scholarly journals Investigation and formation of the sales mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-173
Author(s):  
N. Golda ◽  
O. Burlitska ◽  
O. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Personal Communication ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Sales Process ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Target Consumer ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Given

The features of the mechanism of using the tools of the marketing complex in the sales process are investigated in this paper. It is proved that in market economy, the given concept of «4P» does not completely reveal the essence of marketing activities and should be supplemented by several components. This approach promotes the use of three more components that form appropriate standards for service enterprises. The concept of «sale», which is considered as oral exchange between the buyer and the seller, during which the seller makes the presentation of the goods for the purpose of concluding transaction is considered and supplemented. It is analyzed that the interpretation of the sales process only as a sphere of personal communication between seller and buyer does not take into account the preparation and organization of sales, physical movement of goods to the point of sale, but only establishes and maintains contacts with consumers. In this case, sales act as one of the tools of communication with the consumer and is aimed to find a buyer, convince him to buy the product and provide necessary sales. It is proved that it is the communication component of the sales process that distinguishes it from other concepts – sales and distribution and expands the scope, focusing on the end result and taking care of meeting the needs of consumers. Communication in this case plays the role of the tool by which the sales process is performed. In addition, it is also one of the sources for collecting information about the target consumer and formation of the company’s image, which aims to increase the number of loyal customers. It is proved that the purpose of formation of sales complex at the enterprise is the delivery of finished goods to the consumer and its effective realization for balance establishment between market demand and goods offer. The effectiveness of sales in this case is that the cost of relevant marketing activities of the enterprise must be recouped and give a direct and indirect effects, presented in the form of meeting consumer needs and increasing their loyalty to the company and its products, or in the form of profit growth per hryvnia of sales budget.

FMS and the main car industry

Robotica ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
V. Nicolò
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Flexible Manufacturing ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Car Industry ◽  
The Given

SUMMARYThe attainment of a breakeven for lower outputs, the diversification of models in order to meet market demand and the improvement of quality are accepted as strategic objectives for the automotive industry. The role of flexible manufacturing with reference to these objectives is illustrated. The steps, through which the new technology is introduced, are discussed and some production systems already installed are described within the given framework.

scholarly journals The role and importance of dealers (sellers) for the automobile market in Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-32
Author(s):  
Sanja Jelenković ◽  
Aleksandar Brzaković ◽  
Branko Mihailović
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Product Placement ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Product Pricing ◽  
Consumer Markets ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Given

Cars are the most sophisticated mass-produced products and are the result of years of research and development. Due to this nature, the technological development of cars is, in general, unpredictable. Even when they meet expectations, consumer acceptance varies from one market to the next. Consumer markets consist of customers who want to spend or benefit from a purchased product and who do not buy the product for profit, as the main goal, but to meet their needs. The role of dealers in the automotive industry is of increasing importance to both production volume and car models. Without their presence, there is the question of product placement, product pricing, and marketing activities. The strategy of the manufacturer or dealer himself is of the utmost importance, as the company creates value and how it achieves a competitive advantage, while the cost advantage sources depend on the structure of the given industry. Also crucial for the auto industry is the supply chain of spare parts. Price is a strategic and tactical variable that influences sales volume.

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

Changing Role of Agriculture in Income and Employment, and Trends of Agricultural Worker Productivity in Indian States

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-189
Keyword(s):  
Green Revolution ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Agricultural Worker ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Changing Role

The productivity of land has been often discussed and deliberated by the academia and policymakers to understand agriculture, however, very few studies have focused on the agriculture worker productivity to analyze this sector. This study concentrates on the productivity of agricultural workers from across the states taking two-time points into consideration. The agriculture worker productivity needs to be dealt with seriously and on a time series basis so that the marginal productivity of worker can be ascertained but also the dependency of worker on agriculture gets revealed. There is still disguised unemployment in all the states and high level of labour migration, yet most of the states showed the dependency has gone down. Although a state like Madhya Pradesh is doing very well in terms of income earned but that is at the cost of increased worker power in agriculture as a result of which, the productivity of worker has gone down. States like Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura, though small in size showed remarkable growth in productivity and all these states showed a positive trend in terms of worker shifting away from agriculture. The traditional states which gained the most from Green Revolution of the sixties are performing decently well, but they need to have the next major policy push so that they move to the next orbit of growth.

Music publications in Galicia in the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries: production, advertising, pricing

2019 ◽  
pp. 481-499
Author(s):  
Olga Osadtsia
Keyword(s):  
Book Publishing ◽  
Initial Form ◽  
Music Production ◽  
Bibliographic Information ◽  
Financial Factor ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Book Selling ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Import Trade

The main forms and methods of distribution of music publications in Galicia in the XIX — early XX centuries are scrutinized. The demand for the relevant music production is one of the determining factors in the formation of the musical publishing repertoire, its structure and special features in the process of the existence of music publications in society. It is noted that export-import trade in books has become especially widespread in Galicia; there are facts about the links between publishers and booksellers in Lviv and Warsaw. The basic types of presentation of book advertising of music products, its regional peculiarities, and ways of its placement are considered. Special emphasis is placed on the role of specialized press in the advertising of music products, typical examples of press advertising. The registration bibliographic information as the initial form of music bibliography and the forms of its compilation are distinguished. The emphasis is placed on the importance of thorough critical articles as a separate typological group of bibliographic publications under the conditions of formation of the Ukrainian bibliography, in which the main importance is given to the disclosure of the content and evaluation of the reviewed work. The combination of article genres and reviews on examples of separate publications by Stanislav Lyudkevych and Ivan Franko is traced. Special book-selling and book-publishing catalogs are characterized. While executing the marketing and advertising function, these directories were addressed primarily to foreign consumers and distributors (the so-called commissioners).One way to distribute music is to subscribe through libraries. A significant financial factor in the distribution of any printed matter was the price that depended primarily on the cost of each process associated with its publication. Keywords: music publications, bookstore, book-trading enterprise, advertising of publications, pricing.

THE ISSUE OF MINORS’S GUARDIANSHIP SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Ирина Викторовна Евстафьева
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
The Given

В статье исследуются вопросы попечительства в отношении несовершеннолетних, отбывающих наказание в виде лишения свободы. Проблема, поднимаемая автором настоящей статьи, многогранна, касается различных аспектов отбывания наказания несовершеннолетними в воспитательных колониях и требует комплексного исследования, способного ответить на определенно значимый вопрос: является ли колония законным представителем находящихся в ней несовершеннолетних со всеми вытекающими из статуса законных представителей последствиями. При этом необходимо обращать внимание на специфику правового статуса лиц, отбывающих наказание в воспитательных колониях, которые, во-первых, являются несовершеннолетними, то есть не обладают дееспособностью в полном объеме и нуждаются в особой заботе, защите и представительстве, а во-вторых, осуждены за совершение тяжкого или особо тяжкого преступления, влекущего изоляцию от общества и определенные ограничения и лишения. Отечественное законодательство достаточно детально регламентирует особенности режима отбывания наказания в виде лишения свободы несовершеннолетними, не определяя при этом статуса воспитательных колоний, кем они являются: воспитателями, попечителями или исключительно учреждениями исполнения наказаний. Между тем правильное понимание значения и роли воспитательной колонии в жизни находящихся в ней несовершеннолетних преступников, по мнению автора, поможет избежать ряда проблем, объективно складывающихся в учреждениях подобного рода. С этой точки зрения предлагаемая тема представляет интерес не только для ученых-теоретиков, но и для практиков - сотрудников соответствующих учреждений. Особо следует подчеркнуть, что исследований по данной тематике в специальной литературе нет. Отдельные исследования, встречающиеся в современной литературе, касаются исключительно общего гражданско-правового статуса несовершеннолетних осужденных. Однако это обстоятельство может свидетельствовать только о новизне данной темы, но никак не об отсутствии самой проблемы. The article analyzes the issues of the status of educational colonies as guardians of minors serving a sentence of imprisonment. In fact, the problem raised by the author of this article is multifaceted, concerns various aspects of the serving of punishment by minors in educational colonies and requires a comprehensive study that can answer, it seems, a definitely significant question: whether the colony is the legal representative of the minors in it with all the consequences arising from the status of legal representatives in the form of duties and responsibilities. At the same time, it seems, it is necessary to pay attention to the specifics of the legal status of citizens serving sentences in educational colonies, who, firstly, are minors, i.e. do not have full legal capacity and need special care, protection and representation, and, secondly, are convicted of committing a serious or particularly serious crime, entailing isolation from society and certain restrictions and deprivation. Domestic legislation regulates in sufficient detail the peculiarities of the regime of serving sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty by minors, without determining the status of educational colonies. Who are they: educators, Trustees or only institutions of execution of punishments. Meanwhile, the correct understanding of the importance and role of the educational colony in the life of juvenile offenders in it, according to the author, will help to avoid a number of problems that objectively develop in institutions of this kind. From this point of view, the proposed topic is of interest not only for theoretical scientists, but for practitioners-employees of relevant institutions. It should be emphasized that there are no studies on this subject in the special literature. However, this circumstance can testify only about novelty of the given subject, but in any way about absence of the problem. It seems that the relevance and importance of a problem is not always measured by the number of studies devoted to it. Sometimes these its traits are manifest only under particularly careful consideration.

Planning for Reuse. Developing a Strategy for the Northern Territory, Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Harsh Climate ◽  
The Cost

A harsh climate, extended dry periods and relatively expensive water resources underly the potential for effluent reuse in the Northern Territory, Australia. The cost of supplying potable water and the potential offsetting effects of utilising sewage effluent are reviewed. The need to firmly establish the true cost to the community of different supply options is identified. Major cost benefits accrue where reuse will enable deferment of either significant potable source augmentation or sewage treatment works upgrading and where horticultural prospects are good at a reuse site close to the treatment works. An overall strategy plan for increasing the potential of reuse is described. This plan includes firm cost management procedures, marketing activities, appropriate land planning measures and a commitment to research and development.

scholarly journals Ostracism and nationalism in the workplace: discursive exclusionary practices between cultural and geographic neighbors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Köllen ◽  
Susanne Kopf
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Intention ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Exclusionary Practices ◽  
Online Comments ◽  
Norm Group ◽  
Employee Groups ◽  
The Given ◽  
Organizational Mechanisms ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractSo far, management research on mechanisms of exclusion of employee groups has mainly applied constructs of racism to understanding issues of origin-based ostracism. This research has primarily focused on issues faced by employees whose heritage is markedly different from the heritage shared by the norm group in the given socio-cultural, linguistic, and geographical setting. Against this backdrop, the present study investigates how ostracism plays out when the heritages involved are similar, as exemplified by German employees in Austria. Study 1 examines the discursive production of Austrian stereotyping of Germans in the usage of different terms of reference for ‘Germans’ in Austrian discourse. A corpus analysis of online comments on newspaper sites highlights the implicit Austrian need for delineation against Germany. Study 2 analyzes Germans’ perception of Austrians’ exclusionary linguistic practices and how this impacts on their employment experience and turnover intention. A quantitative analysis of survey data from 600 German nationals employed in Austria reveals that the degree of exposure to these demarcating practices is associated with lower job satisfaction, a higher burnout level and an increase in turnover intention. This study is amongst the first to shed light on the central role of nationalism and national identities in organizational mechanisms of exclusion.

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