scholarly journals Characteristics of lightning at and in the vicinity of the CN Tower

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Todorovski.
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Electromagnetic Pulse ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Tall Structure

The CN Tower has been the center of tourism in Toronto since it first opened to the public on June 26, 1976. It is the world's tallest manmade freestanding structure as well as Canada's most recognizable icon standing at a height of 553 meters. However, like everything else, there could be a down to this incredible structure. Does it attract more lightning; potentially putting the surrounding area in its vicinity in harm's way, or does it provide lightning protection to this area? Although, extensive analysis have been performed concerning the characteristics of lightning strikes to the CN Tower, not much attention has been given to the characteristics of lightning strikes in the vicinity of the tower or the influence the tower has on the lightning environment around it. This thesis is believed to be the first to fill such a gap and tries to answer these questions. Using the 2005 North American Lightning Detection Network data for the area of up to 100 km from the tower, an extensive investigation of lightning activities in the vicinity of the tower is presented here. A comparison between the characteristics of CN Tower strikes and the characteristics of strikes occurring in its vicinity is also presented. Furthermore, the parameters of the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) generated by a strike to the tower are compared with those generated by a non-eN Tower strike. A substantial increase in the CN Tower LEMP peak in comparison with that resulting from non-CN Tower LEMP has been found. Therefore, electronic and communication systems located in the vicinity of a very tall structure must be specially protected from the lightning-generated electromagnetic pulse.

scholarly journals Characteristics of lightning at and in the vicinity of the CN Tower

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Todorovski.
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Electromagnetic Pulse ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Tall Structure

The CN Tower has been the center of tourism in Toronto since it first opened to the public on June 26, 1976. It is the world's tallest manmade freestanding structure as well as Canada's most recognizable icon standing at a height of 553 meters. However, like everything else, there could be a down to this incredible structure. Does it attract more lightning; potentially putting the surrounding area in its vicinity in harm's way, or does it provide lightning protection to this area? Although, extensive analysis have been performed concerning the characteristics of lightning strikes to the CN Tower, not much attention has been given to the characteristics of lightning strikes in the vicinity of the tower or the influence the tower has on the lightning environment around it. This thesis is believed to be the first to fill such a gap and tries to answer these questions. Using the 2005 North American Lightning Detection Network data for the area of up to 100 km from the tower, an extensive investigation of lightning activities in the vicinity of the tower is presented here. A comparison between the characteristics of CN Tower strikes and the characteristics of strikes occurring in its vicinity is also presented. Furthermore, the parameters of the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) generated by a strike to the tower are compared with those generated by a non-eN Tower strike. A substantial increase in the CN Tower LEMP peak in comparison with that resulting from non-CN Tower LEMP has been found. Therefore, electronic and communication systems located in the vicinity of a very tall structure must be specially protected from the lightning-generated electromagnetic pulse.

scholarly journals The use of the PN-EN 62305-2 standard to the risk assessment of losses in the equipped object in station- devices of the railway traffic controlling

2018 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 05006
Author(s):  
Zofia Wróbel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Control Panel ◽  
The Public ◽  
Railway Traffic ◽  
Correct Estimation ◽  
Atmospheric Discharges

The valuation of the risk of losses makes easy the correct estimation of resulted threats as a result of atmospheric discharges and harms connected to them. Qualifying the need of lightning protection use for the object, we ought to take into account the risk R for the object and for the public services devices. In every case of examining risks we ought to fulfill: the identification of components RX forming the risk, counting the identified components of the risk RX, the entire risk R, identify the tolerated risk RT and compare the risk R with the tolerated value RT. As a result of such analysis we can come to a decision about the use of protection resources. In the report was realized the risk analysis of devices damages for a chosen object - the signal box with installed station - relaying devices of the railway traffic controlling with a computer adjustable control panel. From the realized analysis results that DEHN Risk Tool is a useful tool for the risk analysis of lightning losses in buildings, making possible the improvement of the calculations process, especially in the range of the choice of proper protection resources.

Lightning protection of the object located on the slope

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
A. A. Kosyakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Voltage ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Protection Device ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Protection Zones ◽  
Pulse Voltage Generator ◽  
Voltage Generator ◽  
Protected Object

The article points out the drawback of all the current instructions for the lightning protection device: the lack of instructions for calculating the lightning protection zones of an object located on a slope. The methods of applying the current instructions for the lightning protection device when placing an object on a slope are given, based on the assumption that lightning strikes the lightning rods vertically and perpendicular to the slope. The features of the choice of lightning protection characteristics (calculated points of the protected object, calculated heights of lightning rods, methods of constructing lightning protection zones) are described. A method for calculating the lightning protection zones of an object located on a slope is proposed, based on the assumption that lightning strikes lightning rods perpendicular to the slope, in particular, the concept of the axis of a conditional lightning rod shifted on the object plan for calculating lightning protection zones is introduced. The consequences of the application in engineering practice of the methodology for calculating the lightning protection zones of an object located on a slope, based on the assumption that lightning strikes the lightning rods perpendicular to the slope, are indicated. Using a pulse voltage generator, tests were performed on a model of a lightning rod located on a slope in order to determine the direction of lightning strikes-vertical or perpendicular to the slope. It was determined experimentally that the proposed method for calculating the lightning protection zones of an object located on a slope, based on the assumption that lightning strikes lightning rods perpendicular to the slope, should be used in cases where the protected objects are located on slopes with an angle of more than 25°.

scholarly journals Effects of lightning and other meteorological factors on fire activity in the North American boreal forest: implications for fire weather forecasting

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 6873-6888 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Peterson ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
C. Ichoku ◽  
L. A. Remer
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
North American ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Fire Weather ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
The North ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Western Boreal Forest ◽  
Consecutive Dry Days

Abstract. The effects of lightning and other meteorological factors on wildfire activity in the North American boreal forest are statistically analyzed during the fire seasons of 2000–2006 through an integration of the following data sets: the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) level 2 fire products, the 3-hourly 32-km gridded meteorological data from North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and the lightning data collected by the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN) and the Alaska Lightning Detection Network (ALDN). Positive anomalies of the 500 hPa geopotential height field, convective available potential energy (CAPE), number of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes, and the number of consecutive dry days are found to be statistically important to the seasonal variation of MODIS fire counts in a large portion of Canada and the entirety of Alaska. Analysis of fire occurrence patterns in the eastern and western boreal forest regions shows that dry (in the absence of precipitation) lightning strikes account for only 20% of the total lightning strikes, but are associated with (and likely cause) 40% of the MODIS observed fire counts in these regions. The chance for ignition increases when a threshold of at least 10 dry strikes per NARR grid box and at least 10 consecutive dry days is reached. Due to the orientation of the large-scale pattern, complex differences in fire and lightning occurrence and variability were also found between the eastern and western sub-regions. Locations with a high percentage of dry strikes commonly experience an increased number of fire counts, but the mean number of fire counts per dry strike is more than 50% higher in western boreal forest sub-region, suggesting a geographic and possible topographic influence. While wet lightning events are found to occur with a large range of CAPE values, a high probability for dry lightning occurs only when 500 hPa geopotential heights are above ~5700 m and CAPE values are near the maximum observed level, underscoring the importance of low-level instability to boreal fire weather forecasts.

scholarly journals Effect of indirect lightning strike to 66kV transmission line in Java-Bali system

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 11001
Author(s):  
Aristo Adi Kusuma ◽  
Putu Agus Aditya Pramana ◽  
Brian Bramantyo S.D.A. Harsono ◽  
Buyung Sofiarto Munir
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Actual Condition ◽  
Peak Current ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Current Magnitude ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Insulator Flashover

Based on Java-Bali grid disturbance data, the 66kV transmission lines that is close to or intersect with 150kV or 500kV transmission line is often experienced earth fault due to insulator flashover. The insulator flashover can be caused by indirect lightning strike since lightning strikes tend to strike higher structure. Therefore, this paper will determine the effect of indirect lightning strike on 150kV or 500kV transmission line to 66kV transmission line by modeling and simulation using application of transient analysis. Variation of lightning peak current magnitude and gap between 66kV transmission line and transmission line with higher voltage is performed during simulation. The range of peak current magnitude follows the data from lightning detection systems, while the value of gap follows the data from actual condition. It is found that higher current peak and closer gap will cause higher transient overvoltage on insulator of 66kV transmission line thus insulator flashover may occur more frequent. Addition of earth wire on 66kV transmission line and gap between each transmission by organizing the sag of conductor can be performed to minimize the insulator flashover.

scholarly journals Earth-termination system for onshore wind Turbines.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7-2020) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Liubov A. Belova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Wind Turbine Towers ◽  
Surge Protection

The earth-termination system for towers of ground-based wind turbines in addition to protective and functional grounding provides lightning protection grounding, which is especially important since the wind turbine is susceptible to lightning strikes. If insufficient protective measures are taken, the risk of damage to a wind turbine due to a lightning strike increases. Therefore, a well-thought-out built-in grounding system for wind turbine towers is needed, which would function as necessary and guarantee long-term mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The configuration of grounding systems for wind turbines is discussed in IEC 61400-24, which deals with the topic of lightning protection for wind turbines, including detailed information on the choice of lightning protection measures and surge protection. It is advisable to create a lightning protection concept at the initial stage of planning a wind turbine in order to avoid later costly repairs and retrofitting.

scholarly journals Kinerja Fungsi Terminal Giri Adipura dalam Sistem Transportasi di Kabupaten Wonogiri

Arsitektura ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Nur Laila Fitriana ◽  
Galing Yudana ◽  
Winny Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Network System ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Performance Category ◽  
Average Performance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analysis Technique

<div><p><em>Terminal is included in the transportation network system which functions as a place for passengers to take the bus and a place to drop the passengers. Terminal is also the element of </em><em>spatial</em><em> arrangement which influences the structure and system of a town’s movement.</em><em> </em><em>The development of Giri Adipura Terminal in Singodutan Village which was done from 2010 to 2014 is aimed to recover the performance of previous terminal and to develop the surrounding area. Phenomenon which was happened in Giri Adipura Terminal is there were still many passengers who were not utilizing the terminal function and the public transportations were not entering the terminal in order. This research was done to know the performance of Giri Adipura Terminal function in transportation system in Wonogiri Regency. The used research method was quantitative with deductive approach.</em><em> </em><em>The used analysis technique was scoring, by determined the parameter and indicator in each variabel. The result of scoring calculation from the performance of Giri Adipura Terminal function in transportation system in Wonogiri Regency was 9.33. Based on the performance of terminal function category, 9.33 score was in range of 6.68—9.35, so it was included in the average performance category. Thus, the performance of Giri Adipura Terminal function in transportation system in Wonogiri Regency has not reach a good performance yet and it needs some things which should be done to reach that performance. For the performance of each variabl</em><em>e</em><em>, variables which were in the good performance category were accessibility and traffic management. Meanwhile, variables which were in the average category were terminal service and transportation movement access.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> </em><em>performance</em><em>, </em><em>terminal function</em><em>, </em><em>transportation system</em></p></div>

The Impact of Information Technology (IT) on Assessing the Quality of Notifications Based on Standard No. 2420 in the Public Sector in Kuwait

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Bader H. O. Alshammari ◽  
Sulieman Hussien Albeshtawi
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
The Public ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Bodies

The researcher aimed to explore impact of information technology (IT) on assessing the quality of notifications based on standard No. 2420 in the public sector in Kuwait. He aimed to explore the impact of several variables - like: computers &amp; software, communication systems, and IT users&rsquo; skills &ndash; on the quality of notifications based on standard No. 2420 in the public sector in Kuwait. The population consists from all the internal audit departments in ministries and public bodies in Kuwait. The researcher has chosen a conveyance sample consisting from 200 individuals. He distributed questionnaire forms to them. 167 questionnaire forms were retrieved. They are valid for statistical analysis. The researcher found that information technology (IT) has a significant impact on assessing the quality of notifications based on standard No. 2420 in the public sector in Kuwait.

Research on the New Multilayer Composite Lightning Electromagnetic Shielding Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 217-219 ◽  
pp. 717-720
Author(s):  
Xiao Gang Zhao ◽  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Yu Zhang Guo ◽  
Zi Jun Lin ◽  
Jian Cheng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Electromagnetic Pulse ◽  
Reflection Principle ◽  
Electromagnetic Shielding ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Multilayer Composite ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Protection Mechanism

According to the characteristics of lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) in information systems, the new multilayer composite electromagnetic shielding materials are utilized for the effective protection of the lightning hazards. The lightning protection mechanism and the characteristics of the new electromagnetic shielding materials are investigated. The shielding and reflection principle of the new materials are carried out. The electromagnetic shielding tent which is made of such multilayer composite electromagnetic shielding materials are applied in the integrated lightning protection of information systems, which shows such materials are safe, convenient, practical and worthy of widely application.

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