scholarly journals Determining the sources of growth of the cement industry in Iraq (analytical study for the period 1990-2014)

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (116) ◽  
pp. 164-180
Author(s):  
Sawsan Ali Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Constant Elasticity ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Method ◽  
Function Constant

The objective of this study is to determine the sources of growth of the cement industry in Iraq for the period 1990-2014 and to indicate the nature of the technological progress used in it. To achieve this objective we have built an econometric model, by adapting the production function constant elasticity for substitution, using multiple regression, and enforcement, SPSS program, and using the ordinary least squares method (OLS). The results showed that quantitative factors (labour and capital) are the main sources of growth the cement industry in Iraq, and the qualitative factors (technological progress) did not contribute effectively to achieve this growth. And that the production techniques adopted in the cement industry in Iraq are labour intensive we recommend to raise the level of technology used in this industry and creating the cadres capable of dealing with this advanced technology, which requires changing some aspects of educational systems in the direction of vocational education.  

scholarly journals Despesas públicas e o nível de desenvolvimento humano dos estados brasileiros: uma análise do IDHM 2000 e 2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-54
Author(s):  
Taíse Fatima Mattei ◽  
Fernanda Mendes Bezerra ◽  
Gilmar Ribeiro de Mello
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Method

Resumo: Uma das formas de um governo atuar na economia é na alocação dos gastos públicos. Os gastos públicos têm o objetivo de contribuir para o fornecimento de serviços públicos para a população, e também para a geração de investimentos na economia. Muitas vezes, questiona-se se esses gastos podem, de fato, contribuir para a melhoraria da vida das pessoas. Dessa forma, entender se as despesas públicas têm relação com o nível de desenvolvimento humano é importante para a tomada de decisão dos governantes e para melhorar a gestão dos gastos públicos, principalmente para direcionar em quais áreas devem ser gastos os recursos. Diante disso, o objetivo com este artigo foi verificar qual a contribuição das despesas públicas per capita por funções para o nível de desenvolvimento humano dos estados brasileiros. O método adotado é a regressão múltipla estimada pelo método de mínimos quadrados ordinários utilizando dados em painel. Os dados são provenientes do IBGE, PNUD e IPEA DATA. Os resultados sugerem que algumas despesas possuem contribuição positiva para o desenvolvimento dos estados. Analisando o modelo com todas as despesas na mesma regressão, saúde e educação apresentaram relação positiva para aumentar o IDHM. Analisando os modelos em regressões isoladas, as despesas com assistência e previdência, educação, saúde e segurança e transporte confirmaram impacto positivo sobre o nível de desenvolvimento dos estados. Destaca-se a importância das despesas com saúde e educação, as quais se apresentaram influenciáveis no desenvolvimento nas duas abordagens realizadas.Palavras-chave: Despesas Públicas. Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano. Estados brasileiros. Public expenditure and human development level of Brazilian states: an analysis of IDHM 2000 and 2010 Abstract: One of the ways for a government to act in the economy is in the allocation of public expenditures. Public expenditures aim to contribute to the provision of public services to the population, as well as to the generation of investments in the economy. It is often questioned whether such expenditures can actually contribute to the improvement of people's lives. Thus, understanding whether public expenditures arerelated to the level of human development is important for government decision-making, and to improve the management of public expenditures, mainly to target the areas in which resources should be spent. Therefore, the objective of this article is to verify the contribution of public expenditure per capita by functions to the level of human development of the Brazilian states. The method adopted is the multiple regression estimated by the ordinary least squares method using panel data. The data comes from IBGE, UNDP and IPEA DATA. The results suggest that some expenses have a positive contribution to the development of the states. Analyzing the model with all expenses in the same regression, health and education presented positive relation to increase the HDI. Analyzing the models in isolated regressions, assistance and pension, education, health, safety and transportation expenses confirmed a positive impact on the level of development of the states. It is important to highlight the importance of health and education expenditures, which were influential in the development of the two approaches.Keywords: Public Expenditure. Human Development Index. Brazilian states.

scholarly journals GM(1,1;λ) with Constrained Linear Least Squares

Axioms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Ming-Feng Yeh ◽  
Ming-Hung Chang
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Linear Least Squares ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Constrained Problems ◽  
Linear Least Squares Problems ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Method ◽  
Better Than

The only parameters of the original GM(1,1) that are generally estimated by the ordinary least squares method are the development coefficient a and the grey input b. However, the weight of the background value, denoted as λ, cannot be obtained simultaneously by such a method. This study, therefore, proposes two simple transformation formulations such that the unknown parameters, and can be simultaneously estimated by the least squares method. Therefore, such a grey model is termed the GM(1,1;λ). On the other hand, because the permission zone of the development coefficient is bounded, the parameter estimation of the GM(1,1) could be regarded as a bound-constrained least squares problem. Since constrained linear least squares problems generally can be solved by an iterative approach, this study applies the Matlab function lsqlin to solve such constrained problems. Numerical results show that the proposed GM(1,1;λ) performs better than the GM(1,1) in terms of its model fitting accuracy and its forecasting precision.

The Impact of Money Demand Motivation on Money Supply Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Arin Jannah Dinonasih ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Precautionary Motive ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Method ◽  
Annual Period

This study aims to investigate the impact of money demand motive on a money supply based on keyness theory. The method used in this study is the ordinary least squares method with an annual period from 2011 to 2020. We find that In Indonesia, the money demand motive has a significant effect on money supply where the transaction motive has a significant negative relationship with the money supply. A precautionary motive has a significant positive correlation with the money supply. The motive of speculation has a significant positive relationship with the money supply.

Harmonizing biomass tables by generalized least squares

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Cunia ◽  
R. D. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Regression Function ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Sample Tree ◽  
Tree Data ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Method

To construct biomass tables for various tree components that are consistent with each other, one may use linear regression techniques with dummy variables. When the biomass of these components is measured on the same sample trees, one should also use the generalized rather than ordinary least squares method. A procedure is shown which allows the estimation of the covariance matrix of the sample biomass values and circumvents the problem of storing and inverting large covariance matrices. Applied to 20 sets of sample tree data, the generalized least squares regressions generated estimates which, on the average were slightly higher (about 1%) than the sample data. The confidence and prediction bands about the regression function were wider, sometimes considerably wider than those estimated by the ordinary weighted least squares.

Personal welfare and intellectual capital: the case of football coaches

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Tomé ◽  
Iuliia Naidenova ◽  
Marina Oskolkova
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Football Coaches ◽  
Proxy Indicators ◽  
Personal Welfare ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Method

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a framework that helps to analyze the dependence between personal welfare and individual (personal) intellectual capital (IIC). The authors also introduce the system of proxy indicator for personal intellectual capital (IC) of football coaches. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employs the idea that personal welfare depends on personal IC, particularly, talent. That is why initially the literature analysis of welfare phenomenon was provided. Then the system of available proxy indicators of football coaches’ IC was designed. To achieve the purpose a linear function is estimated with the help of ordinary least squares method. Findings – The chosen set of IC proxy indicators explain the significant part of coaches’ salary. Such proxies as improvement in the championship table and coach's image in media have a significant and positive influence on coach's salary. Whereas, lowering the position of the club does not considerably affect the coach's wealth. A clubs’ financial capacities and budget also influences coaches’ salaries. Research limitations/implications – Traditional limitation of proxy indicators-based studies is connected with their eligibility and complexity. Practical implications – The possibility to codify IC of a person enables to analyze core competencies necessary in a particular activity or profession for success achievement. Moreover a policy of inequality reduction should take into account that intangible assets are at the base of those persons wealth. Originality/value – This is the first paper that employs IC concept to people wealth while previous literature is dedicated to companies’ or countries’ IC.

scholarly journals Linear modeling and regression for exponential engineering functions by a generalized ordinary least squares method

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Yaser Abdelhadi
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Parametric Estimation ◽  
Linear Least Squares ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Linear Transformations ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Method

Linear transformations are performed for selected exponential engineering functions. The Optimum values of parameters of the linear model equation that fits the set of experimental or simulated data points are determined by the linear least squares method. The classical and matrix forms of ordinary least squares are illustrated. Keywords: Exponential Functions; Linear Modeling; Ordinary Least Squares; Parametric Estimation; Regression Steps.

scholarly journals A practical procedure for estimation of linear models via asymptotic quasi-likelihood

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Biondini ◽  
Yan-Xia Lin ◽  
Sifa Mvoi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Predictable Process ◽  
Practical Procedure ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Method

This paper is concerned with the application of an asymptotic quasi-likelihood practical procedure to estimate the unknown parameters in linear stochastic models of the form yt=ft(θ)+Mt(θ)(t=1,2,..,T) , where ft is a linear predictable process of θ and Mt is an error term such that E(Mt|Ft−1)=0 and E(Mt2|Ft−1)<∞ and F is a σ-field generated from{ys}s≤t . For this model, to estimate the parameter θ∈Θ, the ordinary least squares method is usually inappropriate (if there is only one observable path of {yt} and if E(Mt2|Ft−1) is not a constant) and the maximum likelihood method either does not exist or is mathematically intractable. If the finite dimensional distribution of Mt is unknown, to obtain a good estimate of θ an appropriate predictable process gt should be determined. In this paper, criteria for determining gt are introduced which, if satisfied, provide more accurate estimates of the parameters via the asymptotic quasi-likelihood method.

Metrological evaluation of a bourdon manometer from the ordinary least squares method

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (94) ◽  
pp. 4681-4689
Author(s):  
Cristian Pedraza-Yepes ◽  
Jose Daniel Hernandez-Vasquez ◽  
Fernando Pastor Forero ◽  
Leonardo Perez Manotas ◽  
Jorge Gonzalez-Coneo
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Metrological Evaluation ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Method
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