Communicating Health Risks to the Public

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
James Leonhardt ◽  
Robin Keller ◽  
Ronald Lembke
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Multiple Risk ◽  
Numeric Formats ◽  
Probability Information ◽  
Potential Tool

<p xss=removed><span lang="EN-US" xss=removed>Health risks, such as the probability of experiencing a side effect from a medication, are typically communicated numerically. However, presenting risks in strictly numeric formats is problematic considering that the public often experiences difficulty in comprehending strictly numeric probabilities. To help overcome this problem, Leonhardt and Keller (2018) tested the efficacy of using pictographs to visually present probabilistic information to health consumers. They found that the addition of pictographs alongside numeric probability information increased probability comprehension and lessened the perceived risk of a multiple risk health option. Here, we review relevant work on probability format and build on the general evaluability theory to posit why pictographs may result in lower risk perceptions of multiple risk options. We discuss current limitations in our understanding of how the public perceives multiple risk options, and we highlight opportunities for future research. For instance, we introduce Quick Response (QR) codes as a potential tool to help consumers view health risks in multiple formats on the Internet.</span><br></p>

scholarly journals Risk perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of chikungunya among the public and health professionals: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tricia Corrin ◽  
Lisa Waddell ◽  
Judy Greig ◽  
Ian Young ◽  
Catherine Hierlihy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Attitudes And Knowledge

Background Recently, attention to chikungunya has increased due to its spread into previously non-endemic areas. Since there is no available treatment or vaccine, most intervention strategies focus on mosquito bite prevention and mosquito control, which require community involvement to be successful. Thus, our objective was to systematically review the global primary literature on the risk perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of chikungunya among the public and health professionals to inform future research and improve our understanding on which intervention strategies are likely to be successful. Methods Potentially relevant articles were identified through a standardized systematic review (SR) process consisting of the following steps: comprehensive search strategy in seven databases (Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, CAB, LILACS, Agricola, and Cochrane) and a grey literature search of public health organizations, relevance screening, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction. Two independent reviewers performed each step. Reporting of this SR follows PRISMA reporting guidelines. Results Thirty-seven relevant articles were identified. The majority of the articles were published since 2011 (83.8%) and reported on studies conducted in Asia (48.7%) and the Indian Ocean Islands (24.3%). The results were separated into four categories: general knowledge and perceptions on chikungunya; perceptions on the risk and severity of chikungunya; knowledge of chikungunya-harboring vectors and transmission; and knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes on mitigation practices. Overall, the systematic review found that risk perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of chikungunya among the public and health professionals vary across populations and countries and knowledge is higher in areas that have experienced an outbreak. Conclusion The results suggest that most of the affected populations in this study do not understand mosquito borne diseases or chikungunya and are therefore less likely to protect themselves from mosquito bites. While more research is required to improve the generalizability of this dataset, it appears that a lack of knowledge is an important barrier for motivating community level interventions and personal protection against mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Risk perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of chikungunya among the public and health professionals: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tricia Corrin ◽  
Lisa Waddell ◽  
Judy Greig ◽  
Ian Young ◽  
Catherine Hierlihy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Attitudes And Knowledge

Background Recently, attention to chikungunya has increased due to its spread into previously non-endemic areas. Since there is no available treatment or vaccine, most intervention strategies focus on mosquito bite prevention and mosquito control, which require community involvement to be successful. Thus, our objective was to systematically review the global primary literature on the risk perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of chikungunya among the public and health professionals to inform future research and improve our understanding on which intervention strategies are likely to be successful. Methods Potentially relevant articles were identified through a standardized systematic review (SR) process consisting of the following steps: comprehensive search strategy in seven databases (Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, CAB, LILACS, Agricola, and Cochrane) and a grey literature search of public health organizations, relevance screening, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction. Two independent reviewers performed each step. Reporting of this SR follows PRISMA reporting guidelines. Results Thirty-seven relevant articles were identified. The majority of the articles were published since 2011 (83.8%) and reported on studies conducted in Asia (48.7%) and the Indian Ocean Islands (24.3%). The results were separated into four categories: general knowledge and perceptions on chikungunya; perceptions on the risk and severity of chikungunya; knowledge of chikungunya-harboring vectors and transmission; and knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes on mitigation practices. Overall, the systematic review found that risk perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of chikungunya among the public and health professionals vary across populations and countries and knowledge is higher in areas that have experienced an outbreak. Conclusion The results suggest that most of the affected populations in this study do not understand mosquito borne diseases or chikungunya and are therefore less likely to protect themselves from mosquito bites. While more research is required to improve the generalizability of this dataset, it appears that a lack of knowledge is an important barrier for motivating community level interventions and personal protection against mosquitoes.

scholarly journals A Global Review of Farmers’ Perceptions of Agricultural Risks and Risk Management Strategies

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Tam Duong ◽  
Tom Brewer ◽  
Jo Luck ◽  
Kerstin Zander
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Agricultural Risk ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Risk Management Strategies

Farmers around the world face and manage a wide range of enterprise-related risks. These risks are increasing due to a range of factors including globalisation, increased trade in agricultural products, and climate change, jeopardising agricultural enterprises and forcing farmers to adjust their production and management strategies. Here we present results of a systematic literature review, following PRISMA protocol, of farmers’ perceptions of, and responses to, agricultural risks. Using data reduction method (factor analysis) and descriptive statistics, we analysed 197 studies and found that weather-related risk (55%), biosecurity threats (48%), and human risk (35%) are the significant risks perceived by farmers for their agricultural enterprises. Diversification of crop and animal production (28%) and pests and diseases monitoring and prevention (20%) were the preferred agricultural risk management strategies employed by farmers. Few studies have investigated socio-economic factors that explain risk perceptions (18%) or factors that influence how farmers manage agricultural risks (11%). The main barriers to successfully managing agricultural risks were limited access to information and formal low-interest loan systems, especially in developing countries. We identified a mismatch between perceived risk sources and risk management strategies, highlighting a need to improve understanding of why particular management responses are employed to address the various risks. This review suggests areas for future research to improve understanding of the perceptions of risks held by farmers, and to support efforts to manage and reduce these risks.

scholarly journals The Effects of Perceived Risk, Brand Credibility and Past Experience on Purchase Intention in the Airbnb Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Hyun Jun
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Intention To Stay ◽  
Perceived Risks ◽  
Brand Credibility ◽  
Psychological Risk

This study investigated the main effects of perceived risks, brand credibility and past experience on intention to stay at Airbnb places and the interaction effects of past experience with perceived risks and brand credibility on intention to stay. A survey research method was utilized in South Korea. Our study is the first study to have applied and supported Jacoby and Kaplan’s six constructs in explaining consumers’ risk perceptions in the Airbnb context. One of the primary findings of this study was that past experience played a significant moderating role in the Airbnb context. Social risk and psychological risk had negative effects and performance risk had a positive effect on Airbnb users’ intention to stay. With regard to non-users, psychological risk had a negative effect on intention to stay. These findings indicate that Airbnb users consider more specific risks based on their prior experiences of Airbnb use. This study also revealed that brand credibility had the strongest influence on both Airbnb users’ and non-users’ intention to stay. Consistent with previous research, this finding indicates that brand credibility is a critical variable in consumer decision-making for the intangible and heterogeneous products like accommodation. Based on these findings, theoretical and managerial implications were provided, and limitations and future research were discussed.

Understanding the Impact of Household End Users' Privacy and Risk Perceptions on Online Behavior

2011 ◽  
pp. 13-32
Author(s):  
Judy Drennan ◽  
Gillian Sullivan Mort ◽  
Josephine Previte
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
End Users ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Online Behavior ◽  
Active Behavior ◽  
Behavior Intentions ◽  
Hierarchy Of Effects ◽  
Online Subscription

This chapter reports research concerning privacy, risk perceptions, and online behavior intentions on a sample of expert household end users. Findings include identification of (1) an e-privacy typology, consisting of “privacy aware,” “privacy suspicious,” and “privacy active” types, and (2) an e-privacy hierarchy of effects. Results suggest the presence of a privacy hierarchy of effects where awareness leads to suspicion, which subsequently leads to active behavior. Perceived risk was found to interact with the e-privacy hierarch and to have a strong negative influence on the extent to which respondents participated in online subscription and purchasing. A key finding was that privacy active behavior which was hypothesised to increase the likelihood of online subscription and purchasing was not found to be significant. The chapter concludes with a number of important implications for managers, and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Support, opposition, emotion and contentious issue risk perception

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Bourassa ◽  
Kelton Doraty ◽  
Loleen Berdahl ◽  
Jana Fried ◽  
Scott Bell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Positive And Negative Emotions

Purpose – Research on emotion in the context of risk perception has historically focused on negative emotions, and has emphasized the effect of these negative emotions on the perception of risk amongst those who oppose (rather than support) contentious issues. Drawing on theory, the purpose of this paper is to hypothesize that both positive and negative emotions are correlated with risk perceptions regarding contentious public issues and that this occurs amongst supporters and opponents alike. Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores the relationship between emotions and perceived risk through consideration of the highly contentious case of nuclear energy in Saskatchewan, Canada. The analysis uses data from a representative telephone survey of 1,355 residents. Findings – The results suggest that positive emotions, like negative emotions, are related to nuclear energy risk perceptions. Emotions are related to risk perception amongst both supporters and opponents. Research limitations/implications – The data set’s limited number of emotion measures and single public issue focus, combined with the survey’s cross-sectional design, make this research exploratory in nature. Future research should incorporate multiple positive emotions, explore opposition, and support across a range of contentious public issues, and consider experimental models to assess causal relationships. Practical implications – The paper offers insights into how public sector managers must be cognizant of the emotional underpinnings of risk perceptions amongst both supporters and opponents of contentious public issues. Originality/value – This paper builds on and expands previous work by considering both positive and negative emotions and both supporters and opponents of contentious issues.

Privacy, Risk Perception, and Expert Online Behavior

2008 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Judy Drennan ◽  
Gillian Sullivan Sullivan ◽  
Josephine Previte
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Online Behavior ◽  
Privacy Risk ◽  
Active Behavior ◽  
Online Technologies ◽  
Online Subscription

Advances in online technologies have raised new concerns about privacy. A sample of expert household end users was surveyed concerning privacy, risk perceptions, and online behavior intentions. A new e-privacy typology consisting of privacy-aware, privacy-suspicious, and privacy-active types was developed from a principal component factor analysis. Results suggest the presence of a privacy hierarchy of effects where awareness leads to suspicion, which subsequently leads to active behavior. An important finding was that privacy-active behavior that was hypothesized to increase the likelihood of online subscription and purchasing was not found to be significant. A further finding was that perceived risk had a strong negative influence on the extent to which respondents participated in online subscription and purchasing. Based on these results, a number of implications for managers and directions for future research are discussed.

Risk perceptions and continued smoking as a function of cigarette filter ventilation level among US youth and young adults who smoke

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056833
Author(s):  
Dana Mowls Carroll ◽  
Katelyn M Tessier ◽  
K Michael Cummings ◽  
Richard J O'Connor ◽  
Sarah Reisinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Population Assessment ◽  
Cigarette Filter ◽  
Cigarette Brand ◽  
Youth And Young Adults

BackgroundWhile evidence demonstrates that the industry’s marketing of cigarettes with higher filter ventilation (FV) misleads adults about their health risks, there is no research on the relationships between FV, risk perceptions and smoking trajectories among youth (ages 12–17) and young adults (ages 18–24).MethodsData on FV levels of major US cigarette brands/sub-brands were merged with the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study to examine whether FV level in cigarettes used by wave 1 youth/young adults (n=1970) predicted continued smoking at waves 2–4, and whether those relationships were mediated by perceived risk of their cigarette brand. FV was modelled based on tertiles (0.2%–11.8%, low; 11.9%–23.2%, moderate; 23.3%–61.1%, high) to predict daily smoking, past 30-day smoking and change in number of days smoking at successive waves.ResultsThe odds of perceiving one’s brand as less harmful than other cigarette brands was 2.21 times higher in the high versus low FV group (p=0.0146). Relationships between FV and smoking outcomes at successive waves were non-significant (all p>0.05).ConclusionYouth and young adults who use higher FV cigarettes perceived their brand as less harmful compared with other brands. However, level of FV was not associated with continued smoking.

Assessments of User Comments With “Alternative Views” as a Function of Media Trust

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Marlene Kunst
Keyword(s):  
Online Discussions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Argument Quality ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
User Comments ◽  
Media Trust ◽  
Heuristic Information Processing

Abstract. Comments sections under news articles have become popular spaces for audience members to oppose the mainstream media’s perspective on political issues by expressing alternative views. This kind of challenge to mainstream discourses is a necessary element of proper deliberation. However, due to heuristic information processing and the public concern about disinformation online, readers of comments sections may be inherently skeptical about user comments that counter the views of mainstream media. Consequently, commenters with alternative views may participate in discussions from a position of disadvantage because their contributions are scrutinized particularly critically. Nevertheless, this effect has hitherto not been empirically established. To address this gap, a multifactorial, between-subjects experimental study ( N = 166) was conducted that investigated how participants assess the credibility and argument quality of media-dissonant user comments relative to media-congruent user comments. The findings revealed that media-dissonant user comments are, indeed, disadvantaged in online discussions, as they are assessed as less credible and more poorly argued than media-congruent user comments. Moreover, the findings showed that the higher the participants’ level of media trust, the worse the assessment of media-dissonant user comments relative to media-congruent user comments. Normative implications and avenues for future research are discussed.

Does Recent Academic Research Support Changes to Audit Reporting Standards?

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Bédard ◽  
Paul Coram ◽  
Reza Espahbodi ◽  
Theodore J. Mock
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Support ◽  
The Public ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Information Gap ◽  
Public Company ◽  
Reporting Process

SYNOPSIS The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), and the U.K. Financial Reporting Council (FRC) have proposed or approved standards that significantly change the independent auditor's report. These initiatives require the auditor to make additional disclosures intended to close the information gap; that is, the gap between the information users desire and the information available through the audited financial statements, other corporate disclosures, and the auditor's report. They are also intended to improve the relevancy of the auditor's report. We augment prior academic research by providing standard setters with an updated synthesis of relevant research. More importantly, we provide an assessment of whether the changes are likely to close the information gap, which is important to financial market participants and other stakeholders in the audit reporting process. Also, we identify areas where there seems to be a lack of sufficient research. These results are of interest to all stakeholders in the audit reporting process, as the changes to the auditor's report are fundamental. Additionally, our summaries of research on the auditor's report highlight where there is limited research or inconsistent results, which will help academics identify important opportunities for future research.

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