scholarly journals Compensation in hazardous facility siting : ban analysis of compensatory agreements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Wrzal
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Facility Siting ◽  
Collaborative Process ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Initial Capital

Although theoretically the voluntary site strategy has been commended for its success at solving local community problems, there has been a small number of siting successes actually achieved. This study investigates the approach of negotiated compensation and reward in the collaborative process under which willing individuals can come to an agreement concerning the siting of a noxious facility. Elaborating upon Kuhn and Ballard's (1998) optimistic conclusions regarding the progress of facility siting approaches in North America, the study investigated the true nature of collaborative theory in a case analysis of environmentally hazardous facility projects. The result suggest the compensation is an effective tool in the siting process. The analysis indicates that there has been an evolution in the nature of community agreements over the last ten years into more sophisticated allocations of benefits and burdens. The study also concludes that direct costs allocated by proponents for the purpose of compensation remain low and relatively small when compare to the estimated initial capital of the projects.

scholarly journals Compensation in hazardous facility siting : ban analysis of compensatory agreements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Wrzal
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Facility Siting ◽  
Collaborative Process ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Initial Capital

Although theoretically the voluntary site strategy has been commended for its success at solving local community problems, there has been a small number of siting successes actually achieved. This study investigates the approach of negotiated compensation and reward in the collaborative process under which willing individuals can come to an agreement concerning the siting of a noxious facility. Elaborating upon Kuhn and Ballard's (1998) optimistic conclusions regarding the progress of facility siting approaches in North America, the study investigated the true nature of collaborative theory in a case analysis of environmentally hazardous facility projects. The result suggest the compensation is an effective tool in the siting process. The analysis indicates that there has been an evolution in the nature of community agreements over the last ten years into more sophisticated allocations of benefits and burdens. The study also concludes that direct costs allocated by proponents for the purpose of compensation remain low and relatively small when compare to the estimated initial capital of the projects.

scholarly journals Intraspecific variation in indirect plant-soil feedbacks as a driver of a wetland plant invasion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warwick J. Allen ◽  
Laura A. Meyerson ◽  
Andrew J. Flick ◽  
James T. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Soil Legacy

ABSTRACTPlant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) can influence plant competition via direct interactions with pathogens and mutualists or indirectly via apparent competition/mutualisms (i.e., spillover to cooccurring plants) and soil legacy effects. Presently, it is unknown how intraspecific variation in PSFs interacts with the environment (e.g., nutrient availability) to influence competition between native and invasive plants. We conducted a fully crossed multi-factor greenhouse experiment to determine the effects of soil biota, interspecific competition, and nutrient availability on biomass of replicate populations from one native and two invasive lineages of common reed (Phragmites australis) and a single lineage of native smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). Harmful soil biota consistently dominated PSFs involving all three P. australis lineages, reducing biomass by 10%, regardless of nutrient availability or S. alterniflora presence as a competitor. Spillover of soil biota derived from the rhizosphere of the two invasive P. australis lineages reduced S. alterniflora biomass by 7%, whereas soil biota from the native P. australis lineage increased S. alterniflora biomass by 6%. Interestingly, regardless of lineage, P. australis soil biota negatively affected S. alterniflora biomass when grown alone (i.e., a soil legacy), but had a positive impact when grown with P. australis, suggesting that P. australis is preferred by harmful generalist soil biota or facilitates S. alterniflora via spillover (i.e., apparent mutualism). Soil biota also reduced the negative impacts of interspecific competition on S. alterniflora by 13%, although it remained competitively inferior to P. australis across all treatments. Moreover, competitive interactions and the response to nutrients did not differ among P. australis lineages, indicating that interspecific competition and nutrient deposition may not be key drivers of P. australis invasion in North America. Taken together, although soil biota, interspecific competition, and nutrient availability appear to have no direct impact on the success of invasive P. australis lineages in North America, indirect spillover and soil legacies from P. australis occur and may have important implications for co-occurring native species and restoration of invaded habitats. Our study integrates multiple factors linked to plant invasions, highlighting that indirect interactions are likely commonplace in driving successful invasions and their impacts on the local community.

Structural Constraints and Pluralist Contradictions in Hazardous Waste Regulation

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
R W Lake ◽  
L Disch
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Local Community ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Facility Siting ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Local Opposition

Local community opposition constitutes the single greatest hurdle to the siting of hazardous waste facilities in the United States. Conventional explanations of its causes focus on questions of risk and equity; that is, on outcomes of facility siting. In this focus it is assumed that hazardous waste management is synonymous with facility siting, when siting is in fact only one of many possible answers to the management problem. Rather than ask why local communities oppose facility sitings, it is asked how the waste management problem gets defined as a siting problem in the first place, and how public participation in the siting process is postponed until it is defined around a specific location. The analysis shifts the focus from siting outcomes to the fundamental structure of hazardous waste regulatory policy. A strong claim is asserted: that the basic assumptions of hazardous waste regulation define the hazardous waste problem as a locational problem confronting the state, rather than an investment problem for capital, and that local opposition to hazardous waste facility siting is a reaction against these basic assumptions. Local opposition to facility siting is explained in terms of the structural constraints that dispose the state to define management problems as siting problems and to arbitrate the siting disputes by means of interest-group conflict. This explanation, in turn, helps to clarify the conceptual and practical relationship between state structure and political process by disclosing the ways that pluralist democracy helps the state to manage politics in a way that sustains the basic assumptions that structure its relation to capital.

Remembering Humanity: How to Include Human Values in a Scientific Endeavor

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy Lippert
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Native People ◽  
Human Values ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Previous Level ◽  
Scientific Endeavor

TheBonnichsendecision has been heralded as a victory for anthropology, because it appears to vindicate the position of the plaintiffs who brought their suit in order to be allowed to conduct scientific research on a 9,000-year-old skeleton from North America. It appears to be a defeat for Native Americans, who view this skeleton as an ancestor and who would prefer to see the remains of this individual returned to the ground to continue the long journey back to the earth. In fact, this polarized view of the case returns the discourse surrounding repatriation to a previous level in which arguments were made over the question, “who owns the past?” While this may be a rhetorically satisfying problem to wrestle with, it does not capture the true nature of how archaeology can engage with Native people in the process of understanding ancient lives. It presumes that the past exists as a form of property. Under this simplistic construction, human remains can exist as property and can be owned by one group or another.

Natural Waters of Viti Limited – Pioneering a New Industry in the Fiji Islands

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Jim Mcmaster ◽  
Jan Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Waters ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Product Concept ◽  
Fiji Islands ◽  
The Us ◽  
Artesian Water ◽  
New Industry

ABSTRACTThis case analysis traces the establishment and subsequent operation of Natural Waters of Viti Limited, the first company in Fiji extracting, bottling and marketing, both domestically and internationally, Artesian water coming from a virgin ecosystem found on Fiji's main island of Viti Levu. The authors first discuss the product concept, the company and its expansion, and the role of Fiji Government in providing a legal framework and the necessary infrastructure for a new industry pioneered by Natural Waters of Viti. These are followed by an analysis of the US market, from which the company derives more than 90% of its revenues, and the marketing strategy employed in that market. The subsequent sections deal with export earnings, expected expansion into new markets, and the company's relations with the local community. The case concludes by summarising major achievements by the company and major challenges it faces now.

THE VEGETATION OF NORTHERN MANITOBA: I. STUDIES IN THE SOUTHERN SPRUCE FOREST ZONE

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Forest Zone

It is pointed out that there are available no ecological accounts of the vegetation of Northern Manitoba and the surrounding regions. After brief accounts of the topography, geology, and climate, the communities which were met with in two areas of study are described. It is shown that the predominant and stable forest of mesic sites is dominated by Picea mariana, with a ground vegetation composed chiefly of weft-form mosses. In areas which have been burned various subseral variants of this forest are present. Pinus banksiana, as well as being a seral dominant of mesic sites, dominates various forests of outcrop ridges, sand plains, and eskers. Picea glauca is rare in the area, occurring only on those sites which show exceptionally favourable conditions of habitat. The vegetation of this region conforms with descriptions of the Southern Spruce Forest Zone of Eastern Canada, which classification might well be extended westwards at least as far as northwest Manitoba. There is some evidence that the dry climate which prevails west of the region, and for which there is slight evidence here, has influenced the flora and vegetation of the region. A description is given of a highly local community of Betula papyrifera var. neoalaskana on organic ridges which appears never to have been recorded previously for North America.

scholarly journals What factors influence our reconstructions of Morrison Formation sauropod diversity?

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 93-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Woodruff
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
North America ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Temporal Position ◽  
Morrison Formation ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Hell Creek Formation ◽  
Ontogenetic Stages ◽  
True Diversity ◽  
Morphologic Variation

The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation classically represents the “Golden Age” of sauropods, and the Morrison Formation is reported to have yielded 13 genera and 24 species of sauropods. This incredible diversity has produced numerous theories attempting to reconcile the co-occurrence of such large, and similar taxa. Previously, a comparably high diversity has been proposed for the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of North America – possibly comprising nearly three dozen species from over 20 genera of ankylosaura, caenagnathids, ceratopsians, dromaeosaurids, hadrosaurs, ornithomimids, pachycephalosaurs, thescelosaurs, and tyrannosaurs. However, much of the morphologic variation previously ascribed to taxonomic differences has recently been shown to be a result of stratigraphy and/or ontogeny – resulting in this rich assemblage being downsized to 13 genera and 16 species. Whereas still rich in diversity, such factors have an immediate effect towards our reconstruction of true richness.Following the example of the Hell Creek Formation, we can investigate the ontogenetic and strati-graphic origin of possible diversity inflation in other formations, and within this study, apply it to the Morrison Formation. New dating techniques are resulting in finer temporal resolution, and are changing the temporal position of well-known quarries. Differences in body size and ontogenetic stages can also affect diversity estimates. Plotting body size stratigraphically, it initially appears that larger specimens (interpreted as different species) occur higher in the section. An increase in average body size may be a legitimate trend, but there are several specimens that counter this “rule” for many genera. Likewise, dramatic allometric ontogenetic trajectories have led to the erection of at least three diplodocid genera – Amphicoelias, Seismosaurus, and Suuwassea – and it is suspected that many more Morrison Formation “species” could alternatively be explained as ontogimorphs. We have a long way to go towards revealing the true nature of Morrison Formation sauropod diversity. Although dietary partitioning undoubtedly occurred at the level of both the species (e.g., Brachiosaurus vs. Diplodocus) and between ontogenetic stages, a base of 24 levels of co-occurring divisions seems unlikely. The Morrison Formation may have exhibited a sauropod-rich assemblage unlike any other in North America, and the implications of stratigraphy, ontogeny, and variation may be minor, yet these factors alter perceived “diversity.” True diversity will not be fully understood unless these factors are considered.

Diaspora of Chinese Intellectuals in the Cold War Era

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-170
Author(s):  
Kenneth Kai-chung Yung (容启聪)
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
North America ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Local Community ◽  
The Self ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals ◽  
The Cold War

Abstract On the eve of the Communist takeover in 1949, a considerable number of Chinese intellectuals were reluctant to live under Communist rule. They began their self-exile and the search for a new home outside China. Many travelled to places on China’s periphery such as Taiwan and Hong Kong. Others continued their journey and finally settled down in Southeast Asia and North America. Sojourning abroad, most of these self-exiled intellectuals still kept a close eye on Chinese politics and society. They were eager to promote their political ideal for a liberal-democratic China in the overseas Chinese communities. However, they were at the same time facing the challenge of assimilation into local society. This article traces the journey of the self-exiles in the 1950s and 1960s from Hong Kong to Southeast Asia and North America. It examines several representative figures and studies their activities in their new place of settlement. It argues that, although the self-exiles largely maintained a strong commitment to the future of their homeland, they varied in their degree of assimilation into their new homes. Age was not a key factor in their decision to adapt to the local community. Instead, the existence of a politically and economically influential Chinese population played a more important role in such a decision. Intellectuals who lived in Hong Kong or Southeast Asia were more willing to adjust their life to the locality, while those who went to North America were less attached to the local society.

scholarly journals IV.—On the Occurrence of Plants in the Skiddaw Slates

1869 ◽  
Vol 6 (65) ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Alleyne Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Lower Silurian ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
To Come ◽  
Marine Worms

The occurrence of plant-remains in the Silurian and Cambrian rocks is a subject of great interest, but one which has not hitherto been sufficiently investigated. Many supposed plants have been described by Emmons, Hall, Billings, and Dawson, from the older Palæozoic rocks of North America, and little doubt can be entertained of the vegetable nature of some even of the most ancient of these. Many, however, as believed by Professor E. Forbes and Mr. Salter, are certainly referable to the tracks or burrows of marine animals. More recently the Cambrian rocks of Sweden have yielded to the researches of Torell and Linnarsson some remarkable impressions and casts of fossils, which are believed to be of a vegetable nature (Geol. Mag., September, Vol. VI., p. 393, Plates XI., XII., and XIII.). In Britain there is not, as far as I am aware, any instance of the occurrence of plant-remains in deposits of Lower Silurian age, as to the nature of which all authorities are agreed. The Oldhamia of the Cambrian rocks is believed by Mr. Salter to be a plant, but good authorities would place it either amongst the Polyzoa or Hydrozoa. The Cruziana semiplicata of the Lingula Flags has often been assigned to the Fucoids, but it is believed by Mr. Salter to be “the filled-up burrow of a marine worm” (Mem. Gaol. Survey, vol. iii., p. 248). Long ago Professor McCoy described from the Skiddaw slates (lowest Llandeilo) certain fossils which he believed to be fucoids (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. iv., p. 223, and Pal. Foss., pl. i. A). After studying a large number of specimens, however, I have been compelled to come to the conclusion, held by Mr. Salter and Professor Harkness, that these fossils (viz. Palæochorda major, P. minor, and Chondrites acutangulus) are truly referable to the action of marine worms. Within the last few years, however, I have obtained from the Skiddaw Slates several fossils, which certainly do not admit of being explained in this manner, though I would not go so far as to assert that they are unquestionably plants. The age of the deposit in which they occur renders them, at any rate—whatever their true nature may be—of sufficient interest to merit a short description.

scholarly journals Ekonomika ve sportu – Maximalizace zisku v rámci profesionálních sportovních lig Severní Ameriky

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Ondřej Chwasczc ◽  
Tomáš Pětivlas
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
Organizational Rules ◽  
Monopoly Position

Our work presents the professional sports league in North America in comparison with sports organizations in Europe. Based on that comparison, we found signifi cant diff erences, which result in diff erent behavior of clubs in North America and Europe. Clubs in North America achieve a monopoly position in relation to its surroundings due to the nature of the league. While these separate entities mutually cooperate having implemented organizational rules that prevent from dominance of one club. Th e combination of monopoly power and mutual cooperation results in the possibility of economic gain, which is for the clubs in Europe or for normal economic subjects operating in market environment unapproachable. Abuse of monopoly position of the clubs is noticeable mostly in the subsidies provided by local governments or towns to local sports club. Th ese public funds are not the most effi cient investments for locations mentioned above, as we demonstrated by a case analysis of the Miami Heat basketball club.

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