Houses and the Making of the American State (2016) offers the most important and thoroughly documented historical analysis to date. Joining a growing historical literature that explains the early development of the US federal political system with reference to imperial models and precedents, Rao shows that the seductive power of commerce over the state within eighteenth-century imperial praxis required the early federal customs officials to “negotiate” their authority with the mercantile community. A paradigm of accommodation dominated American customs collection well into the nineteenth century until Jacksonian centralizers finally began to dismantle it in the 1830s. The book brings welcome light to a long-neglected topic in American history. It offers a nuanced, historiographically attentive interpretation that rests on a broad archival source base. It should command the sustained attention of legal, social, economic, and constitutional historians for it holds the potential to change the way historians think about early federal administration. This essay investigates one of the central questions raised in National Duties: How were the early American custom houses able to successfully administer a comprehensive program of customs duties when their imperial predecessors had proved unable to collect even narrowly tailored ones? Focusing on the Federalist period (1789–1800), I develop an answer that complements Rao's, highlighting administrative change over continuity and finding special significance in the establishment of the first federal judicial system.

The Expression of Religion and Identity in International Funding

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-155
Author(s):  
Rebecca Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Major Party ◽  
Conflict Analysis And Resolution ◽  
The Us ◽  
Alternative Behaviors ◽  
Phenomenographic Study ◽  
Donor Preference ◽  
The Voice

Donor preference is a significant component that can either promote or inhibit sustainable development results, yet the involvement of private donors in international development work has not yet been examined in academic literature. Models for integrative negotiation in funding processes have been proposed, but without having the voice of donors present in literature, all previous negotiation models are incomplete because a major party to the negotiation is absent from the model. Conflict analysis and resolution is a new approach that will bring clarity to the role of private donors in international development work and generate integrative solutions for donors to employ in their work should they choose. This phenomenographic study analyzed the content, process, identity, and relational aspects of conflict in private international development projects through the viewpoint of donors. The research goals were to (1) generate understanding about how private donors understand their role in the international development work they fund, (2) ascertain how donors experience conflict in the course of this work, and (3) determine which conflict resolution techniques can be integrated to align their intentions, resources, and outcomes more accurately. The purposive snowball sample was comprised of six donors who fund private international work outside the US. The interrelated culmination of knowledge generated from this study demonstrates a broad landscape of experiences that describe how donors experience conflict and what may motivate them to consider alternative behaviors that can change the course of their work.

The Political Meanings of Elijah Muhammad’s Nation of Islam

2017 ◽  
pp. 263-280
Author(s):  
Edward E. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
White Supremacy ◽  
Racial Integration ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Political Resistance ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Political Dissent ◽  
The Us ◽  
Prime Target

Known for its radical resistance to white supremacy, US foreign policy, black Christianity and the liberal dream of racial integration, Elijah Muhammad’s Nation of Islam (NOI) was a prime target of US governmental surveillance and repression. Its very presence was perceived as a threat to the ideological foundations of 1960s US liberalism, which rested on anti-communism and the suppression of political dissent both at home and abroad, on the rhetoric of equal rights under the law and sometimes racial integration, and on federal welfare programs. At the same time, the Nation of Islam’s leadership appropriated and furthered what were at the time several other modes of liberalism: it policed its members’ middle-class, straight sexuality; it embraced the dream of black capitalism and encouraged entrepreneurship; it used the US courts to argue for freedom of religion and framed its activities as such; and it forbade its members from engaging in violent revolution or even nonviolent political resistance against many of the very liberal institutions that it identified as a religious evil.

Uniting for Survival

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Laura Warren Hill
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Black Community ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Justice Department ◽  
Colored People ◽  
The Us ◽  
Broad Cross Section ◽  
Significant Attention

This chapter documents several brutal clashes between African Americans and the police, which engendered a loose coalition of Black organizations and a number of sympathetic white ministers. It recounts the Rochester cases that garnered significant attention, while police clashes occurred throughout most cities in the postwar era. It also mentions a case where the US Justice Department interceded and another case where the famed Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X joined the protest efforts. The chapter argues that police brutality became a salient issue for a broad cross section of the Black community, which included ministers who cultivated and promoted a unified response. It talks about the local National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) that worked closely with Malcolm X and local Nation of Islam leaders to organize a unity rally, chastising the Rochester branch for consorting with reputed Black separatists.

Campus sexual assault and student activism, 1970–1990

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-579
Author(s):  
Molly C Driessen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Student Activism ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Campus Sexual Assault ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Varied Response

This historical analysis research project traces the early history of the anti-rape movement within the US by examining one university’s development of a sexual violence resource center and the role of student activism. The time period between the 1970s through the 1990s was selected for this analysis due to the significant development of legislation, research, and activism surrounding sexual violence on college campuses. In order to conduct this historical analysis, primary sources from the university’s Archives Collection were studied that included administrative documents, memos, financial documents, program reports, newspaper clippings, and training and workshop materials. Secondary sources were included to provide context to the topic of sexual violence, research, feminism, and campus culture during this time period. Amidst the university’s varied response and debates that surrounded sexual violence, the students’ persistent advocacy had led to conflict resolution.

Business Model Innovation and Replication

2018 ◽  
pp. 358-386
Author(s):  
Roberto Garcia-Castro ◽  
Joan Enric Ricart ◽  
Marvin B. Lieberman ◽  
Natarajan Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Business Model Innovation ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
The Us ◽  
Productivity Gains

Productivity gains play a crucial role in value creation and distribution in firms. This chapter connects the strategy framework of value creation and value capture with the tools from the productivity literature in order to understand better how returns are distributed between different stakeholders in the business and how this distribution might evolve over time. The authors distinguish between business model innovation and replication as two genuine sources of value creation. The historical analysis of Southwest Airlines in the US airline industry illustrates the insights that can be gained using a formal model to measure productivity gains at the firm level.

In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam.

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
William L. Van Deburg ◽  
Mattias Gardell
Keyword(s):  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Elijah Muhammad
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