scholarly journals Utilization of Wastewater from Different Sources as Potential Electrical Energy Source

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Melvin Hagonob ◽  
◽  
Leomarich Casinillo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Salt Bridge ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Carbon Electrodes ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Different Sources

This study is about the generated electricity from wastewater using carbon electrodes with the absence/presence of salt bridge through the biofilm anode of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology. The three wastewater samples used were from a pond, an abaca pulp mill, and rice fields. Results showed that one of the abaca pulp mill treatments, using carbon rod electrodes with salt bridge presence, reached the highest mean voltage and current to 578.7 mV and 0.2022 mV, respectively. The study revealed that the number of sensible power generation days, from start to end of experimentation, has a significant difference between treatments. Throughout the 20-day fermentation process, a total count of 8.94x105 colony forming units (CFU) per ml was found and purified from the biofilm anodes from pond wastewater. Likewise, 9.14x105 CFU per ml isolates from the abaca pulp mill, and 1.65x106 CFU per ml isolates from the rice field.

scholarly journals Cassava grates processing wastes as source of electrical energy

2010 ◽  
pp. 55-71
Author(s):  
Mark Anthony Atanacio ◽  
Daniel Leslie Tan ◽  
Felix Amestoso
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Salt Bridge ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Cross Product ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Processing Wastes ◽  
Response Surface Regression

The study aimed to generate electricity from cassava (Manihot esculenta) extract using an improvised microbial fuel cell (MFC). In the development of the MFC, screening experiment using 8-run Plackett-Burman (PB) technique and optimization procedure following response surface methodology (RSM) were employed. More cassava extract concentration significantly increased the generated voltage and the significance exhibited by salt ratio was inversely proportional to the voltage generated. One of the treatments in the 3×3 factorial experiment reached the maximum voltage of 546 mV. Response surface regression analysis of all the response studied revealed that linear, quadratic, and cross product regression of cassava extract concentration and salt ratio in the salt bridge significantly affected the voltage which further developed a regression model represented as ∆E=106+1318x-4829y-850x2-787xy+18032y2. The canonical analysis of the voltage showed minimum response at the stationary point inside the factor level space equal to 211 mV. Salt ratio level lower than 15% and cassava extract concentration not less than 60% generated a higher voltage value. T-test showed no significant difference of voltage between days, and between the predicted mean and the observed mean, which had % accuracy of 92.54, and 93.28%.“

Effects of Different Stocking Densities on Growth, Serum Steroid Hormone Concentrations, Gonadosomatic Index and Sex Reversal in the Rice Field Eel, Monopterus albus (Zuiew)

2011 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
Han Wen Yuan ◽  
Fang Chen ◽  
Qiao Qing Xu ◽  
Shi Yuan Gong ◽  
Zhang Jie Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Field ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Monopterus Albus ◽  
Rice Field Eel ◽  
Significant Difference

The effects of stocking density on various growth parameters and sex reversal in the rice field eel (Monopterus albus) were investigated by evaluating steroid hormone, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and sex ratio. Fish (mean initial weight of 9.88 ± 0.70 g) were stocked to densities of 4, 20, 36, 52, 68, 84 or 100 fish/m2 in cages (2 m × 1 m × 1.5 m) in a pond, with five replicate cages for each density. Fish were fed for 420 days on a formulated isocaloric diet containing 40.22% crude protein and 12.86 MJ/kg. Serum E2 and T concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassays. There were no significant differences in final bodyweight (FBW) and daily weight gain (DWG) for fish in the groups containing less than 52 fish/m2, while FBW and DWG were significant lower in groups at 68 fish/m2 or more. Specific growth rate (SGR) differed significantly between the 84 and 100 fish/m2 groups compared with the 4, 20 and 36 fish/m2 groups. There was no significant difference in SGR in groups containing less than 84 fish/m2. There were no significant difference between the 4 and 20 fish/m2 groups in net yield (NY), but these groups did differ significantly from the other groups. The final condition factors of fish stocked at 84 or 100 fish/m2 were significantly lower than fish stocked at the other densities. E2 and T hormone concentrations declined as stocking density increased, while GSI values increased initially but then reduced with increasing stocking density. Female ratio and survival decreased with increasing stocking density. The proportion of male fish was significantly greater in the three highest stocking density groups. Therefore, high stocking density may promote sex change from female to male in M. albus.

scholarly journals A comparison of several media types and basic techniques used to assess outdoor airborne fungi in Melbourne, Australia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley D Black
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Airborne Fungi ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Standard Medium ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Enhancing Factor ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Media Types

AbstractDespite the recent increase in interest in indoor air quality regarding mould, there is no single widely accepted standard media for the detection of airborne fungi, nor verification of many commonly used techniques. Commonly used media including malt-extract agar (MEA), Sabouraud dextrose agar (Sab, SDA, SabCG), potato dextrose agar (PDA) with and without antibiotics chloramphenicol & gentamycin (CG) were compared for their suitability in detecting a range of common airborne fungi by collecting 150 L outdoor air on a number of different days and seasons via an Anderson 400-hole sampler in suburban Melbourne, Australia. There was relatively little variation in mean numbers of colony forming units (CFU) and types of fungi recovered between MEA, PDA, SabCG media groups relative to variation within each group. There was a significant difference between SabCG, Dichloran-18% glycerol (DG18) and V8® Original juice agar media, however. Antibiotics reliably prevented the growth of bacteria that typically interfered with the growth and appearance of fungal colonies. There was no significant evidence for a growth enhancing factor from potato, mineral supplements or various vegetable juices. Differing glucose concentrations had modest effects, showing a vague ideal at 2%-4% with peptone. Sanitisation/sterilisation of the aluminium Andersen 400-hole sampler top-plate by flame is possible, but not strictly required nor advisable. The use of SabCG as a standard medium was generally supported.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of Investigation of Renewable Energy System for Rural Electrification in South Algeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 3421-3426 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chermat ◽  
M. Khemliche ◽  
A. E. Badoud ◽  
S. Latreche
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Management Algorithm ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation And Maintenance Cost ◽  
Different Sources

This work aims to consider the combination of different technologies regarding energy production and management with four possible configurations. We present an energy management algorithm to detect the best design and the best configuration from the combination of different sources. This combination allows us to produce the necessary electrical energy for supplying habitation without interruption. A comparative study is conducted among the different combinations on the basis of the cost of energy, diesel consumption, diesel price, capital cost, replacement cost, operation, and maintenance cost and greenhouse gas emission. Sensitivity analysis is also performed.

scholarly journals Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Material in Wastewater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn A Robinson ◽  
Hsin-yeh Hsieh ◽  
Shu Yu Hsu ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Braxton Salcedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Control Virus ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Matrix Control ◽  
Raw Wastewater

SARS-CoV-2 genetic material has been detected in raw wastewater around the world throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and has served as a useful tool for monitoring community levels of SARS-CoV-2 infections. SARS-CoV-2 genetic material is highly detectable in a patient feces and the household wastewater for several days before and after a positive COVID-19 qPCR test from throat or sputum samples. Here, we characterize genetic material collected from raw wastewater samples and determine recovery efficiency during a concentration process. We find that pasteurization of raw wastewater samples did not reduce SARS-CoV-2 signal if RNA is extracted immediately after pasteurization. On the contrary, we find that signal decreased by approximately half when RNA was extracted 24-36 hours post-pasteurization and ~90% when freeze-thawed prior to concentration. As a matrix control, we use an engineered enveloped RNA virus. Surprisingly, after concentration, the recovery of SARS-CoV-2 signal is consistently higher than the recovery of the control virus leading us to question the nature of the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material detected in wastewater. We see no significant difference in signal after different 24-hour temperature changes; however, treatment with detergent decreases signal ~100-fold. Furthermore, the density of the samples is comparable to enveloped retrovirus particles, yet, interestingly, when raw wastewater samples were used to inoculate cells, no cytopathic effects were seen indicating that wastewater samples do not contain infectious SARS-CoV-2. Together, this suggests that wastewater contains fully intact enveloped particles.

scholarly journals Physicochemistry and Heavy Metal Characteristics of Waste Products from Abattoir Activities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Azuonwu, Testimonies Chikanka ◽  
David N. Ogbonna ◽  
John Onwuteaka
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Faecal Matter ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Service Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wastewater Samples

The upsurge of abattoir operations as a result of the rise in demand for meat protein has led to a corresponding increase in waste generation. These wastes are often channelled into nearby streams with little or no treatment which exposes aquatic organisms to the resultant consequences of this waste deposition. This study was thus aimed at determining the physicochemical quality of some abattoir samples in Port Harcourt city. Soil, faecal matter, wastewater, waste blood and service water samples from the Iwofe, Rumuodomaya and Trans-Amadi abattoirs were collected within a  period of one year and the pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), sulphate, chloride, temperature, nitrate, ammonia and heavy metals quantities including chromium, lead, zinc, cobalt, copper and cadmium were determined using standard techniques. The study recorded high BOD5 and COD values from the blood, faecal matter, soil and wastewater samples while service water samples had values within the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality limits. Seasonal variations in the physicochemical parameters of the samples collected both in the wet and dry seasons were observed. The pH values ranged from 6.2-8.5, BOD5 of blood, faecal matter soil and wastewater ranged from 2124-4349 mg/l while the COD ranged from 2715-8820 mg/l. In Rumuodomaya, the BOD5 and COD ranged from 2276-2727 mg/l and 2583-3245 mg/l respectively while samples from Trans-Amadi abattoir had values for BOD5 and COD ranging from 2253-4330 mg/l and 2931-4597 mg/l, respectively. Nitrate, chromium, cadmium, zinc, cobalt, lead and copper contents in the different locations varied statistically at α-0.05 while no significant difference was observed for pH, ammonia, temperature, COD, BOD5, sulphate and chloride contents at α=0.05. The BOD5 and COD of waste blood, wastewater, soil and faecal matter recorded values that were above permissible limits for service water and therefore raises concern for the aquatic life being threatened by these effluents as the amount of dissolved oxygen available for them will be reduced as a pollution of the immediate environment, if these generated wastes are not treated before disposal.    

scholarly journals INSIDENSI PENGGEREK BATANG PADI KUNING (Schirpophaga incertulas Walker) PADA TIGA VARIETAS PADI : KASUS DI DESA KEMUMU BENGKULU UTARA

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Irma Cahyoko ◽  
Dwinardi Apriyanto ◽  
Kanang S. Hindarto
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Yellow Stem Borer ◽  
Significant Difference

[INCIDENCE OF THE RICE YELLOW STEM BORER (Schirpophaga incertulas Walker) ON THREE RICE VARIETIES IN KEMUMU, NORTH BENGKULU]. Rice yellow stem borer (RYSB), Schirpophaga incertulas Walker, often causes yield loss in irrigated rice field. Dead heard and white ear head are the common symptomps resulted from the larval damage. The use of resistant varieties may reduce the risk of yield loss, but the resistance may lose quickly as the varieties are continually grown in a large area. The assessment of the insect incidence in rice field is necessary in order to determine the status of the pest for certain period of time. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence and damage incurred by RYSB in three rice varieties, Mekongga, Cibogo, and Situ Bagendit at farmer rice fields. A survey was conducted in December 2017-February 2018 in Kemumu, North Bengkulu Regency. Observation of RYSB was made on randomly selected 30 hills from + 1 ha area for each variety that was located adjacent to each other. Grain yield was measured from the sampled hills and from 3 plots of 9 m2 . Weight of 1000 grain was measured from grain of three sampled hills. The results revealed that the incidence of RYSB was low, as indicated by the presence of egg mass and larvae of RYSB, and no significant difference was found among the three varieties. Nevertheless, the average cumulative number and percentage of dead heart and white ear head was significantly lower in Mekongga than those of Cibogo and Situ Bagendit. In term of grain yield, however, Mekongga outperformed the other two varieties. The low incidence of RYSB might suggest that growing different variety practiced by local farmers was able to suppress pest population, and therefore it should be implemented in all main areas of rice production.

scholarly journals Fermentative Capacity of Three Strains of Lactobacillus Using Different Sources of Carbohydrates: In Vitro Evaluation of Synbiotic Effects, Resistance and Tolerance to Bile and Gastric Juices

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolar Pak ◽  
Arunachalam Muthaiyan ◽  
Robert S. Story ◽  
Corliss A. O'Bryan ◽  
Sun-Ok Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Lactobacillus Bulgaricus ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Fermentative Capacity ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Different Sources

<p>A fermentation study of three probiotic <em>Lactobacillus</em> strains was conducted on individual carbohydrates including glucose (GLU) high methoxy pectin (HMP), sugar beet pectin (SBP), fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and inulin agave (IA) as the sole carbon sources. It was observed that <em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus </em>(LB), <em>Lactobacillus casei</em> (LC) and <em>Lactobacillus delbruckii</em> (LD) achieved the highest growth rates when they were grown in the presence of GLU, FOS, and IA, but LB had a slower growth rate in these substrates compared to LC and LD. Only LC had a statistically significantly higher growth rate in GOS than in the basal medium which contained no carbohydrate source. Exposure to bile caused a significant reduction of log colony forming units/ml of all 3 strains, with LD grown in HMP exhibiting the highest survival followed by LC and LD grown in GLU, and LD grown on IA. Although HMP was not fermented by the test organisms, results indicate that HMP may in fact help certain probiotic bacteria to survive exposure to bile. Exposure to simulated gastric juices indicated that the studied <em>Lactobacilli</em> are tolerant to simulated gastric juice.</p>

scholarly journals Evaluation of bacterial diversity during fermentation process: a comparison between handmade and machine-made high-temperature Daqu of Maotai-flavor liquor

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiancheng Zuo ◽  
Yongguang Huang ◽  
MinGuo
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Functional Bacteria ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fermentation Technology ◽  
Molding Methods

Abstract Purpose High-temperature Daqu is a traditional fermentation starter that is used for Chinese Maotai-flavor Baijiu production. Although the bacteria in high-temperature Daqu are known to be responsible for developing the quality and flavor of Baijiu during the fermentation process, there is little information on the properties of the bacteria during the fermentation of high-temperature Daqu, especially machine-made high-temperature Daqu. This has limited the development of the Maotai-flavor Baijiu industry, particularly with regard to the mechanized production of Maotai-flavor Baijiu. Methods Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was applied to study bacterial compositions during the fermentation of handmade and machine-made high temperatures. Results The results show that bacterial diversity in machine-made Daqu was similar but higher than that in handmade Daqu at the end of fermentation, and there was no significant difference between the methods with regard to the dominant genera and their dynamic changes during fermentation. Rhizobium, Bacillus, Thermoactinomyces, Weissella, Lactobacillus, and Saccharopolyspora were the dominant genera during the fermentation of both Daqus, although the relative abundance of these dominant genera differed between the two methods. Interestingly, the machine-made Daqu contained a higher relative abundance of Bacillus than handmade Daqu at all fermentation times. Bacillus is the most important functional bacteria in the fermentation of Maotai-flavor Baijiu, suggesting that mechanical-molding methods could be applied to industrial Maotai-flavor Daqu production. Conclusion These results suggest that mechanical-molding methods could be applied to industrial Maotai-flavor Daqu production, which could be helpful for industrial Maotai-flavor Baijiu production and the development of fermentation technology.

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