scholarly journals Features of the microscopic structure of the adrenal gland of geese

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (103) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
V. Prokopenko ◽  
T. Kot
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
Modern Biology ◽  
Venous Sinuses

The study of the morphology of the adrenal gland of birds is one of the most critical issues of modern biology and veterinary medicine cause its solution contributes to the scientific justification of technologies for rearing, using, and treating birds. The work aims to clarify the features of the microscopic structure of the adrenal gland of geese. As a peripheral organ of the endocrine system, the adrenal gland affects the growth and differentiation of tissues, regulates water, protein, carbohydrate, fat, and mineral metabolism, the body's resistance to infections, intoxication, stress, and other factors. During research were used histological indagation methods. It was found that blood vessels, clusters of nerve cells are registered in the capsule of the adrenal gland of geese. Nodes of the sympathetic nervous system are registered outside it. Connective tissue septa with hemocapillaries extend from the capsule to the adrenal parenchyma, which is represented by intertwined cell strands of interrenal and suprarenal tissues. The narrow spaces between these cell strands are filled with layers of loose fibrous connective tissue with sinusoidal hemocapillaries and venous sinuses. The subcapsular layer, peripheral and central zones are recorded on the incision of the adrenal gland. The adrenal vein is localized in the central zone. The subcapsular zone is mainly represented by cells of suprarenal tissue, the peripheral and central zone – by cells of interrenal tissue. Suprarenal tissue cells have a polygonal shape, basophilic cytoplasm, and a rounded, centrally located nucleus. Cells of interrenal tissue are columnar or cubic, have eosinophilic colored cytoplasm, a round or oval nucleus placed eccentrically. Venous sinuses are localized in the central and peripheral zones of the adrenal gland. Their wall is thin, formed by flat endotheliocytes, bounded by groups of cells of interrenal and suprarenal tissues. As a result, established microscopic structural features of the adrenal gland of geese can be used to formulate the base of its typical morphological characteristics, which give a possibility to assess the Morpho-functional essential state of the bird adrenal gland of this species by the influence of various factors and pathologies, in perspective of following researches – the exploration of morphometric parameters of the structural components of the adrenal gland of geese.

Evaluation of Adrenal Cortical Function in Neonatal and Weanling Laboratory Beagle Dogs

2021 ◽  
pp. 019262332110094
Author(s):  
Janet M. Petruska ◽  
Maria Adamo ◽  
Jeffrey McCartney ◽  
Ahamat Aboulmali ◽  
Thomas J. Rosol
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Common Target ◽  
Adrenal Cortical Function

The most common target organ for toxicity in the endocrine system is the adrenal gland, and its function is dependent upon the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Histopathologic examination of the adrenal glands and pituitary gland is routinely performed in toxicity studies. However, the function of the adrenal gland is not routinely assessed in toxicity studies. Assessment of adrenal cortical function may be necessary to determine whether a histopathologic finding in the adrenal cortex results in a functional effect in the test species. As juvenile toxicity studies are more commonly performed in support of pediatric indications for pharmaceuticals, it is important to establish historical control data for adrenal gland function. In this study, adrenal cortical function was assessed in control neonatal and weanling beagle dogs as part of an ongoing juvenile toxicology program. Measurements of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol prior to and following administration of exogenous ACTH, and aldosterone were conducted beginning at 2 weeks of age continuing through 26 weeks of age. Serum electrolyte concentrations were determined at 4, 13, and 26 weeks of age. Dogs as young as 2 weeks of age synthesize and secrete adrenal cortical hormones and exhibit a functional hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis.

Ultrastructure of the osphradium of the Tertiary relict snail, Campanile symbolicum Iredale (Mollusca, Streptoneura)

1992 ◽  
Vol 337 (1282) ◽  
pp. 457-469 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Sense Organ ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Sensory Cilia ◽  
A Cell

The osphradium of Campanile symbolicum Iredale, 1917 is a gill-like, bipectinate sense organ, which is located at the left side of the mantle roof. The mass of the deeply clefted sensory epithelium of the leaflets is built up by sensory cells, which are provided with deeply invaginated aberrant cilia and large cytosomes containing pigment formations. In addition, many free nerve processes are present, bearing a single or few sensory cilia with accessory centrioles. Polyciliary cells are interspersed. A cell type with netlike or concentrically arranged smooth endoplasmic reticulum is commonly found near the central axis of the osphradium . The central zone of each leaflet includes nervous tissue and a complicated muscular grid, with pore cells and fibroblasts also present. Based on the fine-structural data the functional and ecological significance of the osphradium of Campanile symbolicum is discussed. The com bination of herbivory and a lamellar osphradium is rare among the Gastropoda, suggesting that the osphradium of Campanile might also be involved in reproductive biology. Many fine-structural features of the osphradium of Campanile symbolicum are unique among the gastropods and reflect the phylogenetic isolation of this relict snail. The net-like cell type, however, is probably homologous with the so-called Si4 cell in the rem aining caenogastropods, for which a largely different osphradial fine-structure is diagnostic. The affinities of Campanile symbolicum are probably closer to the Caenogastropoda than to the Allogastropoda and Euthyneura. With present knowledge it might be best classified near the base or even as the first clade within the Caenogastropoda.

scholarly journals Calculation of Differential Propagation Constant Determined by Plant Morphology Using Polarimetric Measurement

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Chufeng Hu ◽  
Nanjing Li
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Propagation Constant ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Mathematical Relation ◽  
Power Profile

The morphology of vegetation greatly impacts propagation of polarized electromagnetic wave. In order to validate this phenomenon, the mathematical relation between the differential propagation constant of forest vegetation and of its polarized echo is quantitatively derived by using backscattering power profile. The fluctuation of differential propagation constant with frequency is analyzed by combining the morphological characteristics of vegetation. The accurate copolarized data of 3–10 GHz frequency-domain of small trees are obtained by indoor wideband polarimetric measurement system. The results show that morphological characteristics of vegetation at different frequencies can be obtained by the differential propagation constant of polarized electromagnetic wave. At low frequencies, the plants with structural features presented oriented distribution. However, the plants show random distribution of the echoes at higher frequencies, which is mainly from the canopy. The research provides important information to choose the coherence models employed in the parameters retrieval of vegetations.

scholarly journals Existence and Features of the Myodural Bridge in Gentoo Penguins: a morphological study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Sheng-bo Yu ◽  
Yan-yan Chi ◽  
Guang-yuan Tan ◽  
Bao-cheng Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Gentoo Penguin ◽  
Type I ◽  
Marine Birds ◽  
Dense Connective Tissue ◽  
Myodural Bridge ◽  
Histological Staining

AbstractRecent studies have evidenced that the anatomical structure now known as the myodural bridge (MDB) connects the suboccipital musculature to the cervical spinal dura mater (SDM). In humans, the MDB passes through both the posterior atlanto-occipital and the posterior atlanto-axial interspaces. The present authors suggest that the MDB has important physiological functions in humans. The existence of the MDB in various mammals, including flying birds (Rock pigeons and Gallus domesticus) has been previously validated. Gentoo penguins are marine birds, able to make 450 dives per day, reaching depths of up to 660 feet. Gentoo penguins are also the world’s fastest diving birds. The present study was therefore carried out to investigate the existence and characteristics of the MDB in Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), a non-flying, marine bird that can dive. While foraging, this penguin is able to reach speeds of up to 22 miles per hour. For this study, six Gentoo penguin specimens were dissected to observe the existence and composition of their MDB. Histological staining was also performed to analyze the anatomic relationships and characteristic of the MDB in the Gentoo penguin. In this study, it was found that the suboccipital musculature in the Gentoo penguin consists of the rectus capitis dorsalis minor (RCDmi) muscle and rectus capitis dorsalis major (RCDma) muscle. Dense connective tissue fibers were observed connecting these two suboccipital muscles to the spinal dura mater (SDM). This dense connective tissue bridge consists of primarily type I collagen fibers. Thus, this penguin’s MDB appears to be analogous to the MDB previously observed in humans. The present study evidences that the MDB not only exists in penguins but it also has unique features that distinguishes it from that of flying birds. Thus, this study advances the understanding of the morphological characteristics of the MDB in flightless, marine birds.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN CHILDREN WITH CONNECTIVE TISSUE DYSPLASIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-196
Author(s):  
A. A. Karcheuski ◽  
◽  
Ya. R. Matsiuk ◽  
N. S. Paramonava ◽  
P. R. Harbacheuski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Chronic Gastritis ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Connective Tissue Dysplasia

scholarly journals Value of Radiomics Features From Adrenal Gland and Periadrenal Fat in CT Images for Predicting COVID-19 Prognosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mudan zhang ◽  
Xuntao Yin ◽  
Wuchao Li ◽  
Yan Zha ◽  
Xianchun Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Threshold Probability ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Disease Prognosis ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
Test Sets

Abstract Background: Endocrine system plays an important role in infectious disease prognosis. Our goal is to assess the value of radiomics features extracted from adrenal gland and periadrenal fat CT images in predicting disease prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Methods: A total of 1,325 patients (765 moderate and 560 severe patients) from three centers were enrolled in the retrospective study. We proposed a 3D cascade V-Net to automatically segment adrenal glands in onset CT images. Periadrenal fat areas were obtained using inflation operations. Then, the radiomics features were automatically extracted. Five models were established to predict the disease prognosis in patients with COVID-19: a clinical model (CM), three radiomics models (adrenal gland model [AM], periadrenal fat model [PM], fusion of adrenal gland and periadrenal fat model [FM]), and a radiomics nomogram model (RN).Data from one center (1,183 patients) were utilized as training and validation sets. The remaining two (36 and 106 patients) were used as 2 independent test sets to evaluate the models’ performance. Results: The auto-segmentation framework achieved an average dice of 0.79 in the test set. CM, AM, PM, FM, and RN obtained AUCs of 0.716, 0.755, 0.796, 0.828, and 0.825, respectively in the training set, and the mean AUCs of 0.754, 0.709, 0.672, 0.706 and 0.778 for 2 independent test sets. Decision curve analysis showed that if the threshold probability was more than 0.3, 0.5, and 0.1 in the validation set, the independent-test set 1 and the independent-test set 2 could gain more net benefits using RN than FM and CM, respectively. Conclusion: Radiomics features extracted from CT images of adrenal glands and periadrenal fat are related to disease prognosis in patients with COVID-19 and have great potential for predicting its severity.

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

scholarly journals Morphological signs of connective tissue dysplasia as predictors of frequent post-exercise musculoskeletal disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Nikolenko ◽  
M. V. Oganesyan ◽  
A. D. Vovkogon ◽  
Yu Cao ◽  
A. A. Churganova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Connective Tissue Dysplasia ◽  
Physiological Evaluation ◽  
Severe Degree ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) is a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders. Changes caused by disorganization of collagen and elastin fibers lead to the inability of withstanding heavy mechanical stress. In clinical practice, diagnosis of these disorders depends on physical and anthropomorphic evaluation. Methods Forty-eight patients with frequent post-exercise musculoskeletal disorders were evaluated for CTD. The control group included 36 healthy participants. Both groups were evaluated via therapeutic examination with assessment of anthropometric indicators and physical-physiological evaluation, surveying and gathering of anamnesis. Based on testing results, study participants were evaluated on CTD presence and risk factors. Results All experimental group patients had connective tissue dysplasia of moderate and severe degree, with a total score of 49.44 ± 13.1. Certain morphological characteristics showed prevalence, allowing to determine pathognomonic predictors of high predisposition to frequent post-exercise musculoskeletal disorders. Back pain (100%), asthenic syndrome and kyphotic spinal deformation (75%), high gothic palate, hypermobility of joints and the auricles, excessive elasticity (63%), varicose veins of the lower extremities (56%) and hemorrhoids (56%), changes in the shape of the legs and temporomandibular joint (50%) showed to be significant clinical factors indicating possible connective tissue dysplasia. Conclusions The presence of these diagnostically significant morphological signs of CTD in humans is a pathognomonic predictor of a high predisposition to frequent injuries. Their early detection helps promote proper appointment of adequate physical activity regimen and develop treatment for the underlying cause.

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