scholarly journals Ipar Haizearen Erronka: A boat trip from the Basque Country to Newfoundland

2021 ◽  
pp. 251-270
Author(s):  
Maitane Junguitu Dronda
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Feature Film ◽  
The North ◽  
Narrative Structures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Live Action

The nature of animated cinema involves the creation of any realistic or fantastical characters, places, and situations. Animation can be used to take characters far from their hometowns on believable journeys without big budgets used on location shooting. The Basque animated feature film Ipar Haizearen Erronka (The Challenge of the North Wind), directed in 1992 by Juanba Berasategi, illustrates how animation can represent a journey and a historic reality in a plausible way. The movie depicts a Basque whale hunting vessel travelling to the wild coast of Newfoundland, Canada in the sixteenth century. Typically, Basque live action movies in the 80s would recreate foreign locations with nearby settings. Ipar Haizearen Erronka avoids this problem by showing America through drawings. In this paper, we will use the movie Ipar Haizearen Erronka to interpret how animation uses backgrounds and objects to represent a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean and determine the realistic accuracy of the social and historical moments represented in the movie. We will also see how this journey embodies the characteristics of the literary genre of Bildungsroman, as well as the narrative structures pointed out by Vladimir Propp’s folktale and Joseph Campbell's monomyth. The study also focuses on how the film depicts the most representative characteristics of the journey, and how they are used as filming narrative resources. A closer look will be taken into the main vessels, the captain's logbook, the map, the historical context of the sailing of the ship, the maritime laws where sexism is abundant, the financing of the trip, and the work on board.

scholarly journals Resituating Erving Goffman: From Stigma Power to Black Power

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imogen Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Jim Crow ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Erving Goffman ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Black Freedom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Interaction Order ◽  
The Relationship

This article offers a critical re-reading of the understanding of stigma forged by the North American sociologist Erving Goffman in his influential Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963). One of the most widely read and cited sociologists in history, Goffman was already famous when Stigma was published in 1963. His previous books were best-sellers and Stigma alone has sold an astonishing 800,000 copies in the 50 years since its publication. Given its considerable influence, it is surprising how little sustained engagement there has been with the historicity of Goffman’s account. This article resituates Goffman’s conceptualisation of stigma within the historical context of Jim Crow and the Black freedom struggles that were shaking ‘the social interaction order’ to its foundations at the very moment he crafted his account. It is the contention of this article that these explosive political movements against the ‘humiliations of racial discrimination’ invite revision of Goffman’s decidedly apolitical account of stigma. This historical revision of Goffman’s stigma concept builds on an existing body of critical work on the relationship between race, segregation and the epistemology of sociology within the USA. Throughout, it reads Goffman’s Stigma through the lens of ‘Black Sociology’, a field of knowledge that here designates not only formal sociological scholarship, but political manifestos, journalism, creative writing, oral histories and memoirs. It is the argument of this article that placing Goffman’s concept of stigma into critical dialogue with Black epistemologies of stigma allows for a timely reconceptualisation of stigma as governmental technologies of dehumanisation that have long been collectively resisted from below.

scholarly journals The Spanish Pastoral Romances

PMLA ◽  
1892 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-119
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Social Condition ◽  
Western World ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Social ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Church

The introduction of the pastoral romance into Spain in the middle of the sixteenth century, and the extreme favor with which it was received, may, in view of the social condition of the country, seem at first sight paradoxical. At the time of the accession of Philip II, Spain was at the zenith of her military greatness: her possessions were scattered from the North Sea to the islands of the Pacific; and her conquests had been extended over both parts of the western world. The constant wars against the Moors, during a period of over seven hundred years, and the stirring ballads founded upon them, had fostered an adventurous and chivalric spirit,—a distinguishing trait of the Spanish character. Arms and the church were the only careers that offered any opportunity for distinction, and every Spanish gentleman was, first of all, a soldier.

scholarly journals THE MILITARY CUSTOMS AND RITUALS IN THE OSSETIAN NART EPIC: THE ORIGINS AND PARALLELS.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.А. Чибиров
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Social Stratum ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Military

В настоящее время накоплен значительный исторический, лингвистический археологический, этнологический материал по воинским обрядам и обычаям осетин, позволяющий рассмотреть некоторые сюжетные линии осетинского нартовского эпоса с новых точек зрения. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что в статье используются комплексные и междисциплинарные методы, на новом материале рассматриваются исторические истоки воинских обычаев и обрядов, прослеживаемых в осетинском нартовском эпосе, а также их исторические и этнографические параллели. Целью исследования является поиск истоков обычаев и обрядов, характерных для социального слоя мужчин-воинов, описываемых в осетинском нартовском эпосе, а также их параллелей в исторических описаниях и зафиксированных археологией погребальных обрядах. В нартовском эпосе описываются связанные друг с другом обычаи отрубания головы противника, скальпирования и отсечения правой руки. Для воинов-нартов характерен обряд побратимства, посвящения коня покойнику, почитание пиршественной чаши. Для реконструкции древних воинских обычаев и обрядов в сравнительно-историческом разрезе проанализированы данные археологии, античных и восточных источников, фольклора и нартовского эпоса народов Кавказа. Методы этнологии позволяют выявить пережитки воинских обычаев, описанных в вариантах нартовского эпоса, бытующих у народов Северного Кавказа. На основании анализа эпоса и сопоставления его с историческими источниками авторы приходят к выводу, что нартовские сказания осетин отражают социальные отношения, обычаи и обряды военизированного общества. Такие обычаи и обряды были характерны в древности для многих индоиранских народов, в том числе персов, скифов, сарматов, алан и др. на этапе разложения родового строя, когда основным фактором экономической стабильности общества являлись военные походы. Некоторые пережитки обычаев сохранялись в обрядовой практике осетин до начала XX в. (побратимство, посвящение коня покойнику, почетный бокал). Currently, significant historical, linguistic, archaeological, ethnological material has been accumulated on the military rituals and customs of the Ossetians, which makes it possible to consider some of the storylines of the Ossetian Nart epic from new points of view. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the article uses complex and interdisciplinary methods; the new material examines the historical origins of military customs and rituals traced in the Ossetian Nart epic, as well as their historical and ethnographic parallels. The aim of the study is to search for the origins of customs and rituals characteristic of the social stratum of male warriors described in the Ossetian Nart epic, as well as their parallels in historical descriptions and burial rites recorded by archaeology. The Nart epic describes the related customs of chopping off the enemy's head, scalping and cutting off the right hand. The Nart warriors are characterized by the rite of twinning, the dedication of a horse to the dead, and the veneration of a banquet bowl. To reconstruct ancient military customs and rituals in a comparative historical context, the authors analyzed data from archaeology, ancient and eastern sources, folklore and the Nart epic of the peoples of the Caucasus. Ethnological methods make it possible to reveal the remnants of military customs described in the versions of the Nart epic that exist among the peoples of the North Caucasus. Based on the analysis of the epic and comparing it with historical sources, the authors come to the conclusion that the Nart legends of the Ossetians reflect the social relations, customs and rituals of a militarized society. Similar customs and rituals were typical in ancient times for many Indo-Iranian peoples, including the Persians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, and others at the stage of the disintegration of the tribal system, when military campaigns were the main factor in the economic stability of society. Some remnants of customs were preserved in the ritual practice of the Ossetians until the beginning of the 20th century (twinning, dedication of a horse to the dead, a glass of honor).

Early Cinema in Scotland

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Early Cinema ◽  
Popular Song ◽  
Feature Film ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Production History ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Audience

This collection of essays, drawn from a three-year AHRC research project, provides a detailed context for the history of early cinema in Scotland from its inception in 1896 till the arrival of sound in the early 1930s. It details the movement from travelling fairground shows to the establishment of permanent cinemas, and from variety and live entertainment to the dominance of the feature film. It addresses the promotion of cinema as a socially ‘useful’ entertainment, and, distinctively, it considers the early development of cinema in small towns as well as in larger cities. Using local newspapers and other archive sources, it details the evolution and the diversity of the social experience of cinema, both for picture goers and for cinema staff. In production, it examines the early attempts to establish a feature film production sector, with a detailed production history of Rob Roy (United Films, 1911), and it records the importance, both for exhibition and for social history, of ‘local topicals’. It considers the popularity of Scotland as an imaginary location for European and American films, drawing their popularity from the international audience for writers such as Walter Scott and J.M. Barrie and the ubiquity of Scottish popular song. The book concludes with a consideration of the arrival of sound in Scittish cinemas. As an afterpiece, it offers an annotated filmography of Scottish-themed feature films from 1896 to 1927, drawing evidence from synopses and reviews in contemporary trade journals.

The Scottish Herring Trade, 1470–1600

2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rorke
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
West Coast ◽  
North West ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
The North ◽  
East And West

This paper uses customs figures to show that herring exports from the east and west coast lowlands expanded significantly in the last six decades of the sixteenth century. The paper argues that the rise was primarily due to the north-west Highland fisheries being opened up and exploited by east and west coast burghs. These ventures required greater capital supplies and more complex organisation than their local inshore fisheries and they were often interrupted by political hostilities. However, the costs were a fraction of those required to establish a deepwater buss fleet, enabling Scotland to expand production and take advantage of European demand for fish while minimising additional capital costs.

Late Antique Letter Collections

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
The Social ◽  
Letter Writer ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Letter Collection ◽  
Latin Letter

This volume provides the first comprehensive overview of the extant Greek and Latin letter collections of late antiquity (ca. 300-600 C.E.). Bringing together an international team of historians, classicists, and scholars of religion, it illustrates how letter collections advertised an image of the letter writer and introduces the social and textual histories of each collection. Nearly every chapter focuses on the letter collection of a different late ancient author—from the famous (or even infamous) to the obscure—and investigates its particular issues of content, arrangement, and publication context. On the whole, the volume reveals how late antique letter collections operated as a discrete literary genre with its own conventions, transmission processes, and self-presentational agendas while offering new approaches to interpret both larger letter collections and the individual letters contained within them. Each chapter contributes to a broad argument that scholars should read letter collections as they do representatives of other late antique literary genres, as single texts made up of individual components, with larger thematic and literary characteristics that are as important as those of their component parts.

Race and the Epigenetics of Memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Soto Laveaga
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Social Constructions ◽  
Race Science ◽  
The Social ◽  
Black Bodies ◽  
Dead Bodies ◽  
Lasting Change

In my brief response to Terence Keel’s essay “Race on Both Sides of the Razor,” I focus on something as pertinent as alleles and social construction: how we write history and how we memorialize the past. Current DNA analysis promises to remap our past and interrogate certainties that we have taken for granted. For the purposes of this commentary I call this displacing of known histories the epigenetics of memory. Just as environmental stimuli rouse epigenetic mechanisms to produce lasting change in behavior and neural function, the unearthing of forgotten bodies, forgotten lives, has a measurable effect on how we act and think and what we believe. The act of writing history, memorializing the lives of others, is a stimulus that reshapes who and what we are. We cannot disentangle the discussion about the social construction of race and biological determinism from the ways in which we have written—and must write going forward—about race. To the debate about social construction and biological variation we must add the heft of historical context, which allows us to place these two ideas in dialogue with each other. Consequently, before addressing the themes in Keel’s provocative opening essay and John Hartigan’s response, I speak about dead bodies—specifically, cemeteries for Black bodies. Three examples—one each from Atlanta, Georgia; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Mexico—illustrate how dead bodies must enter our current debates about race, science, and social constructions. 

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