scholarly journals Life and activity of engineer L.S. Lebedyanski

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
V. Yanin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The Government

The following article describes the main aspects of life and activity of engineer L.S. Lebedyanski. It reviews the major working lines and career growing of L.S. Lebedyanski at the Kolomensky plant. In addition, article reviews the contribution of L.S. Lebedyanski to the development of the locomotive industry of the former Soviet Union and his relations with the government.

scholarly journals What Do Banks, Rural Credit Institutions, and Regulators Infer from the Current Strengths and Standing of Indonesian SMEs?

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenri Panjaitan ◽  
Muhadjir Darwin ◽  
Indra Bastian ◽  
Sukamdi Sukamdi
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Readiness For Change ◽  
Organizational Readiness ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Organizational Readiness For Change ◽  
Shifting Balance ◽  
Optimal Distinctiveness ◽  
The Government

This study investigates whether the Indonesian regulators control Indonesian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with matching or mismatching empowerment strategies, in light of their strengths and current standing. Indonesian SMEs contributed approximately 60.34% to Indonesia’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018. In addition, Indonesian regulators have focused on financial support through credit policies and tax incentives. Indonesian SMEs have been standing on organizational readiness and readiness for change, based on their social networks and social cognition. It collected thirteen informants with different expertise and experiences. This study’s results suggest Indonesia’s regulatory body and financial institutions should consider the SMEs’ social cognition and organizational readiness for change. According to the current situation, to empower Indonesian SMEs, we recommend strategies such as achieving knowledge supremacy, creating an economic development board, as in Singapore, formulating comprehensive industry-wide policies, adopting omnibus laws, and implementing a shifting balance strategy. In other words, the Indonesian regulators should implement major reforms, which are similar to glasnost and perestroika in the former Soviet Union. This is to enhance Indonesian SMEs and achieve the goal of the Government of Indonesia (GoI) with respect to the optimal distinctiveness of Indonesia’s future economy. This optimal distinctiveness refers to the GoI’s policies, which focused on knowledge supremacy, an industry-wide regime, and research for empowerment.  

Disinvestments in India: Needed Change in Mindset

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipin Malik
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Initial Public Offerings ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Convertible Bonds ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Finance Minister ◽  
The Government

In the nineties, India's budgeting, fiscal deficits, and balance of payments problems kick started the government's urge to unlock the huge investments chained in the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The blueprint was the successful global model of privatization/divestment which was initiated by Margaret Thatcher in the eighties in the UK and implemented by other countries including Unified Germany, former USSR, the erstwhile socialist countries, Western Europe, Canada, Japan, and even China. The developed nations attained a high level of success followed by the developing and the least developed countries. While developed and OECD countries opted for Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), Russia adopted a system of vouchers for buying shares of public sector companies at auctions, and smaller states in the former Soviet Union and East European countries opted for trade and negotiated sales. Developing countries like Brazil and Chile made principal divestments of significantly large government stakes with no reservations to pass on control to foreign investors. Greece and Korea opted for convertible bonds. Considering that the debate on the need for disinvestments is very old, the question is: is there anything new and is there a game plan? Also, why is the media hesitant in presenting analysis of the decision-makers' mindset? It leads to the inference that the implementers have perhaps little commitment to disinvestments which is in contrast to what Hungary and China have achieved by their professional approach. Fortunately, the efforts to pursue reforms have not openly been reversed or given up by any government of the day. The Four Ps of disinvestment – Policy, Promise, Prognosis, and Performance – look grim. In the recent past, we have been witnessing a lot of debate on the disinvestments scenario suggesting dynamic movement. In reality, the sale of equity of only 49 companies has so far been accomplished (a few only privatized). In comparison, Hungary identified 1,288 SOEs, transformed them into companies for privatization, and in 2002, only 79 companies were left for privatization. Against a target of Rs 100 billion, the financial year 2000–2001 closed with a collection of Rs 18.70 billion. Against a target of Rs 120 billion, the financial year 2001–2002 closed with a collection of Rs 56 billion inclusive of special dividend of VSNL at Rs 18.87 billion and Rs 11.54 billion of IBP bought by another public sector undertaking (PSU). Against a target of Rs 120 billion, the financial year 2002-2003 closed with a collection of Rs 33 billion. The target for financial year 2003-04 is Rs 132 billion (US$ 2.87 billion). To set things on the recovery path, introspection on what aberrations have entered the system is necessary. In the words of the President to the Joint Session of Parliament in February 2002, “... The prolonged fiscal haemorrhage from the majority of these enterprises cannot be sustained any longer...” How do we ensure that the disinvestment process is on track? The following five-point agenda would be useful for policy-makers: Trust the homegrown expert for implementation. Place administrative control in the hands of the Finance Minister. Hand over companies that are a burden on the government to the employees. Do not involve a PSU/SOE in the bidding process. Manage revivals professionally.

Informal Payments: A Side Effect of Transition or a Mechanism for Sustaining the Illusion of ‘Free’ Health Care? The Experience of Four Regions in the Russian Federation

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIANNA FOTAKI
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Informal Payments ◽  
Free Health Care ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Moderate Cost

AbstractInformal payments for health services are widespread in many transition economies in post-communist Europe and the former Soviet Union. Their existence complements and in some cases significantly contributes to the financing of their health systems. It has been suggested that they are the legacy of planned socialist economies and a temporary side effect of the transition from a planned to a market economy. This article discusses the findings of the study investigating the extent and nature of the informal payments and evaluates the policy options on offer. It asserts that despite the level of declared support for moderate cost-sharing by different population groups, it is unlikely that any legalised form of co-payment will affect or replace informal payments, as the government uses them to sustain the illusion of ‘free’ health care. The study argues that the utilitarian gain maximisation principle, calling for the greatest collective welfare in communitarian egalitarianism, and the satisfaction of individual preferences in libertarian economics enable the acceptance of informal payments as a viable policy option.

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL DOCTRINE IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS SINCE INDEPENDENCE

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-132
Author(s):  
Oleg Schirinsky
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Regulatory Mandates ◽  
The Government

In Belarus, the national doctrine of administrative law has been oriented to a large extent towards the Soviet and modern Russian legal traditions, albeit with some distinct contextual features. In this work, we review the positions of some of the most authoritative scholars, and make a number of summative judgements and conclusions. The primary aim of administrative law is to provide and create a regulatory framework for the exercise by the government authorities of their mandate and powers. The objective of administrative law is to govern and regulate the interactions between the executive power and other legal subjects in the performance of its functions. In the Belarusian doctrine, the predominant position of most scholars is that the scope of administrative law should include the administrative legal relations arising in the course of the exercise by the public administration bodies of their administrative functions, including of regulatory mandates towards external bodies, and in relation to the enjoyment by the citizens of their rights and liberties. In Belarus, the system of administrative law is customarily understood as an ordered framework composed of institutions, norms and domains, which may be divided into four sections. The first section encompasses the institutions that determine the legal status in the area of public administration of the citizen, of state bodies, of non-governmental organizations and of civil servants, it also incorporate the institutions that exercise control over the subjects of administrative law. The second section encompasses the regulations that govern liability under administrative law. The third section incorporates the norms of administrative procedure. The fourth section includes provisions that constitute the administrative legal framework for the management of the economy, socio-cultural and other spheres. Each section is comprised of the relevant legal institutions and sectors. The greatest challenge for administrative law of in Belarus seems to be the definition of the administrative procedure, which has not changed since the Soviet period. The alternative propositions presented in this work are of a purely theoretical character and should eventually be superseded by a legal definition, which views it as a distinct type of legal procedure governed by the norms of administrative procedure law grounded mainly in the Code of Execution Procedure for administrative torts. The legal term “administrative procedure” in Republic of Belarus is still identical to the concepts “administrative tort procedure” or “procedure for the hearing of administrative tort cases”. The main method of this study is that of integrated comparative analysis, with elements of the historical and formal-logical method. As a part of a comprehensive study in administrative law in the former Soviet Union, this work is intended to make a contribution to academic debate, by deepening and broadening its scope.

Ideology and alphabets in the former USSR

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Sebba
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Language Law ◽  
Former Ussr

In 2002 the Russian parliament passed a law requiring all official languages within the Russian Federation to use the Cyrillic alphabet. The legislation caused great controversy and anger in some quarters, especially in Tatarstan, the Russian republic whose attempt to romanise the script for the Tatar language provoked the new law. This paper examines the background to these recent events in the former Soviet Union, showing how they provide a contemporary illustration of the ways that linguistic (in this case, orthographic) issues can interact with ideologies and discourses at the political and social levels. The paper takes an approach which treats orthography and script selection as social practices which are amenable to sociolinguistic analysis, even though they are more commonly modelled as autonomous systems (or “neutral technologies”) which can be detached from their social context (cf. Street’s “ideological” and “autonomous” models of literacy). The article begins with a very brief overview of the early twentieth-century changes of script from Arabic to Roman and then to Cyrillic, which affected most of the Turkic languages, including Tatar, and an account of the trend to return to the Roman alphabet in the immediate post-Soviet period. It goes on to describe the circumstances of the decision by Tatarstan to introduce the script change, and the resulting backlash from the government of the Russian Federation, in the form of a new language law. It then goes on to analyse the discourses which underlie this story of rebellion and reaction. In particular, the following discourses are identified and discussed: unity and membership (the discourse of belonging), technology and globalisation, cultural heritage (change and permanence), Cyrillic as “defective”/Cyrillic as a conduit for Russian lexis, romanisation as a threat to the integrity of Russia and its language. It is noted that many of the discourses present in the Tatarstan case are also found in other debates over orthographies elsewhere.

Working for the Collective

2017 ◽  
pp. 173-191
Author(s):  
Linda-Marie Sundstrom ◽  
Suzanne Beaumaster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Voluntary Sector ◽  
Voluntary Work ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
The Government

Karl Marx wrote that in the higher phase of Communism, society could inscribe on its banner the phrase, from each according to his ability to each according to his needs. This chapter explores the role of the government and individual in providing for the needs of the collective. It compares and contrasts the voluntary practice of the Communist Subbotnik (voluntary work on Saturdays) in the former Soviet Union, with the voluntary sector practices in the United States. The article posits that the United States, with the reputation as an individualistic, capitalist society, achieves the Marxist ideal of working for the collective through the nonprofit voluntary sector, even more than the Communist practice of Subbotnik. In the United States nonprofit sector, individuals donate time and resources to charitable organizations (each according to his ability), which in turn, provides services and resources to others (according to their needs).

Leading Decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel and Extracts of the Judgment

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-711
Author(s):  
Linda Gallant ◽  
Gabriela Shalev
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Open Market ◽  
New Immigrants ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Times ◽  
To Receive ◽  
State Of Israel

The State of Israel v. Aprofim Housing and Enterprise (1991) Ltd. (1995) 49(ii) P.D. 265In 1990, following the wave of immigration from the former Soviet Union at the end of the 80's, the Government decided to promote construction of apartments for new immigrants and other persons entitled to government housing aid. A plan was drawn up whereby land would be allocated to contractors for building purposes by the Israel Lands Authority, while the Housing Ministry (hereinafter, “the Appellant”) undertook to purchase the apartments from the contractors after construction.A standard form agreement was drawn up which served as the basis for the contracts signed between the Appellant and the various building contractors and entrepreneurs. The Appellant undertook in these contracts to purchase from the contractor, upon request, any apartments which had been built but not sold on the open market. In desirable locations, the Appellant was under an obligation to purchase up to 50% of the apartments built. In development areas the Appellant was bound to purchase all of the apartments. The contractor was entitled to demand that the Appellant exercise its obligation to purchase the apartments in the desirable locations, at the earliest, on completion of construction; whereas, in the case of apartments in the development areas the contractor could make its demand on completion of the frame and internal walls of the building. The contract did not limit the time in which the contractor had to present its demand for performance of the obligation to purchase, but any delay in presenting a demand beyond the times stated would influence the contractor's right to receive the full price for the apartments from the Appellant.

scholarly journals Mass Privatization and Economic Reform in North Korea: Towards a Hard State Approach

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Junki Kim
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Reform Agenda ◽  
Mass Privatization ◽  
Hard State ◽  
The Government

As seen in Eastern European nations and former Soviet Union mass privatization is an intense political process that requires strong leadership from the top as well as bottom-up political support from workers, managers, and the population at large. Given that North Korea's productivity is likely to be in less than that of other former socialist nations, simultaneous restructuring and reform programs are essential. This makes mass privatization all the more critical. The primary goal of mass privatization plan should be to create well-functioning market economy, which is best achieved by selling off SOEs as quickly as possible. Other economic and social concerns should not detract the government. In sum, it is important to establish an economic reform agenda early; otherwise, the window of opportunity available in reforming transition economies might be lost, which will only make the reform process much harder to implement in future date.

The Closure of the Volozhin Yeshiva

2012 ◽  
pp. 190-252
Author(s):  
Shaul Stampfer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Internal Politics ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Government

This chapter analyses the developments that brought about the Volozhin yeshiva's closure. It reveals surprising conclusions that illuminate both the yeshiva's internal politics in the late nineteenth century and its precarious status. The ostensible reason for the closure of the yeshiva was its refusal to accept the government demand for far-reaching changes in the curriculum so as to incorporate secular studies and to devote a significant number of hours to these studies. However, it is highly probable that this was not the real reason. The chapter draws from the archives of the former Soviet Union to conduct an examination of internal government documents from the tsarist period. These archives can reveal more about what really motivated the authorities in various episodes affecting the Jewish community. The chapter shows that the authorities knew a great deal about the internal affairs of the yeshiva, and certainly far more than most Jews ever imagined.

scholarly journals Current Issues of the Formation of the Investment Environment and Potential in Georgia

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Salome Gogiashvili
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Investment Environment ◽  
The Government

AbstractThe stage of the formation and establishment of a market economy in Georgia raises the necessity for economic science to solve fundamentally different problems concerning the improvement of the investment environment and investment climate in national economy. After the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the replacement with new relationships has been quite difficult and painful in which foreign investments should play a crucial role. Issues to be discussed include the questions that explore some of the categories and the constraints of the investment climate (potential). All this leads to the relevance of the article and, therefore, determines the purpose of the article. The research process uses general dialectical methods of socio-economic research (description, analysis, systematization, abstraction, synthesis) as well as modern methods of research of economic theory (systemic, institutional, evolutionary). The scientific aim of the research is to highlight the current issues of the investment environment and investment climate in economy, to study the transformation processes taking place in Georgia during the last two decades, to conduct analysis using proper methods, to show the current social and political as well as other important processes, to generalize them and to form proper opinions. Findings based on research suggest that it is possible to speed up the process of economic development of Georgia. However, the situation will remain difficult in the region and the factors causing the recession _ instability in oil prices and the weakening of the national currency against the US dollar will still be present. In conclusion, the opinion can be formed that a stable and predictable legislative process is important for the investment environment. Therefore, all the parties that may undergo the changes should be informed and involved in every project planned by the government; At present, it becomes necessary to further extend the deregulation policy, which should include the development of financial and investment sectors and support of the establishment of appropriate infrastructure, promotion of the further development of microfinance institutions, investment companies and funds, designing the system of investment insurance and stimulation, elimination of unnecessary bureaucracy and artificial barriers, etc.

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