scholarly journals Neurocognitive And Dysfunctional Belief Candidate Endophenotypes Of Obsessive-Compulsive And Related Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie E. Taillefer
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Neurocognitive Tasks ◽  
Excoriation Disorder ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Of Thoughts ◽  
Dysfunctional Belief

Background: The current dissertation examined neurocognitive and dysfunctional belief candidate endophenotypes (CEs) across the obsessive compulsive spectrum to elucidate general versus specific factors. This study included CEs from two etiological perspectives well established in the literature. Secondary analyses examined several CEs multidimensionally and examined the relationship between CEs and of QOL. Methods: A total of 77 participants took part in this study, divided into four groups; OCD (n = 21), Hoarding Disorder (HD; n = 16), Grooming Disorders which included both Trichotillomania and Excoriation Disorder (GD; n = 18), and control participants (n = 22). Participants completed a clinical interview and battery of neurocognitive tasks and questionnaires. Results: Those with HD performed worse than controls on measures of response inhibition and set-shifting. OCD continued to predict significant variance in number sequencing. Examination of dysfunctional belief CEs revealed specificity of Responsibility/Threat beliefs and Importance/Control of Thoughts beliefs to OCD. Perfectionism/Intolerance of Uncertainty appear to be broad CEs; however, differing specificity emerged depending on the measure utilized to measure the construct. Self-report indecision revealed specificity to OCD and HD. Differing patterns of QOL impairments emerged across the spectrum. A better understanding of CEs specificity has implications for diagnostic classification, etiology, course, and treatment.

scholarly journals Neurocognitive And Dysfunctional Belief Candidate Endophenotypes Of Obsessive-Compulsive And Related Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie E. Taillefer
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Neurocognitive Tasks ◽  
Excoriation Disorder ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Of Thoughts ◽  
Dysfunctional Belief

Background: The current dissertation examined neurocognitive and dysfunctional belief candidate endophenotypes (CEs) across the obsessive compulsive spectrum to elucidate general versus specific factors. This study included CEs from two etiological perspectives well established in the literature. Secondary analyses examined several CEs multidimensionally and examined the relationship between CEs and of QOL. Methods: A total of 77 participants took part in this study, divided into four groups; OCD (n = 21), Hoarding Disorder (HD; n = 16), Grooming Disorders which included both Trichotillomania and Excoriation Disorder (GD; n = 18), and control participants (n = 22). Participants completed a clinical interview and battery of neurocognitive tasks and questionnaires. Results: Those with HD performed worse than controls on measures of response inhibition and set-shifting. OCD continued to predict significant variance in number sequencing. Examination of dysfunctional belief CEs revealed specificity of Responsibility/Threat beliefs and Importance/Control of Thoughts beliefs to OCD. Perfectionism/Intolerance of Uncertainty appear to be broad CEs; however, differing specificity emerged depending on the measure utilized to measure the construct. Self-report indecision revealed specificity to OCD and HD. Differing patterns of QOL impairments emerged across the spectrum. A better understanding of CEs specificity has implications for diagnostic classification, etiology, course, and treatment.

Cognitive Treatment for OCD

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen L. Whittal ◽  
Melisa Robichaud
Keyword(s):  
Term Treatment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cognitive Treatment ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Inflated Responsibility ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Of Thoughts

The cornerstone of cognitive treatment (CT) for OCD is based upon the knowledge that unwanted intrusions are essentially a universal experience. As such, it is not the presence of the intrusion that is problematic but rather the associated meaning or interpretation. Treatment is flexible, depending upon the nature of the appraisals and beliefs, but can include strategies focused on inflated responsibility and overestimation of threat, importance and control of thoughts, and the need for perfectionism and certainty. The role of concealment and the relationship to personal values are important maintaining and etiological factors. The short-term and long-term treatment outcome is reviewed, along with predictors of treatment response and mechanisms of action, and the chapter concludes with future directions regarding CT for OCD.

scholarly journals Dissociative Experiences Mediate the Relationship Between Traumatic Life Events and Types of Skin Picking. Findings From Non-clinical Sample

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kłosowska ◽  
Rachela Antosz-Rekucka ◽  
Alina Kałużna-Wielobób ◽  
Katarzyna Prochwicz
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Skin Picking ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Dissociative Experiences ◽  
Traumatic Life Events ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Excoriation Disorder ◽  
The Relationship

Aim: Skin-picking (excoriation) disorder is considered as a form of maladaptive coping methods used by individuals who have difficulties in applying more adaptive strategies. Skin-picking development has been suggested to be preceded by traumatic life events. Dissociative symptoms have been reported as experienced by skin-picking sufferers during picking episodes. The purpose of the study was to examine whether the link between trauma and automatic type of skin-picking is mediated by the frequency of dissociative experiences, and whether the COVID-19 pandemic conditions have changed this relationship in any way.Methods: The study sample consisted of 594 adults (76% women) aged from 18 to 60. Traumatic life events, dissociative experiences, and types of skin-picking (focused vs. automatic) were assessed with self-report questionnaires. Mediation analyses and multigroup path analyses were carried out.Results: Dissociative experiences partially mediated the link between traumatic events and both types of skin-picking. The model was robust considering the conditions in which survey was filled out (pre-pandemic vs. pandemic).Conclusions: Traumatic life events and dissociative experiences are associated with both automatic and focused skin-picking regardless of pandemic conditions. Further studies are needed to understand mechanisms underlying the relationship between dissociation and skin-picking styles.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Mind-Body Dualism and Personal Values

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Gunne Grankvist ◽  
Petri Kajonius ◽  
Bjorn Persson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Values ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Dualists view the mind and the body as two fundamental different “things”, equally real and independent of each other. Cartesian thought, or substance dualism, maintains that the mind and body are two different substances, the non-physical and the physical, and a causal relationship is assumed to exist between them. Physicalism, on the other hand, is the idea that everything that exists is either physical or totally dependent of and determined by physical items. Hence, all mental states are fundamentally physical states. In the current study we investigated to what degree Swedish university students’ beliefs in mind-body dualism is explained by the importance they attach to personal values. A self-report inventory was used to measure their beliefs and values. Students who held stronger dualistic beliefs attach less importance to the power value (i.e., the effort to achieve social status, prestige, and control or dominance over people and resources). This finding shows that the strength in laypeople’s beliefs in dualism is partially explained by the importance they attach to personal values.</p>

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Affective and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Internet Use Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Moretta ◽  
Giulia Buodo
Keyword(s):  
Internet Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated the relationships and diagnostic power of symptoms associated with affective disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and drug addictions on Internet use disorder. Moreover, we tested whether Internet use disorder is characterized by a specific network of symptoms. One-hundred-and-four young adults (78 women) were assessed in laboratory using self-report measures of Internet addiction, alcohol use disorder, cannabis abuse, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, impulsiveness, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Only hoarding, obsessing, and depression symptoms were positively linked to Internet use disorder severity, with hoarding having greater power and accuracy than other obsessive-compulsive and affective symptoms. Only individuals with mild-moderate Internet use disorder were characterized by a network of strong and positive associations of affective and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. These findings may encourage future longitudinal studies aimed at identifying potential clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Internet use disorder and treatment targets.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Obsessive-compulsive Characteristics and Symptoms of Eating Disorders in a Nonclinical Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
John Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
College Sample ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Previous research has documented similarities between symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Anorexia Nervosa, and Bulimia Nervosa and elevated comorbidity between these conditions in clinical samples, with the relationship between OCD and Anorexia being stronger than between OCD and Bulimia. Researchers adopting a continuum view of psychopathology have also found that individuals with sub-clinical expressions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms resemble their clinical counterparts in several ways. The goal of the current study was to explore whether or not the observed relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and eating disorder symptoms observed in clinical populations would also be observed in a nonclinical population. 264 participants from a college sample completed self-report measures of these symptoms. A positive correlation was found between scores on obsessive-compulsive, anorexia and bulimia instruments, and reflective of their clinical counterparts the relationship between obsessive-compulsive and anorexia symptoms was more significant than the one between obsessive compulsive symptoms and bulimia symptoms. Implications and limitations for research and clinical practice are discussed.

Personality traits, types, and disorders: an examination of the relationship between three self‐report measures

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Furnham ◽  
John Crump
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Personality Type ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Assessment Centre ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Relationship

As part of an assessment centre 431 candidates completed three self‐report measures: one of personality disorders (Hogan Development Survey, HDS; Hogan & Hogan, 1997), one of personality traits (NEO‐PI, Costa & McCrae, 1992), and one of personality type (MBTI; Briggs & Myers, 1987). Correlational and regressional analysis tested various hypotheses about the overlap between the different dimensions and confirmed previous research using different instruments (Saulsman & Page, 2004). Results revealed highest correlation between the HDS and NEO, showing neuroticism correlating (as predicted) with excitable (borderline) and cautious (avoidant); introversion correlating with avoidant (cautious), schizoid (detached), and (negatively) with colourful (histrionic); openness correlating with schizotypal (imaginative) and conscientiousness with diligent (obsessive–compulsive). Many of the ‘overlaps’ were suggested by Widiger, Trull, Clarkin, Sanderson, and Costa (2002). The overlap and lack of overlap is considered at the psychometric and conceptual level. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Relationship Between Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms, Perfectionism, and Anxiety Sensitivity for Not Just Right Experiences

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren D. Irwin ◽  
Mairwen K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Maladaptive Perfectionism ◽  
Not Just Right Experiences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Just Right

The obsessive-compulsive core dimensions model posits that compulsions are driven by harm avoidance, or to counteract a sense of incompleteness, known as ‘not just right experiences’ (NJREs). Evidence suggests NJREs are associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms and maladaptive perfectionism. However, manipulations of NJREs have focused on the visual system, and have not been examined in the context of arousal fears associated with anxiety sensitivity (AS). This study examined the relationship between OC symptoms, perfectionism, and AS using in vivo manipulations of NJREs across visual, auditory, and tactile sensory modalities. Using a 2 (NJRE vs. JRE) × 2 (AS vs. no AS) between-subjects design, participants (N = 132) completed behavioural tasks designed to elicit NJREs and assess task discomfort and urge to counteract sensory-specific stimuli. Strong relationships were observed between task ratings and self-report measures of NJREs, incompleteness, OCD symptoms, maladaptive perfectionism, and AS. Those in the NJRE conditions gave significantly higher task ratings compared to JRE conditions; however, there was no main effect for AS. While maladaptive perfectionism and AS were significant predictors of task performance, there was no interaction between the two. The results confirm and extend research suggesting a strong association between NJREs and incompleteness motivations, as well as sensory-affective disturbance in OCD.

scholarly journals Perfecting Weight Restriction: The Moderating Influence of Body Dissatisfaction on the Relationship Between Perfectionism and Weight Control Practices

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Leanne Donovan ◽  
Dianne Chew ◽  
Rhiannon Penny
Keyword(s):  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Weight Restriction ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Concern Over Mistakes ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

This study explored the moderating effect of body dissatisfaction (BD) on the relationship between perfectionism and weight restricting and control behaviours (WRCBs). A sample of 167 female undergraduates completed self-report measures of perfectionism, BD and WRCBs. BD was not found to moderate the relationship between either perfectionism and dieting, or perfectionism and exercise. Instead, BD uniquely predicted both dieting and exercise, as did the perfectionism dimensions of self-oriented perfectionism, concern over mistakes, parental standards, and organisation. BD moderated the relationship between perfectionism and purging for analyses involving self-oriented perfectionism, concern over mistakes, and doubts about actions, such that there was a significant positive association between perfectionism and purging when BD was high but not low. Perfectionism and BD are important in different ways to WRCBs. The importance of measuring multiple dimensions of perfectionism and differentiating between the various types of WRCBs is highlighted.

scholarly journals Cognitive and Clinical Characteristics of Sexual and Religious Obsessions

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jedidiah Siev ◽  
Gail Steketee ◽  
Jeanne M. Fama ◽  
Sabine Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Inflated Responsibility ◽  
Maladaptive Beliefs ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Of Thoughts

Sexual and religious obsessions are often grouped together as unacceptable thoughts, symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) hypothesized to be maintained by maladaptive beliefs about the importance and control of thoughts. Although there is empirical justification for this typology, there are several reasons to suspect that sexual and religious obsessions may differ with respect to associated obsessional beliefs and personality traits. In this study, we examined the associations between sexual and religious obsessions (separately) and (a) putatively obsessional cognitive styles, especially beliefs about the importance and control of thoughts, and responsibility; (b) obsessive-compulsive personality traits; and (c) schizotypal personality traits. Whereas sexual obsessions were predicted only by increased beliefs about the importance and control of thoughts, and contamination obsessions were predicted only by inflated responsibility appraisals and threat estimation, religious obsessions were independently predicted by both of these constructs. In addition, only religious obsessions were related to self-reported obsessive-compulsive personality traits. Researchers and clinicians should be cognizant of potentially important distinctions between sexual and religious obsessions, and the possibility that scrupulous OCD shares processes with both autogenous and reactive presentations.

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