Changes in the Size Distribution of Settlements in England and Wales, 1801–1968

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D Cliff ◽  
B T Robson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Data Standard ◽  
Population Concentration ◽  
Standard Normal ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

Changes over time in the distribution of settlement sizes in England and Wales are examined by using two data sets: Town population sizes 1801–1911 and the population size of various local government units in 1968. The Cohen and Whitworth random partitioning models are applied to these data. Standard normal deviates show the increasing population concentration in large urban areas during the 19th century and the reversal of this trend in the 20th century, leading to the suggestion of maximum entropy in 1968. A comparison of the Cohen and the rank–size models suggests the greater utility of the former once the primate city is excluded from consideration. The analysis highlights the timing of critical changes in the evolution of the settlement pattern, particularly the reversal of trend in 1901.

scholarly journals Typifying Guinea Pig (Cavia Porcellus) Farmers in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas in Central and Southern Côte d'lvoire

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
N'Goran David Vincent Kouakou ◽  
Niko Speybroeck ◽  
Nogbou Emmanuel Assidjo ◽  
Jean-François Grongnet ◽  
Eric Thys
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Cavia Porcellus ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Socioeconomic Profile ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Over Time

Guinea pig production is practised by all strata of society in Côte d'Ivoire, without regard to gender, age, religion, instruction level or community. It is essentially a source of income, but socioeconomic and cultural background significantly influence the approach to guinea pig production. Adult owners use animals as a source of income. Children eat a significant part of the production themselves. Adolescents progress from consumption to marketing. This preliminary study opens the way for future work that could measure changes over time in the socioeconomic profile of guinea pig farmers and the attitude of the population towards guinea pig breeding.

scholarly journals Designing Dynamic Delivery Parking Spots in Urban Areas to Reduce Traffic Disruptions

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Roca-Riu ◽  
Jin Cao ◽  
Igor Dakic ◽  
Monica Menendez
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Hydrodynamic Theory ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Road Space ◽  
Delivery Services ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Pick-up and delivery services are essential for businesses in urban areas. However, due to the limited space in city centers, it might be unfeasible to provide sufficient loading/unloading spots. As a result, this type of operations often interferes with traffic by occupying road space (e.g., illegal parking). In this study, a potential solution is investigated: Dynamic Delivery Parking Spots (DDPS). With this concept, based on the time-varying traffic demand, the area allowed for delivery parking changes over time in order to maximize delivery opportunities while reducing traffic disruptions. Using the hydrodynamic theory of traffic flow, we analyze the traffic discharging rate on an urban link with DDPS. In comparison to the situation without delivery parking, the results show that although DDPS occupy some space on a driving lane, it is possible to keep the delay at a local level, that is, without spreading to the network. In this paper, we provide a methodology for the DDPS design, so that the delivery requests can be satisfied while their negative impacts on traffic are reduced. A simulation study is used to validate the model and to estimate delay compared to real situations with illegal parking, showing that DDPS can reduce system’s delay.

scholarly journals National trends of childhood vaccination coverage in Bangladesh: Understanding gaps from 2011, 2014 and 2017-18 Demographic and Health Surveys data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyajit Kundu ◽  
Subarna Kundu ◽  
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽  
Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽  
Joshua Okyere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Vaccination is a safe and cost-effective strategy for protecting children from life-threatening diseases. This study aimed to investigate the changes over time in proportion of vaccination coverage across demographic subgroups in Bangladesh. Method Vaccination coverage for children 12–59 months of age was obtained from Bangladesh’s 2011, 2014, and 2017-18 Demographic and Health Surveys. Three multivariable binary logistic regression models with complete vaccination status at each survey data were used to generate adjusted odds ratios to uncover immunization variations across socio-demographic categories. Further, to detect potential geographic disparities, changes over time were analyzed at both the country and district levels. Findings Vaccination coverage grew from 88.1% in 2011 to 89.2% in 2017–2018, indicating a gap of more than ten percent for complete immunization coverage among children aged 12–59 months. Children aged 23–35 were more likely to have full vaccination compared to those aged 12–23 in 2011 (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3–1.9), 2014 (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3-2.0), and 2017-18 (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.7). The likelihood of full vaccination of children increased with maternal education with the highest odds among women with higher education in 2011 (AOR = 7.2, 95% CI = 4.0-12.9), 2014 (AOR = 4.0, 95% CI = 2.7–5.9), and 2017-18 (AOR = 5.8, 95% CI = 3.5–9.6) compared to those with no formal education. Children born to mothers who lived in urban areas were more likely to have full vaccination in 2011 (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3–1.8), 2014 (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2–1.7), and 2017-18 (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.7) compared to those who lived in rural areas. Children born to mothers who had at least 4 ANC visits were more likely to have full vaccination compared to those with less than 3 ANC visits in 2011 (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2-2.0), 2014 (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2-2.0), and 2017-18 (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2–2.1 During these three surveys, Rangpur division had the highest vaccine coverage rate, while Sylhet division had the lowest vaccination coverage. Conclusion Although there was an improvement in these nationally representative surveys from 2011 to 2017-18, a portion of children still needs to be vaccinated to ensure full immunization coverage. To achieve 100% immunization coverage for all Bangladeshi children, policymakers must integrate vaccine programs with personalized health messaging and assurances of health safety for impoverished children and low-educated mothers. Increased institutional deliveries and prenatal care visits by mothers could assist increase their children's vaccination coverage.

Stochastic time-dependent parameters to improve the modeling and characterization of catchments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bacci ◽  
Fabrizio Fenicia ◽  
Jonas Sukys
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Stochastic Time ◽  
Over Time

<p>Catchments are complex dynamical systems exposed to highly-variable inputs (rainfall). Despite this complexity, it is uncommon to model these systems as stochastic ones. Previous works offer a large number of examples where deterministic (conceptual or physics-based) models are used to describe hydrological basins in spite of the fact that, in some cases, the output of the model shows substantial deviations from the observed data even after meticulous calibration.<br>There are different ways to include stochasticity in the hydrological modeling of catchments. With this contribution we explore a systematic way to improve our knowledge of the system at hand by using time-dependent parameters, which are driven by suited stochastic processes. The fundamental idea, which dates back to seminal works carried out about ten years ago, is to correlate the evolution of the selected time-dependent parameters to catchment features, input variables, or possible changes over time within the catchment area, to improve the structure of the model in a data-driven fashion, rather than to merely resort to including a bias term on the output of the model.<br>In doing so for different catchments, we make use of a newly-developed inference framework called SPUX, which is particularly suited to deal with non-linear stochastic models as it enables the usage of high-performance computing clusters for (Bayesian) inference coupled with the particle filter method. This allows us to explore and show our approach at work on different settings, such as models of different complexity and data-sets of different resolutions, lengths, and relevant to catchments with different characteristics, which have (or not) changed over time.</p>

Exploring Historical Canadian Foodborne Outbreak Data Sets for Human Illness Attribution

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 1963-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. RAVEL ◽  
J. GREIG ◽  
C. TINGA ◽  
E. TODD ◽  
G. CAMPBELL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Foodborne Outbreak ◽  
Escherichia Coli Infection ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Human Illness ◽  
Illness Attribution ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Human illness attribution has been recently recognized as an important tool to better inform food safety decisions. Analysis of outbreak data sets has been used for that purpose. This study was conducted to explore the usefulness of three comprehensive Canadian foodborne outbreak data sets covering 30 years for estimating food attribution in cases of gastrointestinal illness, providing Canadian food attribution estimates from a historical perspective. Information concerning the microbiological etiology and food vehicles recorded for each outbreak was standardized between the data sets. The agent–food vehicle combinations were described and analyzed for changes over time by using multiple correspondence analysis. Overall, 6,908 foodborne outbreaks were available for three decades (1976 through 2005), but the agent and the food vehicle were identified in only 2,107 of these outbreaks. Differences between the data sets were found in the distribution of the cause, the vehicle, and the location or size of the outbreaks. Multiple correspondence analysis revealed an association between Clostridium botulinum and wild meat and between C. botulinum and seafood. This analysis also highlighted changes in food attribution over time and generated the most up-to-date food attribution values for salmonellosis (29% of cases associated with produce, 15% with poultry, and 15% with meat other than poultry, pork, and beef), campylobacteriosis (56% of cases associated with poultry and 22% with dairy products other than fluid milk), and Escherichia coli infection (37% of cases associated with beef, 23% with cooked multi-ingredient dishes, and 11% with meat other than beef, poultry, and pork). Because of the inherent limitations of this approach, only the main findings should be considered for policy making. The use of other human illness attribution approaches may provide further clarification.

scholarly journals Reflexiones en torno a las fuentes orales. Historia y memoria en los relatos sobre migración italiana en Ecuador (XIX-XX).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Pagnotta
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Control Individual ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Desde hace algunos años, en la comunidad académica, se afirmó la idea de que las fuentes orales ofrecen una interesante clave de lectura acerca de las interpretaciones, los sentidos y la relectura de los acontecimientos vividos por parte de sus protagonistas. Al mismo tiempo, se postuló que las fuentes orales están sujetas a una cierta forma de subjetividad y (auto) censura determinada por un control individual, colectivo o social sobre la fuente misma. En la parte inicial del texto, me propongo detallar las particularidades de las fuentes orales, en cuanto fuentes producidas a partir del encuentro entre investigador y testimonio del evento. En la segunda parte, pretendo ofrecer una reflexión acerca de la relación entre la historia y la trasmisión de la memoria, a partir de los relatos de los descendientes de los italianos que emigraron a Ecuador en el siglo XIX y finalmente me centraré en mostrar cómo algunos acontecimientos históricos son reelaborados, reinterpretados e inclusive olvidados por los protagonistas de la migración través del filtro de la memoria que cambia con el tiempo. Una fuente importante para este trabajo son los relatos de los inmigrantes italianos y sus descendientes recopilados en Ecuador entre 2010 y 2015. It is some years, inside the academic community, that it is emerged the idea that oral sources offer an interesting key about the interpretations, the feelings and the reworking of the lived events by their own protagonists. At the same time, it has been postulated that oral sources are subject to a certain form of subjectivity and (self) censorship, determined by individual, collective or social control over the source itself. In the initial part of the text, I propose to detail the particularities of oral sources, as the product of the encounter between the researcher and the witness of the event. In the second part, I intend to offer a reflection on the relationship between history and the transmission of memory, based on the stories of the Italians' descendants who emigrated to Ecuador in the 19th century. Finally, I will focus on showing how the filter of memory, that changes over time, re-elaborates, reinterprets and even forgot some historical events. An important source for this work are the stories of Italian immigrants and their descendants collected in Ecuador between 2010 and 2015.

scholarly journals Opioid Misuse in Missouri: Analyzing Emergency Department Use in Urban/Rural Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Mobley ◽  
Andrew Hunter ◽  
Whitney Coffey
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Metro Area ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Ed Visits ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveCompare rate changes over time for Emergency Department (ED) visits due to opioid overdose in urban versus rural areas of the state of Missouri.IntroductionLike many other states in the U.S., Missouri has experienced large increases in opioid abuse resulting in hundreds dying each year and thousands of ED visits due to overdose. Missouri has two major urban areas, St. Louis and Kansas City and a few smaller cities, while the remainder of the state is more rural in nature. The opioid epidemic has impacted all areas in the state but the magnitude of that impact varies as well as the type of opioid used. Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (MODHSS) maintains the Patient Abstract System (PAS) which contains data from hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers throughout the state. PAS includes data from ED visits including information on diagnoses, patient demographics, and other information about the visit. MODHSS also participates in the Enhanced State Surveillance of Opioid-involved Morbidity and Mortality project (ESOOS). One major aspect of this surveillance project is the collection of data on non-fatal opioid overdoses from ED visits. Through this collection of data, MODHSS analyzed opioid overdose visits throughout the state, how rates compare across urban and rural areas, and how those rates have changed over time.MethodsThe 115 counties in Missouri were organized into the six-level urban-rural classification scheme developed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The attached table shows the breakout of counties into the six different categories. The data years analyzed were 2012 through 2016. ED visits due to opioid overdose were identified using case definitions supplied by ESOOS. Overdoses were analyzed in three different categories—all opioids, heroin, and non-heroin opioids. The all opioid category combines heroin and non-heroin opioids. Non-heroin opioids includes prescription drugs such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and fentanyl analogues. Annual rates per 10,000 were calculated for each county classification using population estimates. Confidence intervals (at 95%) were then calculated using either inverse gamma when the number of ED visits was under 500, or Poisson when the number was 500 or more. Changes over time were calculated using both a year over year method and a 5 year change method.ResultsOverall opioid rates have increased in all geographic areas during the 5 year period analyzed. Large Central Metro and Large Fringe Metro counties had the highest rates of ED visits due to opioid overdose. These two classifications also saw the largest increases in rates. The Large Central Metro counties collectively increased over 125%, while the Large Fringe Metro area increased 130%. Both areas experienced statistically significant increases year-to-year between 2014 and 2016 in addition to the overall 5 year period of 2012-2016.Analysis was also conducted for heroin and non-heroin subsets of opioid abuse. There were important differences in these two groups. For heroin ED visits, the highest rates were found in the Large Central Metro and Large Fringe Metro regions. However, the largest increase in percentage terms were found in the Medium Metropolitan, Micropolitan and Noncore regions which all saw increases of over 300%. Notably, every region experienced increases of over 150%. The Medium Metro had two consecutive years (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) where the heroin ED rate more than doubled.In contrast, non-heroin ED visits did not experience such a large increase over time. Most areas saw small fluctuations year-to-year with moderate overall increases over the 5-year time period. The exception to this trend is the Large Fringe Metro area, which saw increases every year most notably between 2014 and 2015 and had by far the largest 5 year increase at 82%.ConclusionsThe urban areas in Missouri continue to have the highest rates of opioid overdose, however all areas within the state have experienced very large increases in heroin ED visits within the past five years. The increase in heroin ED visits in the rural areas suggests the abuse of heroin has now spread throughout the state, as rates were much lower in 2012. The steady increase in non-heroin opioids unique to the Large Fringe Metro may be due to the availability of fentanyl in urban areas especially the St. Louis area. This possible finding would correspond with the increased deaths due to fentanyl experienced in and around the St. Louis urban area that has been identified through analysis of death certificate data. 

New Techniques, New Opportunities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Escott
Keyword(s):  
Digital Humanities ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Crowd Sourcing ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Huge Data ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses and examines the new techniques of digital humanities. Beyond the important advantage of having primary sources available in digital form, historians now can use computers to analyze huge data sets, to combine different but related data sets, to collect information, to map information, and to visualize changes over time. Using the “crowd-sourcing” approach, it is possible to assemble huge amounts of scattered but useful data that would be beyond one person’s efforts. This chapter examines several examples of innovative projects and offers suggestions for future work and for enhancing cooperation among researchers.

Demographic processes: past, present and future − selected issues

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Zofia Frątczak
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Household Formation ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis papers refers to demographic processes in the period from the 19th century through to the present and tries to define what they will look like in the future. Demographic trends i.a. relating to fertility, mortality, migrations, the process of family-union-household formation and dissolution, and the process of population ageing, are described by the concepts of demographic transformations: first, second and third. The transformation of demographic trends has coexisted and will coexist with globalization processes, though the scope of the mutual influence changes over time. Despite the fact that it takes place in various geographical regions, the transformation of demographic trends is characterised by high cultural diversity and socio-economic development.

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