scholarly journals Motivational component of personnel management

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
M. Yeshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Work Activities ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Action Taking ◽  
Time And Energy

The problem of low employees motivation which is frequently observed at modern enterprises is considered in this paper. It is defined that labour motivation is an important phenomenon for both scientists and experts. Labour motivation is described as psychological processes that guide, energize, and support actions in relation to job, task, role, or project. The main objective is to give an overview of the key theoretical aspects. Much attention is also paid to current topics and new directions of the theory of labour motivation and research, as well as to current contradictions and unresolved issues. The main theoretical perspectives of labour motivation are considered. It is established that scientists distinguish two main types of labour motivation theories: the theory of endogenous processes and the theory of exogenous reasons. Endogenous theories of processes focus primarily on the psychological mechanisms explaining motivation within the employee's head, while theories of exogenous causes focus primarily on contextual motivation, which can be changed or altered depending on the circumstances. Material and financial incentives are awards of the employees by monetary benefits for the results of their work activities. The use of material and monetary incentives contributes to the regulation of behaviour of management objects on the basis of different financial awards and penalties application. According to the theory of expectations, the workers prefer to invest in action, taking intoaccount their relative advantages, i.e. the probability of achieving the desired results is a function of three beliefs: expectation, instrumentality (performance will lead to results) and priority (these results are important or valued). These beliefs are considered to be dependent, and if any of them are absent, the course of action will not exist. Without achieving the result, the employees find it useless; without tools and priorities, the employees distrust whether productivity is worth it. It is very important that the theory of expectations is developed taking into account personal decisions that employees make about the reasonableness of spending their time and energy, and if so, where and how, and not on any differences between them. The types and methods of motivativation, which ensure the activation of employee motivation, are revealed.

Awards in Firms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno S. Frey ◽  
Jana Gallus
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Valuable Component ◽  
The Public ◽  
Strategic Behaviour ◽  
Human Resource Strategy ◽  
Extrinsic Incentive

Money is not always successful in sustaining and raising employee motivation. When money is perceived to be controlling, financial incentives may backfire and undermine motivation. High-powered incentives can also lead to strategic behaviour and gaming. Many firms are aware of the limitations of monetary incentives. They use non-financial rewards in an effort to sustain and raise employee motivation. Awards are a special kind of non-financial yet extrinsic incentive, whose value resides primarily in the recognition conveyed among peers and in the public. Awards are used in firms to raise employees’ motivation, to foster retention, and to establish role models. They are a valuable component of organizations’ human resource strategy. Outside the boundaries of the firm awards are used to set standards, to establish norms, and to support innovation. Awards may have unintended motivational effects, particularly on non-recipients. Awards may create and foster competitive advantage.

Conservation payments in a social context: determinants of tolerance and behavioural intentions towards wild cats in northern Belize

Oryx ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca G. Harvey ◽  
Venetia Briggs-Gonzalez ◽  
Frank J. Mazzotti
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Empirical Correlations ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Wild Cats ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Forest Farm

AbstractCarnivores are valued by conservationists globally but protecting them can impose direct costs on rural, livestock-dependent communities. Financial incentives are increasingly used with the goal of increasing people's tolerance of predators, but the definition of tolerance has been vague and inconsistent. Empirical correlations between attitudinal and behavioural measures of tolerance imply that attitudes may be a valid proxy for behaviours. However, theoretical differences between the concepts suggest that attitudinal tolerance and behavioural intention to kill cats would have different underlying determinants. We surveyed 112 residents within a forest–farm mosaic in northern Belize inhabited by jaguars Panthera onca and four other species of wild cats. A conservation payment programme pays local landowners when camera traps record cat presence on their land. Results indicated that tolerance was associated with gender and participation in the camera-trapping programme, whereas intention to kill cats was associated with cultural group (Mennonites vs Mestizos), presence of children in the home and, to a lesser extent, tolerance. Neither dependent variable was significantly related to depredation losses or economic factors. Results suggest that monetary payments alone are unlikely to affect attitudes and behaviours towards carnivores. Payment programmes may be enhanced by accentuating non-monetary incentives, leveraging social norms and targeting specific groups with information about risks and benefits associated with carnivores. By empirically separating two concepts commonly conflated as ‘tolerance’ we clarify understanding of how social forces interact with financial incentives to shape people's relationships with predators.

scholarly journals Enhancing Employees’ Performance through Organizational Care Policies in the Health Care Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Andrea Tomo ◽  
Lucio Todisco
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Work Involvement ◽  
Health Care Context ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
The Impact

Literature is increasingly recognizing that organizations must combine themes of care and concern with more established economic objectives. This conceptual study will expand on this literature by considering how expressions of organizational care toward employees, by improving their well-being, may influence their motivation, work involvement and, in turn, improve performance. In more detail, by extending the conceptual framework developed by Bonner & Sprinkle (2001), it is argued that managers should take into account the impact, not only of monetary and non-monetary incentives, but even of other caring policies, on employee motivation and performance outcomes. On this ground, this study develops a theoretical model on how organizational care may help employees in expressing their work potential and enhancing their performance. The model is developed within the health care context since its particular setting that strongly affects employees’ well-being.

scholarly journals Work Motivation: Directing, Energizing, and Maintaining Effort (and Research)

2012 ◽  
pp. 504-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Grant ◽  
Jihae Shin
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Expectancy Theory ◽  
Job Design ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Setting Theory

This chapter provides an overview of contemporary research on work motivation. We start by identifying the central premises, controversies, and unanswered questions related to five core theoretical perspectives on work motivation: expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, job design, and self-determination theory. We then discuss four current topics and new directions: collective motivation and organizing, temporal dynamics, creativity, and the effects of rewards.

Employee motivation in the light of selected theoretical perspectives. An outline of the problem

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (39) ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Daria Rogowska
Keyword(s):  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Motivation Model

This paper is devoted to selected theoretical perspectives related to employee motivation. It constitutes an outline of the problem and has the form of a review. The aim of this paper is to present selected theoretical perspectives regarding employee motivation because this issue seems to be crucial in relation to professional activities. This paper presents the notion of employee motivation from the perspective of selected definitions. The 3.0 motivation model and other selected concepts are described. Moreover, individual levels of employee motivation 3.0 are presented. The focus is also on their characteristics. The term gamification and its essence are presented. An attempt is made at presenting the applications of gamification and its specificity in professional activation of people working in a given organization.

An Alternative Account of the History of Archaeology in the Nineteenth Century

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Diaz-Andreu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Colonial Studies ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Disciplinary History ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Directions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Historians of science (whether philosophers, epistemologists, historians of science, or sociologists of science) have been stubbornly reluctant to deal with archaeology in favour of other disciplines such as geology and medicine. Most histories of archaeology have, therefore, been written by archaeologists and this book is no exception. Being trained in the subtleties of stratigraphy and typology does not, however, provide archaeologists with the necessary tools to confront the history of their own discipline. Many of the histories of archaeology so far written revolve around a narrow, almost positivistic, understanding of what the writing of one’s own disciplinary history represents. This volume attempts to overcome these limitations. Questions addressed have been inspired by a wide range of authors working in the areas of history, sociology, literary studies, anthropology, and the history of science. It uses the case of nineteenth-century world archaeology to explore the potential of new directions in the study of nationalism for our understanding of the history of archaeology. Key concepts and questions from which this study has drawn include the changing nature of national history as seen by historians (Berger et al. 1999b; Hobsbawm 1990) and by scholars working in the areas of literature and political studies (Anderson 1991); transformations within nationalism (Smith 1995); new theoretical perspectives developed within colonial and post-colonial studies (Asad 1973; Said 1978); the relationship between knowledge and power (Foucault 1972 (2002); 1980b); and the consideration of social disciplines as products of history (Bourdieu 1993; 2000; 2004). Perhaps historians and sociologists of science’s lack of enthusiasm to engage with archaeology derives from its sheer lack of homogeneity. The term comes from the Greek arkhaiologia, the study of what is ancient. It most commonly encompasses the analysis of archaeological remains, but the emphasis on what body of data lies within its remit has always differed—and still does—from country to country and within a country between groups of scholars of the various academic traditions. For some it revolves around the study of artistic objects, as well as of ancient inscriptions and coins, for others it encompasses all manifestations of culture from every period of human existence.

Intensive Mothering and the Unequal School-Search Burden

2021 ◽  
pp. 003804072110484
Author(s):  
Bailey A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
School Choice ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Racial Climate ◽  
School Environments ◽  
Research School ◽  
New School ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
School Assignment

Expanded school-choice policies have weakened the traditional link between residence and school assignment. These policies have created new school options and new labor for families to manage and divide. Drawing on interviews with 90 mothers and 12 fathers of elementary-age children, I demonstrate that mothers across class, racial, and ethnic backgrounds absorb the labor of school decision-making. Working-class mothers emphasize self-sacrifice and search for schools that will keep their children safe. Middle-class mothers intensively research school information and seek niche school environments. Working-class and middle-class black and Latinx mothers engage in ongoing labor to monitor the racial climate within schools and to protect their children from experiences of marginalization. Partnered fathers and single primary-caregiver fathers invest less time and energy in the search for schools. These findings identify an important source of gender inequality stemming from modern educational policies and suggest new directions for research on school choice.

Worlds Apart?

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E. James ◽  
Jennifer E. Jennings ◽  
Rhonda S. Breitkreuz
Keyword(s):  
Agency Theory ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Symbolic Interactionism ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Resource Based View ◽  
Family Science ◽  
Family Enterprise ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Directions

This article demonstrates how the combined approaches of informed pluralism and disciplined integration can help rebridge the distance between the seemingly disparate academic worlds of family science and family business. The authors establish the need for such a resynthesis by documenting trends within family enterprise research from 1985 to 2010. The analysis vividly illustrates not only the increased dominance of publication outlets and theoretical perspectives associated with business but also the near disappearance of those associated with family. In light of these trends, the authors suggest that renewed attention to integrating ideas from the two disciplines is likely to enrich both. To illustrate this claim, this study combines concepts from long-standing theories within the family science literature (structural functionalism and symbolic interactionism) with those from predominant perspectives within the family business literature (agency theory and the resource-based view). The outcome is a series of provocative yet relevant potential new directions for each field.

Price competitiveness and government incentives for simulating the meetings industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo (Don) A.N. Dioko ◽  
Julie Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Price Competitiveness ◽  
Price Range ◽  
Mice Industry ◽  
Analytic Design

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which price competitiveness accounts for the observed precipitated decline in the number of meetings taking place in Macau from 2009 to 2012, in spite of the rapid growth in overall tourism, diversification in its tourism offering, and the sizable expansion of its capacity and facilities for hosting business tourism over the same period. Design/methodology/approach – Analyzing historical as well as comparative data in a cross-section analytic design, the study suggests an implied competitive price range (using comparative accommodation prices as a proxy) beyond which financial incentives may be ineffectual in attracting meetings Findings – Examination of price levels as a proxy of competitiveness in attracting meeting events in the single case of Macau proved inconclusive. Other factors beyond mere price competitiveness likely account for the declining number of meetings in Macau from 2009 to the end of 2012. Originality/value – Overall, the above findings pose a challenge for the continued general development of MICE industry in Macau and its meetings industry in particular. Despite the noble and generous efforts of its government agencies to arrest the decline in the number of meetings and maintain Macau’s position as a meetings industry hub through monetary incentives and subvention packages for organizers, it would benefit them and the private sector to explore channeling more resources toward addressing the fundamental and structural factors that can improve long-term competitiveness in attracting more meeting events.

scholarly journals The evolved psychological mechanisms of fertility motivation: hunting for causation in a sea of correlation

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1692) ◽  
pp. 20150151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa S. McAllister ◽  
Gillian V. Pepper ◽  
Sandra Virgo ◽  
David A. Coall
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Fertility Decisions ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
Evolved Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Cultural Ecological

Cultural, ecological, familial and physiological factors consistently influence fertility behaviours, however, the proximate psychological mechanisms underlying fertility decisions in humans are poorly understood. Understanding the psychological mechanisms underlying human fertility may illuminate the final processes by which some of these known predictors have their influence. To date, research into the psychological mechanisms underlying fertility has been fragmented. Aspects of reproductive psychology have been examined by researchers in a range of fields, but the findings have not been systematically integrated in one review. We provide such a review, examining current theories and research on psychological mechanisms of fertility. We examine the methods and populations used in the research, as well as the disciplines and theoretical perspectives from which the work has come. Much of the work that has been done to date is methodologically limited to examining correlations between ecological, social and economic factors and fertility. We propose, and support with examples, the use of experimental methods to differentiate causal factors from correlates. We also discuss weaknesses in the experimental research, including limited work with non-WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) populations.

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