scholarly journals Impact of legislation to reduce the drink-drive limit on road traffic accidents and alcohol consumption in Scotland: a natural experiment study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Lewsey ◽  
Houra Haghpanahan ◽  
Daniel Mackay ◽  
Emma McIntosh ◽  
Jill Pell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Per Capita

Background It is widely recognised that drink driving is a leading cause of road traffic accidents (RTAs). There is evidence that changing the drink-drive limit from a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 to 0.05 g/dl is effective in reducing RTAs. Scotland changed the blood alcohol concentration limit to 0.05 g/dl on 5 December 2014. Aims To assess whether or not the numbers and rates of RTAs and per capita alcohol consumption in Scotland were reduced because of the 2014 drink-drive legislation. To assess whether or not the 2014 change in legislation provided good value for money. Design A natural experimental, quantitative study. The control group was England and Wales, that is, the other countries in Great Britain, where the drink-drive legislation remained unchanged. Setting Great Britain. Participants The entire population of Scotland, England and Wales for the period of January 2013–December 2016. Intervention The change to drink-drive legislation in Scotland. Outcome measures The counts and rates of RTAs; and per capita alcohol consumption. Methods For the numbers and rates of RTAs (both traffic flow and population denominators were used), and separately for the intervention and control trial groups, negative binomial regression models were fitted to panel data sets to test for a change in outcome level after the new 2014 legislation was in place. To obtain a ‘difference-in-differences’ (DiD)-type measure of effect, an interaction term between the intervention group indicator and the binary covariate for indicating pre and post change in legislation (‘pseudo’-change for the control group) was assessed. For off- and on-trade per capita alcohol sales, and separately for the intervention and control trial group, seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average error models were fitted to the relevant time series. Results The change to drink-drive legislation was associated with a 2% relative decrease in RTAs in Scotland [relative risk (RR) 0.98, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.04; p = 0.53]. However, the pseudo-change in legislation was associated with a 5% decrease in RTAs in England and Wales (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.00; p = 0.05). For RTA rates, with traffic flow as the denominator, the DiD-type estimate indicated a 7% increase in rates for Scotland relative to England and Wales (unadjusted RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.17; p = 0.1). The change to drink-drive legislation was associated with a 0.3% relative decrease in per capita off-trade sales (–0.3%, 95% CI –1.7% to 1.1%; p = 0.71) and a 0.7% decrease in per capita on-trade sales (–0.7%, 95% CI –0.8% to –0.5%; p < 0.001). Conclusion The change to drink-drive legislation in Scotland in December 2014 did not have the expected effect of reducing RTAs in the country, and nor did it change alcohol drinking levels in Scotland. This main finding for RTAs was unexpected and the research has shown that a lack of enforcement is the most likely reason for legislation failure. Future work Investigations into how the public interpret and act on changes in drink-drive legislation would be welcome, as would research into whether or not previous change in drink-drive legislation effects on RTAs in other jurisdictions are associated with the level of enforcement that took place. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN38602189. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 7, No. 12. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Remarks on patients with traumatic brain injury due to traffic accident related to alcohol comsumption treated in Vietduc hospital after implementing the decree 100

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Duc Chinh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Road Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Risk Of Death

Purpose: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is still considered as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality of victims by traffic accident. Despite a fact that many measurements and preventions have been applied, the rate of TBI is remained high. Aim of this study was to investigate treatment process of TBI caused by road traffic accident at Viet Duc Hospital after the Decree 100 which has been issued in Vietnam in early 2020. Materials and method: A retrospective and prospective study has been conducted in Viet Duc Hospital from Dec, 2020 to March, 2021. All the patients with TBI by road traffic accident were enrolled. Severity of TBI was identified by Glasgow Scale (GCS) and BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) test taken on arrival. The data was collected from medical record as well as autopsy report and analysed by SPSS.20.0 Results: A total of 150 patients with TBI by road traffic accidents were enrolled, age group from 21 to 60 years old accounted for 64%, male accounted for 86.7%. Associated injuries were maxillofacial lesions 48%, extremities 24.7%, chest accounted for 20%. Severity of TBI with GCS 6 - 8 was the highest rate 52%, from 3 - 5 GCS accounted for 30%. 40% were operated on emergency; BAC was positive 46.7%, of which over from 50 mg/L accounted for 32.6%. The patients with GCS from 6 to 8 were BAC positive accounted for a higher rate than groups with GCS above 9 or below 5. The most common TBI lesions were subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma and cerebral edema accounted for 67.3%, 60% and 58% respectively. Overall mortality was 26% including in-hospital death and discharged to die. Conclusions and recommendations: Data from the study has shown that many young men with severe TBI by road traffic accident were BAC positive which can results in the high risk of death and disability. Thus, we highly recommend counterparts should constantly strengthen the propaganda and enforcement measures in order to reduce traffic accidents and TBI patients. Keywords: traffic accidents; injury; brain trauma severity.

scholarly journals Relative risk of injury due to alcohol consumption in car and motorcycle drivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1525-1531
Author(s):  
Mahnaz Yadollahi ◽  
Forough Pazhuheian
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Of Injury

Background: There is strong evidence that a substantial number of fatal as well as nonfatal injuries in road traffic accidents result from alcohol consumption and abuse. Aims: To examine the relationship between blood alcohol concentration and characteristics of injury in trauma patients admitted to a major teaching hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional investigation of trauma characteristics among 38 435 car and motorcycle drivers referred to the South of Iran Trauma Center between October and March 2018. A log-binomial regression model was used to evaluate the relative risk of each covariate on the Injury Severity Score. Results: There were 253 patients (7.78%) with alcohol consumption. Also, blood alcohol level was positive in 8.66% and 6.93% of car and motorcycle drivers, respectively. The ISS in alcohol consumers and nonconsumers was 6.34 (standard deviation; 8.73) and 4.12 (7.78), respectively, which was significantly higher in the alcohol consumers (t test = 12.96, P < 0.001). Therefore, alcohol consumption was a significant factor in increasing the relative risk of injury, which was 2.83 units more than among drivers who had not consumed alcohol. Conclusions: Our findings show that the police and law enforcement agencies have a responsibility to enforce stricter rules to reduce drink driving and the burden of trauma on the healthcare system.

scholarly journals ALCOHOL AND MORTALITY BY TRAUMA IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Daniel Ion ◽  
Georgiana Radu ◽  
Marina Leontescu ◽  
Dan Nicolae Păduraru ◽  
Alexandra Bolocan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Overall Mortality

Alcohol consumption alters one’s consciousness and may lead to accidents and traumatic events with deadly consequences. We aimed to analyze the most recent information available in WHO databases about overall mortality rates and alcohol consumption in European countries. The parameters taken into account were the total number of deaths by trauma, alcohol consumption per capita, prevalence of heavy drinking episodes and national legal blood alcohol concentration while drinking The mortality rate by trauma is influenced by many factors and alcohol intoxication could be one of them. Our analysis shows a moderate correlation between overall alchool consumption and death by trauma in Europe in 2015. There are studies who show a positive effect of alcohol consmption on the overall chance of survival after trauma. Chronic consumption is associated with an increase in mortality. Nonetheless, further research is needed and strongly encouraged.

scholarly journals ETANOL E ACIDENTES DE TRÂNSITO EM CURITIBA NO PERÍODO DE 01/2000 - 11/2002

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. L. SILVA ◽  
M. LOPES ◽  
M. R. PILATO ◽  
M. M. GABRIEL
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Law

O etanol é uma substância psicoativa consumida socialmente. Segundo a Lei 9.503/97, que institui o atual Código de Trânsito Brasileiro, dirigir sob efeito de álcool ou substância de efeito análogo é falta gravíssima, gerando desde suspensão do direito de dirigir até detenção de seis meses a três anos. O limite de concentração alcoólica sangüínea, nesse caso, é de 6dg/L. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se 16.353 registros de dosagem toxicológica de álcool etílico do Instituto Médico Legal de Curitiba PR, realizados em indivíduos envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito no período de 01 de janeiro de 2000 a 30 de novembro de 2002. Dentre o total de registros, obteve-se 23,25% de resultados positivos. Observou-se que, do total de exames realizados, 86,84% foram em homens e 13,16% em mulheres. Apenas 9,99% dos laudos positivos encontrava-se abaixo da faixa de concentração permitida. O levantamento apresentado demonstra clara necessidade de maior conscientização por parte da população quanto ao consumo de álcool à condução de veículos. ETHANOL AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN CURITIBA IN THE PERIOD 01/2000 - 11/2002 Abstract Alcohol (in this paper the term alcohol means ethanol) is a psychoactive substance largely socially consumed. According to the law # 9503/97, which established the present Brazilian Traffic Code, driving either under the influence of alcohol or other substances that produce similar effect, is a grave offence. The limit concentration of alcohol in the blood, by that same law, is 6 decigram/litter. In this survey, it was appraised 16,353 cases of officially registered traffic accidents occurred in Curitiba from January 1, 2000 through November 30, 2002; 23,25% of the samples were positive for alcohol. From that figure it was observed that 86,84% of the offenders were men and 13,16% were women. Only just 9,99% of the samples presented alcohol concentration below the range of 6dg/L. This survey clearly shows the necessity of a major program to make the public in general and drivers in particular conscious of their responsibilities where alcohol consumption and driving is concerned.

Epidemiology of alcohol-related accidental death in Tokyo Metropolitan area (2015)

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
Hideto Suzuki ◽  
Takanobu Tanifuji ◽  
Satoko Kimura ◽  
Tatsushige Fukunaga
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan Area ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Primary Type ◽  
At Home

Background Alcohol consumption may be a risk factor for accidental deaths; however, characteristics of alcohol-related deaths are unclear. We investigated characteristics of alcohol-related accidental deaths to facilitate target strategies. Methods In this article, 1060 cases of accidental deaths examined by the Tokyo Medical Examiner’s Office (2015) were divided into two groups: deceased individuals who drank alcohol (alcohol; n = 212) and those who did not (control; n = 848). Age, sex, alcohol consumption patterns, and manners/causes of deaths were compared. Places where individuals in the alcohol group met with an accident, and their blood alcohol concentration was assessed. Results Lower mean age (60.5 vs. 73.7 years) and a higher male ratio (75.9% vs. 58.5%) were observed in the alcohol group. Daily alcohol consumption was more common in the alcohol group (70.8% vs. 13.4%). Falling was the leading cause of death in the alcohol group, but without a significant difference (alcohol: 31.6%, control: 30.4%). Incidence rates of drowning (22.2% vs. 7.9%) and poisoning (11.3% vs. 2.0%) were significantly higher in the alcohol group. The mean blood alcohol concentration was 1.6 mg/mL. Of the total alcohol-related accidents, 60.8% occurred at home. Falling down the stairs was the primary type of falling, and majority of drownings occurred in a bathtub. Conclusion Male habitual drinkers (middle-aged to older adults) should be targeted to prevent alcohol-related accidental deaths. More than 50% of deaths occurred at home and care should be taken when performing daily activities, including using stairs and while bathing.

scholarly journals Study of the Effects of Alcohol on Drivers and Driving Performance on Straight Road

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Zhao ◽  
Xingjian Zhang ◽  
Jian Rong
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Lane Position

Drinking driving is responsible for a high proportion of traffic accidents. To study the effects of alcohol on drivers and driving performance, 25 drivers’ subjective feelings and driving performance data in different blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) levels were collected with simulated driving experiment. The investigation results revealed that alcohol affected drivers in many aspects, including attitude, judgment, vigilance, perception, reaction, and controlling. The analysis of accident rate showed that higher BAC level would lead to higher accident rate. The statistical analysis results of driving performance indicated that average speed, speed standard deviation, and lane position standard deviation were significantly higher under the influence of alcohol. They also had a statistically significant linear trend as the function of BAC level. The discrimination of drinking driving based on driving performance was performed with Fisher discrimination method. The results showed that drinking driving with higher BAC level was easier to discriminate from normal driving. Also, the results indicated that the three significant indicators on straight roadway could be used in the discrimination of drinking driving state. The conclusions can provide references for the study of drinking driving and the identification of driving state and then contribute to traffic safety.

scholarly journals On-Site Evaluation of Smoking, Alcohol consumption and Physical Inactivity Among Commercial Taxi Drivers in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Aanuoluwa Odunayo Adedokun ◽  
Daniel Ter Goon ◽  
Eyitayo Omolara Owolabi ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi ◽  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Taxi Drivers ◽  
Commercial Drivers

BACKGROUND: Commercial drivers have been identified as eliciting behaviours that promote non- communicable diseases and road traffic accidents. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and pattern of alcohol use, smoking and physical inactivity among commercial taxi drivers in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 403 commercial drivers using the face-to-face interviews method. The WHO STEPwise questionnaire was used to obtain the demographic data, self-reported rate of alcohol consumption, tobacco use and physical inactivity. RESULTS: The participants&rsquo; mean age was 43.3 &plusmn; 12.5 years. About 30% of the participants were daily smokers, 37% consumed alcohol regularly and only 18% were physically active, whilst 82% were physically inactive. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of alcohol use, smoking and physical inactivity is high among commercial drivers in East London. Workplace health education on the health effects of these lifestyles&rsquo; risky behaviours on individuals and the general public should be given to the drivers.

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