scholarly journals Influence of Carbon Black/Silica Hybrid Ratio on Properties of Passenger Car Tire Sidewall

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akaporn Limtrakul ◽  
Pongdhorn Sae-Oui ◽  
Manuchet Nillawong ◽  
Chakrit Sirisinha
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Constant Loading ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Filler Reinforcement ◽  
Heat Build Up ◽  
Reinforcement Efficiency ◽  
Rubber Filler

Influence of carbon black (CB)/precipitated silica (SiO2) hybrid ratio on properties of a passenger car tire (PCT) sidewall based on natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR) blend was investigated. Rubbers filled with various hybrid filler ratios at a constant loading of 50 phr were prepared and tested. The filler reinforcement efficiency in association with crucial properties of the tire sidewall were of interest. Results show the enhanced rubber–filler interaction with increasing SiO2 fraction leading to the improvement in many vulcanizate properties including hardness, tensile strength, tear strength and fatigue resistance, at the expense of cure efficiency and hysteretic behaviors (i.e., reduced heat build-up resistance and increased dynamic set). The results also suggest the improvement in tire sidewall performance of the NR/BR vulcanizates reinforced with CB/SiO2 hybrid filler, compared to that of the CB-filled vulcanizate.

Investigations on Rolling Resistance of Nanocomposite Based Passenger Car Radial Tyre Tread Compounds Using Simulation Technique

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ghosh ◽  
R.A. Sengupta ◽  
G. Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Loss Tangent ◽  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Passenger Car

Abstract Tyre rolling resistance is a key performance index in the tyre industry that addresses the environmental concern. Reduction of tyre rolling resistance is a major challenge so as to lower the fuel consumption, which could be achieved by changing both design as well as compound formulation. In this paper, rolling resistance of 205/60R15 as well as 155/70R14 passenger car radial tyre with nanocomposite based tread compounds were evaluated using finite element (FE) analysis. The energy dissipation in the tyre was evaluated using the product of elastic strain energy and the loss tangent of materials through post processing using a rolling resistance code. The elastic strain energy was obtained through steady state rolling simulation of tyre using Abaqus software and the loss tangent was measured in the laboratory by viscoanalyzer. A good correlation of rolling resistance was observed between simulation and experimental results. Nanocomposites used in this study were prepared based on solution styrene butadiene rubber and polybutadiene rubber blends with either organoclay and carbon black or organoclay and silica dual fillers. Carboxylated nitrile rubber, a polar rubber, was used as compatibilizer to facilitate the clay dispersion in rubber matrix. Compared to general carbon black or silica tread compounds, substantial improvement of rolling resistance was predicted by FE simulation with nanocomposite based tread compounds containing dual fillers organoclay-carbon black or organoclay-silica.

Crosslinking of Rubbers by Fillers

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Rajeev ◽  
S. K. De
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Hydrogen Bond Formation ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Reactive Groups ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Rubber Phase ◽  
Rubber Filler

Abstract Oxygen containing chemical groups on the carbon black surface can react with the carboxyl groups of XNBR, or epoxy groups of ENR, or chlorosulfonated groups of CSM, during high temperature molding of the rubber-filler mixtures. This leads to crosslinking of the rubber phase. The extent of crosslinking increases if the carbon black surface is oxidized, the concentration of the reactive groups of the rubber increases, or a suitable silane coupling agent is incorporated in the rubber-filler mixtures. Similarly, high temperature molding of the XNBR-precipitated silica, ENR-precipitated silica, CSM-precipitated silica, and CR-ferrite mixtures leads to crosslinking of the rubber phases, even in the absence of conventional rubber vulcanizing agents. XNBR-ZnO mixture on high temperature molding also produces crosslinked rubbers consisting of ionic crosslinks. During mixing stage, the reactive fillers interact with the polar rubbers leading to formation of high bound rubber, presumably through hydrogen bond formation. During high temperature molding of the rubber-filler mixtures for a prolonged time, the reactive groups on the filler surface chemically react with the functional groups of the rubber chains leading to crosslinks of the rubber phase. This is evident from the rise in the rheometric torque of the rubber-filler mixture and marked changes in properties of the mixture on high temperature molding. The properties in many instances are similar to that obtained in the case of rubbers crosslinked by conventional vulcanizing agents. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to identify the chemical structures at the filler-rubber interface formed during crosslinking of the rubber by the filler.

PROPERTIES OF SBR FILLED WITH CARBON BLACK AND ARAMID PULP HYBRID FILLER: COMPARISON BETWEEN PREDISPERSED ARAMID PULP AND CONVENTIONAL ARAMID PULP

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 640-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuchet Nillawong ◽  
Pongdhorn Sae-oui ◽  
Krisda Suchiva ◽  
Chakrit Sirisinha
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Aramid Fiber ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Fiber Loading ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
Heat Buildup ◽  
Rubber Filler

ABSTRACT Compounds of SBR incorporated with hybrid filler of carbon black (CB) and aramid pulp were prepared. The ratio of CB to aramid pulp was varied and its effects on viscoelastic and mechanical properties of the rubber were investigated. Two aramid pulp types were used in this study: conventional aramid pulp (CAP) and the predispersed aramid pulp (PAP). The rubber–filler interaction as indicated by bound rubber content decreases with increasing aramid pulp loading, regardless of the aramid pulp type. This results in a decrease in tensile and abrasion properties with increasing fiber loading. The energy dissipation properties of the hybrid composites are also poorer than those of the CB/SBR composite, as reflected by the heat buildup values. Use of predispersed aramid fiber resulted in improved dispersion of the fiber in SBR. Thus, Mooney viscosities of the PAP-filled systems are lower than those of the CAP-filled systems, but the percentages of elongation at breaks are higher. The distinct feature of aramid fiber/CB hybrid SBR composites is their high moduli over an extended range of temperatures up to 80°C that is unattainable with the use of CB alone.

Filler Phase Distribution in Rubber Blends Characterized by Thermogravimetric Analysis of the Rubber-Filler Gel

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Le ◽  
S. Ilisch ◽  
G. R. Kasaliwal ◽  
H-J. Radusch
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Wetting Rate ◽  
Rubber Filler

Abstract The analysis of the rubber-filler gel of carbon black filled rubber compounds and blends provides useful information about the mixing process taking place inside the internal mixer. A new measure technique named wetting rate was introduced to describe the wetting behavior of the rubber onto the filler. Natural rubber (NR)/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) blends has been used for experimental investigation. NR shows a significantly higher wetting rate than SBR. The wetting rate does not only depend on the viscosity of rubber but strongly on the functionalization of it. Using the data determined from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of rubber-filler gel, a new method was developed to characterize the kinetics of carbon black (CB) localization in the phases of heterogeneous rubber blends. During the first mixing stage, the CB localization is affected strongly by the wetting rate ratio of the blend components. In the second mixing stage, the rubber-filler interaction dominantly influences the distribution kinetics of the filler to the phases. Because of the higher wetting rate of the NR component, in the investigated NR/SBR blends more CB is found in the NR phase than in the SBR phase. The effect of the matrix viscosity and polarity on the phase specific CB distribution was systematically investigated.

Structure and Dielectric Properties of Rubber Mlxtures Containing Carbon Black

1955 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 891-894
Author(s):  
B. Dogadkin ◽  
A. Lukomskaya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Direct Evaluation ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Heat Effects ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Made In ◽  
Rubber Filler

Abstract One of the fundamental steps in solving the problem of the reinforcement of rubber is that of explaining the nature of the reaction between rubber and fillers. The measurement of heat effects during swelling, in addition to presenting experimental difficulties, does not provide a direct evaluation of the intensity of the rubber-filler bond in rubbers used in industry. In order to measure this bond, the present authors studied the frequency and temperature relations of the dielectric constant ε′ and the tangent of the angle of dielectric losses, tan δ, of unvulcanized natural rubber and sodium-butadiene rubber, rubber-carbon black mixtures, and vulcanized rubber containing different loadings of channel and furnace blacks. The measurements were made in the frequency range of 50 to 2.5×107 cycles per second at 20° C and also in the frequency range of 103 to 4×104 cycles per second at temperatures from −75° to 152° C. As the experiments show (see Figure 1), the coefficient of dielectric loss, ε″=ε′⋅ tan δ, of a raw rubber has no maximum within the frequency range and temperature range studied. At the same time, the rubber-carbon black mixtures are characterized by a maximum ε″ at frequencies of (2−2.5)×103 cycles per second, which depends to a slight extent on the temperature. Vulcanizates containing no carbon black have a maximum ε″ at (2−3.5)×106 cycles per second at 20° C, which is displaced to the temperature range −24° to −27° when the frequency is decreased to 103 cycles per second. Both maxima are observed on the ε″ curves with loaded vulcanizates, the first caused by the heterogeneity of the rubber-carbon black mixture, and the second due to the formation of sulfur dipoles during vulcanization. Consequently, the ε′ curves have two regions of change.

Effect of Carbon Black Structures towards Heat Build-Up Measurements and its Dynamic Properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 1134 ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Ismail Rifdi Rizuan ◽  
Mohammad Azizol Abdul Wahab ◽  
Ahmad Zafir Romli
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Heat Build Up ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different carbon black structures towards heat build-up measurements and its dynamic properties such as tangent delta, loss modulus and storage modulus on the industrial rubber compounds containing Natural Rubber (NR) and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). Different carbon black structures were used and characterised with respect to their rheological and physical properties. Heat Build-up test is a testing procedure which is used to measure the rate of heat generated by the rubber vulcanisates when subjected to rapidly oscillating compressive stresses or strain under controlled conditions. It was found that NR compound containing low and high carbon black structures; N375 and N339 produced lower heat generation compared to NR/SBR blends that filled with the same type of carbon black fillers. It shows that NR with low and high carbon black structures exhibits low heat build-up (surface and intrinsic) with a balance of good traction and low rolling resistance for application in tyre.

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