Geopolitica della lingua italiana

FUTURIBILI ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 139-161
Author(s):  
de Leitenburg Mainardo Benardelli

- Language is one of the most widely discussed questions in Italian social and literary history, and Italian has recently been dropped from the list of official languages in the European Community. The author presents a historical overview starting from the 13th century, which saw the beginning of popular literature in poetry, and comprising the development of written and spoken Italian from traditional regional literature to the evolution of the dolce stilnovo, the appearance in the 19th century of the language of Manzoni and his antagonists, the composition of the first Dictionary of the Italian language and the practice of transferring teachers and national service conscripts from one part of the country to another so as to spread a standard language over the whole territory. The article concludes with the observation that language changes over time and that its current written and spoken form is the result of standardisation produced by the population's exposure to the mass media.

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-458
Author(s):  
Gila Prebor ◽  
Maayan Zhitomirsky-Geffet ◽  
Yitzchak Miller

Abstract In this article, we utilized large-scale statistical analysis and data visualization techniques of the greatest collection in the world of Hebrew manuscript metadata records to develop a new methodology for quantitative investigation of the palaeographic, geographic, and temporal characteristics of historical manuscripts. The study aims to explore whether and to what extent the script type of the manuscript and its changes over time can be used to automatically predict and complete missing geospatial data of the manuscripts. To this end, various ontological entities were used as features to train supervised machine-learning algorithms to predict the places of writing of manuscripts which were often absent in the catalogue records. The obtained results show that while the script type as an only feature might not be sufficient for prediction of the location of the manuscript’s writing, its combination with temporal data of the manuscript yielded about 80% accuracy. Eventually, our system was able to complete the missing places of writing for over 60% of the manuscripts in the corpus. Moreover, we found that through typical and marginal script types in different regions and their changes over time, it is possible to draw the migration map of the Jewish communities over the centuries. This reinforces the findings of historical research on Jewish migration patterns and communal formation. For example, the waves of immigration from Western Europe can be seen clearly from the second half of the 13th century, which continued until the 17th century and greatly increased the Eastern European Jewish community.


1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D Cliff ◽  
B T Robson

Changes over time in the distribution of settlement sizes in England and Wales are examined by using two data sets: Town population sizes 1801–1911 and the population size of various local government units in 1968. The Cohen and Whitworth random partitioning models are applied to these data. Standard normal deviates show the increasing population concentration in large urban areas during the 19th century and the reversal of this trend in the 20th century, leading to the suggestion of maximum entropy in 1968. A comparison of the Cohen and the rank–size models suggests the greater utility of the former once the primate city is excluded from consideration. The analysis highlights the timing of critical changes in the evolution of the settlement pattern, particularly the reversal of trend in 1901.


2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAN I. SLOBIN

ABSTRACTBefore the beginning of theJournal of Child Languagein 1974 three technological innovations had set the stage for a fundamental expansion and revision of our understanding of the processes of child language acquisition. Portable audio and video recorders changed both the quantity and quality of data. Computers made it possible to store and search large corpora, to rapidly carry out statistical analyses of the distribution of linguistic forms and their changes over time, and to simulate models of acquisition. This essay is a personal and historical overview of the unexpected consequences of those technological innovations for the study of child language. In looking to the future, another tool, linguistic typology, is essential for building models of language acquisition.


Author(s):  
Chiara Pagnotta

Desde hace algunos años, en la comunidad académica, se afirmó la idea de que las fuentes orales ofrecen una interesante clave de lectura acerca de las interpretaciones, los sentidos y la relectura de los acontecimientos vividos por parte de sus protagonistas. Al mismo tiempo, se postuló que las fuentes orales están sujetas a una cierta forma de subjetividad y (auto) censura determinada por un control individual, colectivo o social sobre la fuente misma. En la parte inicial del texto, me propongo detallar las particularidades de las fuentes orales, en cuanto fuentes producidas a partir del encuentro entre investigador y testimonio del evento. En la segunda parte, pretendo ofrecer una reflexión acerca de la relación entre la historia y la trasmisión de la memoria, a partir de los relatos de los descendientes de los italianos que emigraron a Ecuador en el siglo XIX y finalmente me centraré en mostrar cómo algunos acontecimientos históricos son reelaborados, reinterpretados e inclusive olvidados por los protagonistas de la migración través del filtro de la memoria que cambia con el tiempo. Una fuente importante para este trabajo son los relatos de los inmigrantes italianos y sus descendientes recopilados en Ecuador entre 2010 y 2015. It is some years, inside the academic community, that it is emerged the idea that oral sources offer an interesting key about the interpretations, the feelings and the reworking of the lived events by their own protagonists. At the same time, it has been postulated that oral sources are subject to a certain form of subjectivity and (self) censorship, determined by individual, collective or social control over the source itself. In the initial part of the text, I propose to detail the particularities of oral sources, as the product of the encounter between the researcher and the witness of the event. In the second part, I intend to offer a reflection on the relationship between history and the transmission of memory, based on the stories of the Italians' descendants who emigrated to Ecuador in the 19th century. Finally, I will focus on showing how the filter of memory, that changes over time, re-elaborates, reinterprets and even forgot some historical events. An important source for this work are the stories of Italian immigrants and their descendants collected in Ecuador between 2010 and 2015.


2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Zofia Frątczak

AbstractThis papers refers to demographic processes in the period from the 19th century through to the present and tries to define what they will look like in the future. Demographic trends i.a. relating to fertility, mortality, migrations, the process of family-union-household formation and dissolution, and the process of population ageing, are described by the concepts of demographic transformations: first, second and third. The transformation of demographic trends has coexisted and will coexist with globalization processes, though the scope of the mutual influence changes over time. Despite the fact that it takes place in various geographical regions, the transformation of demographic trends is characterised by high cultural diversity and socio-economic development.


1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willie van Peer

This article investigates the way in which devices of foregrounding play a role at the typographical level of a text's organisation. In poetry, such devices are very old and are regularly used in a bold way, thereby creating specific effects. However, a historical overview reveals that such bold typographic experiments are not distributed evenly over time. It also emerges that some of these texts survive in the literary canon, while others are forgotten. On the basis of an analysis of some test cases in literary history, hypotheses are proposed which may explain this uneven distribution. The discussion has also repercussions for issues of value in the study of literature.


VASA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Urban ◽  
Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽  
Isabelle Signolet ◽  
Christophe Colas Ribas ◽  
Mathieu Feuilloy ◽  
...  

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.


2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda Olff ◽  
Mirjam Nijdam ◽  
Kristin Samuelson ◽  
Julia Golier ◽  
Mariel Meewisse ◽  
...  

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca D. Stinson ◽  
Zachary Sussman ◽  
Megan Foley Nicpon ◽  
Allison L. Allmon ◽  
Courtney Cornick ◽  
...  

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