IMPLICATION OF PESTICIDES USAGE ON FRESHWATER FISH: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-332
Author(s):  
Shafiu Nafiu Abdullahi ◽  
S. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Aquatic Pollutants ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Harmful Effects

Pesticides play  a significant role in improving food production through control against harmful pests with low labour and efforts while on the other hand are regarded as aquatic pollutants. These toxicants persist in aquatic environment and cause harmful effects to non- target organisms including fish.   The development of pesticide tolerant species led to the need and use of varieties of pesticides with the risk of exposure to many compartments including water. Many pesticides have been proscribed for agricultural purposes by the regulatory agencies such as WHO (2020). However, It is unfortunate that many of these are sold in Nigeria or donated by donor agencies.  The donated pesticides often become “obsolete” while in stock due to poor logistics and delays in receiving them at the point of need. The review on the classification, bioavailability, biotransformation, the direct and indirect effects of pesticides on freshwater fish was carried out. Biomarkers of pesticides toxicity that induce alterations in fish physiology were discussed; these include: behavioral changes such as erratic swimming, hyperactivity among other alterations. Other alterations include feeding behaviour, fluctuation in antioxidant enzyme activities, histology, haematology, growth performance and DNA damage.

scholarly journals Indicator Organisms for Safety and Quality—Uses and Methods for Detection: Minireview

2003 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 1208-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L Tortorello
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Consumer Acceptability ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
Yeasts And Molds

Abstract Indicator organisms have been used for nearly a century to assess the microbiological status of water and foods. Beginning with their use in water sanitation programs, their applications have been extended over the years to other products, and they have become important components of the microbiological testing programs of both industry and regulatory agencies. Functionally, they may be viewed as safety or quality indicators. Safety indicators suggest the presence of conditions associated with increased risk of exposure to a pathogen. Quality indicators assess conditions of importance to product manufacture or consumer acceptability. This minireview summarizes the history, use, and analytical methods for the most commonly used indicator organisms, including the aerobic plate count, yeasts and molds, the coliform groups, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and Listeria.

Getting High on Performance!

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-68
Author(s):  
Sherri Lee Simons
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Nurse Manager ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Top Performers ◽  
Appraisal Tool

ONE CRITICAL RESPONSIBILITY of the NICU nurse manager is to mentor, evaluate, and improve the performance of the nursing staff. The annual appraisal tool is one method for evaluating performance. Such appraisals have been mandated by regulatory agencies and human resources departments and are very much a part of the hospital setting. But appraisals alone, although a useful tool, don’t necessarily increase morale, promote retention of top performers, or result in much-needed behavioral changes.1

The Spread of Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa

1962 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Desmond Clark
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Collecting Methods ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Equatorial Forest ◽  
Forest Foods ◽  
Permanent Presence

After the end of the Pleistocene, sub-Saharan Africa seems to have been more receptive of than contributory to cultural progress in the Old World as a whole. By that time favourable localities in the subcontinent—the margins of lakes and watercourses, the sea coasts, the peripheral regions of the equatorial forest—were sometimes supporting nearly, or entirely, sedentary communities of hunting-collecting peoples who were enabled to live in this way due to the permanent presence of one or more staple sources of food: freshwater fish, water animals and plants, and sea foods; and forest foods (the Dioscoreas, Elaeis guineensis, and other oil-bearing plants), either perennial or capable of being stored. Evidence of such occupation is seen in the midden accumulations in both cave and open sites at this time. Populations could thus become more concentrated and an increase in density may be inferred, the limiting factor being the maximum that any one environment could support by intensified collecting methods (fig. I).

scholarly journals Neonicotinoid exposure affects foraging, nesting, and reproductive success of ground-nesting solitary bees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Susan Willis Chan ◽  
Nigel E. Raine
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Crop Pollination ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ground Nesting

Despite their indispensable role in food production1,2, insect pollinators are threatened by multiple environmental stressors, including pesticide exposure2-4. Although honeybees are important, most pollinating insect species are wild, solitary, ground-nesting bees1,4-6 that are inadequately represented by honeybee-centric regulatory pesticide risk assessment frameworks7,8. Here, for the first time, we evaluate the effects of realistic exposure to systemic insecticides (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam or chlorantraniliprole) on a ground-nesting bee species in a semi-field experiment. Hoary squash bees (Eucera (Peponapis) pruinosa) provide essential pollination services to North American pumpkin and squash crops9-14 and commonly nest within cropping areas10, placing them at risk of exposure to pesticides in soil8,10, nectar and pollen15,16. Hoary squash bees exposed to an imidacloprid-treated crop initiated 85% fewer nests, left 84% more pollen unharvested, and produced 89% fewer offspring than untreated controls. We found no measurable impact on squash bees from exposure to thiamethoxam- or chlorantraniliprole-treated crops. Our results demonstrate important sublethal effects of field-realistic exposure to a soil-applied neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) on the behaviour and reproductive success of a ground-nesting solitary bee. To prevent potential declines in ground-nesting bee populations and associated impoverishment of crop pollination services, soil must be considered a possible route of pesticide exposure for bees, and restrictions on soil-applied insecticides may be justified.

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