scholarly journals Policy Forum: Tax Reform in Canada's 43rd Parliament—Politics, Policy, and Second-Best Choices

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Sean Speer
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Expenditures ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
The Government

A minority Parliament in Ottawa will require that the government and the opposition parties search for areas of policy convergence. One area where there is potential for cooperation is action on a comprehensive review of the federal tax system, which was an election commitment by multiple political parties. There is scope for a review exercise that ultimately can enhance the efficiency and equity of the federal tax code. But such a review will need to recognize that tax policy and politics cannot be divorced from one another. This article presents a critical analysis of calls for a royal commission or adoption of the "big-bang" model for tax reform. These approaches to tax reform assume that politics is a major barrier to evidence-based tax reform and that political impulses need to be minimized or excluded from the process. This perspective neglects the normative aspects of tax policy and the extent to which policy choices are shaped by a complex mix of interests, preferences, and values. Instead, the author argues for a reform exercise that is rooted in political institutions and processes. In particular, he proposes an incremental yet systematic model for tax reform that draws from the 2007-2011 experience with "strategic reviews" of program spending at the federal level. This model would envision the government conducting thematic reviews of tax expenditures (focusing, for example, on home ownership, retirement and savings, and clean energy investments) on a regular, ongoing basis, in order to gradually rationalize the federal tax system by consolidating and redesigning current tax expenditures. The results may be less transformative in the short term than those potentially achievable by alternative approaches, but will ultimately lead to more durable reform over the long term.

GST - Sway On Small Scale Industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Jayanti.G ◽  
Dr. V.Selvam
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
The People ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Government

India being a democratic and republic country, has witnessed the biggest indirect tax reform after much exploration, GST bill roll out on 1 April 2017.  The concept of this reform is for a unified country-wide tax reform system.  Enterprises particularly SMEs are caught in a state of instability.  Several taxes such s excise, service tax etc., have been subsumed with a single tax structure. it is the responsibilities of both centre and state government to shoulder the important responsibility to cater the needs of the people and the nation as a whole.  The main basis of income to the government is through levy of taxes.  To meet the so called socio-economic needs and economic growth, taxes are considered as a main source of revenue for the government.  As per Wikipedia “A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon tax payer by the government in order to fund various public expenditure”   it is said that tax payment is mandatory, failure to pay such taxes will be punishable under the law.   The Indian tax system is classified as direct and indirect tax.   The indirect taxes are levied on purchase, sale, and manufacture of goods and provision of service.  The indirect tax on goods and services increases its price, this can lead to inflationary trend.  Contribution of indirect taxes to total tax revenue is more than 50% in India, therefore, indirect tax is considered as a major source of tax revenue for the government, which in turn is one of source for GDP growth.  Though indirect tax is a major source of revenue, it had lot of hassles.  To overcome the major issues of indirect tax system the government of India subsumed most of the indirect tax which in turn gave birth to the concept called Goods and Service Tax.

scholarly journals Review Reformasi Sistem Perpajakan di Norwegia: Suatu Pembelajaran bagi Reformasi Perpajakan Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Maria R.U.D. Tambunan
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Productivity Improvement ◽  
The Government ◽  
Taxation System

ABSTRACTThis article is a critical review and as a means of lesson learned for Indonesia taxation system based on the taxation reform undertaken by Norwegian government as a member of welfare state and OECD, that is considered as a country with high tax ratio. It is also a state which has succeed to realize welfare and income distribution without distort domestic economic stabilization. In this article, it is discussed how the Norwegian government fully aware of the role of tax reform as a mandatory task to reach the state objective by optimizing taxation as instrument of social welfare, productivity improvement and stimulus to realize friendly investment environment. Several tax reform agendas such as reduction of corporate income tax, prevention on profit shifting and until the optimization of the use of big data to support the tax reform. Indonesia on its tax reform agenda which has been commenced in 1983 has transformed significantly for many aspects such as administrative affairs and the way the government to implement the tax policy. These measures have aligned with global tax trend. However, several works remain such less optimize tax ratio during the last one decade.Keywords: tax reform, taxation system, tax administration, tax compliance, tax policy ABSTRAKArtikel ini merupakan critical review sekaligus sebagai sarana pembelajaran bagi sistem perpajakan di Indonesia atas reformasi sistem perpajakan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Norwegia sebagai salah satu dari kelompok negara welfare state yang oleh OECD dinilai berhasil memiliki tax ratio yang cukup tinggi sekaligus mampu menciptakan pemerataan penghasilan tanpa mendistorsi kegiatan ekonomi domestik.  Dalam artikel ini diuraikan bagaimana pemerintah Norwegia memahami sepenuhnya bahwa reformasi pajak merupakan suatu keniscayaan untuk mencapai tujuan negara yaitu menggunakan instrumen pajak sebagai instrumen pemerataan sosial, peningkatan produktivitas dan stimulus untuk mewujudkan lingkungan ekonomi yang ramah terhadap investasi. Beberapa agenda reformasi yang diulas seperti kebijakan penurunan tarif pajak penghasilan korporasi, pencegahan terjadinya profit shifting hingga pengoptimalan penggunaan teknologi dan big data dalam sistem perpajakan. Indonesia dalam perjalanan reformasi perpajakan sejak 1983 telah mengalami perubahan yang cukup signifikan baik dalam hal administrasi dan implementasi kebijakan pajak sesuai dengan tren reformasi perpajakan global. Namun, catatan penting dalam perjalanan reformasi perpajakan Indonesia adalah masih rendahnya tingkat kepatuhan dan masih rendahnya tax ratio Indonesia dalam kurun waktu satu decade terakhirKata kunci: reformasi perpajakan, sistem perpajakan, administrasi perpajakan, kepatuhan, kebijakan pajak.

Tax Expenditures and the Tax Reform Act of 1969 in the United States

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Seiichiro Mozumi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Federal Income Tax ◽  
Federal Taxation ◽  
The Government

Abstract In the United States, tax favoritism—an approach that has weakened the extractive capacity of the federal government by providing tax loopholes and preferences for taxpayers—has remained since the 1930s. It has consumed the amount of tax revenue the government can spend and therefore weakened the possibility of the redistribution of fiscal resources. It has also made the federal tax system complicated and inequitable, resulting in undermining taxpayer consent. Therefore, since the 1930s, a tax reform to create a simple, fair, and equitable federal income tax system with the capacity to raise revenue has been long overdue. Many scholars have evaluated the Tax Reform Act of 1969 (TRA69), which Richard M. Nixon signed into law on December 30, 1969, as one of the most successful steps toward accomplishing this goal. This article demonstrates that TRA69 left tax favoritism in the United States. Furthermore, it points out that TRA69 turned taxpayers against the idea of federal taxation, a shift in public perception that greatly impacted tax reform in the years to follow.

The Distributional Effects of Tax Policy

2016 ◽  
pp. 391-428
Author(s):  
Ömer Faruk Batırel
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Equitable Distribution ◽  
Tax Expenditures ◽  
Burden Distribution ◽  
Fiscal Transparency ◽  
Policy Performance ◽  
Tax Expenditure

This chapter first discusses the Turkish tax policy performance for the period of 2004-2013 in terms of equitable distribution of tax burdens. Then, it examines tax expenditures, which are believed to be one of the main sources of inequity in tax burden distribution, in terms of equity and fiscal transparency grounds. The chapter also estimates tax expenditure figures based on very limited data in Turkey. One of the main findings of the chapter is that because fiscal transparency and non-discrimination principles of taxation are violated in Turkey, there are considerable amount of hidden tax reliefs that are not counted as tax expenditures in the Turkish tax system.

scholarly journals The Structure of the Tax System Versus the Level of Taxation: An Evaluation of the 1986 Act

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gregory Ballentine
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
High Income ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Policy Goal ◽  
Tax System ◽  
System Versus ◽  
The Future

In this paper, I assess the 1986 Tax Reform Act relative to the tax system that might have evolved over the several years following 1986 had that particular tax reform not been enacted. Had tax reform not been enacted, I believe that the pattern of steady tax increases, particularly corporate tax increases and tax increases on high-income individuals such as occurred in the 1982 and 1984 tax acts would have continued. I also believe that the 1986 Tax Reform Act introduced an income tax system that will be quite stable; broad changes, in particular changes that raise a large amount of income tax revenues, are unlikely for many years. So I am comparing the tax structure of the 1986 Tax Reform Act to a system that, in part, has an inferior structure, but that provides more revenues. Since I believe that the most important tax policy goal in 1986 and later should have been to raise revenues, not to revise the structure of the tax system, I believe that the 1986 Tax Reform Act was harmful. Tax reform not only did not raise revenues, it has made it more difficult to raise revenues in the future, without providing significant offsetting benefits.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Socio-Economic Objectives of India’s Tax Policy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K V Bhanu Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Effective Instrument ◽  
The Government ◽  
Business Entities

The Indian tax system has successfully mobilised resources to finance administrative, welfare and developmental activities of public authorities. Besides being the main source of revenue for both Central and State Governments, it is an effective instrument to realise various socio-economic objectives of national policies. Further, tax policy is an important determinant of the investment climate in a country. This paper looks at the socio-economic objectives that the tax policy intends to achieve along with the steps taken to restructure the tax system in accordance with these objectives. Tax laws in India are replete with various exemptions, concessions, deductions, allowances, tax credits etc. to promote a host of desirable economic and social activities. These tax incentives encourage individuals and business entities to undertake activities desired by the government.

scholarly journals Value Added Tax in Nepal: An Empirical Assessment

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
R. K. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Reform Agenda ◽  
Sales Taxes ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tax Payers

In developing economies, resource gap is critical and widening resulting tohuge fiscal and budgetary deficits. Therefore, revenue mobilization is challenging proposition in an economy like Nepal where majority of the people live in abject poverty. Tax administration lacks innovative mechanism to identify new tax payers and bring them into tax-net. Tax reform agenda was the reform package and program of the government after the restoration of multiparty democracy system. In Nepal, VAT was introduced in 1997 to improve revenue mobilization through broadening the tax base and modernizing the tax system. In this process, the government had to face new problems that came along with the adoption of VAT. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the structure and responsiveness of VAT in Nepal empirically and compare it with that of old system of sales taxes. The old system of sales taxes refers to the combined sales, entertainment, contracts, hotels, and air flight taxes received by the government before 1997/98.

The Size of Government, Capital Accumulation, and the Tax Base

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. L. Nellor
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Consumption Tax ◽  
Size Of Government ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Policy Concern

A central tax policy concern is the role of particular tax bases in either stimulating or discouraging capital accumulation. While the consumption tax has been proposed as superior to the income tax in terms of its treatment of saving, the literature has shown that whether a consumption or income-based tax system is associated with greater capital accumulation is theoretically indeterminate. This article incorporates the role of public accumulation and changing government activities into its analysis of capital accumulation, which enables this ambiguity to be resolved. An examination of U.S. data for the 1929–1978 period suggests that had inflation adjustment of the income tax been adopted it would, contrary to the implication of several tax reform proposals, have resulted in greater accumulation than the implementation of a consumption tax.

scholarly journals GST: A Tax Reform for Sustainability of Indian Handicrafts

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 354-359
Author(s):  
Kritika Tekwani ◽  
Rinku Raghuvanshi
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Tax System ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Government

Purpose of the study: Taxation is one of a tool, which helps the Government for the achievement of the goal of sustainable development for every sector including handicraft. The objectives of this study are to know about Goods and Services Tax & its inferences on sustainable development of Indian handicrafts and to identify the role of GST as tax reform in the sustainable development of handicrafts sector in India. The Indian handicraft is economically important and it has more potential for exports. This sector places a major role in the Indian economy. Methodology:  The Descriptive method of research has been used to gather information about the existing conditions of GST and Handicraft sector of India. This study is based on secondary data. The data has been taken from different journals, books, magazines, websites, and published data from government institutions. This study is explanatory in nature. The collected data from different sources has been reviewed and data relevant to the handicraft sector further analyzed. The researcher concluded that how GST is helping Indian handicraft sector for sustainable development. Main Findings: GST brought transparency in the tax system and it also eliminated the multiple taxes, which ultimately increases the final prices. This study revealed that GST would make Indian handicrafts more competitive in the domestic and foreign markets. GST is fiscal tax reform which helps in the sustainable development of Indian handicrafts. This research study found that the handicraft sector of India became more organized, centralized, and regulated after the implementation of Goods and Services Tax. The implication of the study: GST implemented on July 01, 2017 with the aim of simplification of the tax system, fiscal structure, United Indian Market, and sustainable development in India. It is a comprehensive value-added tax which merged different taxes including VAT, service tax, surcharges, CST, etc. This study can be useful for future researchers, traders, and exporters to know the implication of GST in the handicraft sector. Traders and exporters can get knowledge about the GST, tax rates, and exports under LUT/ bond. This study may be benefited to the Government for further development in GST as per the findings of this study. Novelty/Originality of this study: GST is new tax reform in India, only a few studies have been done on it. As per the researcher ’ s best knowledge few studies have been carried out on GST and handicraft sector, but none of the study is carried out on this topic. This study highlights the unrevealed facts and figures about the role of GST in the sustainable development of the handicraft sector.

scholarly journals LEGAL POLICY OF ANTI-SOVIET A. V. KOLCHAK’S GOVERNMENT IN THE SPHERE OF TAXES

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
A. V. Dulger
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses the legislation of anti-Soviet state entities in the field of taxes, in particular, the government of A.V. Kolchak. Particular attention is paid to the subsequent implementation of regulatory acts in the field of tax regulation in Western Siberia. The features of the tax policy of the Kolchaks government in the conditions of revolution and civil war are described considering the previous events of the Soviet authorities. The restoration of the tax system is being investigated. The types of direct and indirect taxes, such as corporate income tax, commercial tax, excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco products, income tax, entertainment tax, are examined in detail. The impact of tax policy of A. V. Kolchak to other anti-Soviet governments that acted on the territory of Russia in 19171921, and to some extent to the tax policy of the Soviet government after the defeat of the white movement is estimated. The author assumes and argues the lack of effectiveness of the tax policy of the white A. V. Kolchaks government, which was one of the reasons for his defeat.

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