The time pattern of remittances and the decay hypothesis: Evidence from migrants in South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Makina ◽  
Andries Masenge
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Loan Repayment ◽  
Time Pattern ◽  
Migration Experience ◽  
Return Intentions ◽  
Over Time

Using a dataset of migrants who migrated to South Africa over the period 1979-2007, we investigate the time pattern of remittances and the determinants of remittances. We find that the level of remittances first increases with the time spent in the host country and later on declines after an estimated 8 years of migration experience and thus exhibiting an inverted-U pattern over time. This finding lends support to the remittance decay hypothesis. We also find the level of remittances to be significantly positively related to the number of dependents in the home country, legal status, access to banking, income and savings levels, and negatively related to the education level, return intentions, frequency of home visits and economic and political reasons for migrating. Furthermore, the level of remittances is observed to exhibit an inverted U-profile with the age of the migrant, that is, it first rises in early age and falls in old age. The remittance decay phenomenon is seen to stem from a mixture of the theories of altruism and the informal loan repayment alluded to in the literature.

scholarly journals Determinants of Migrants’ Savings in the Host Country: Empirical Evidence of Migrants living in South Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Daniel Makina
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Home Visits ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Banking Services

The paper uses a data set of Zimbabwean migrants living in South Africa to investigate the saving behaviour they exhibit in the host country. Having observed that these migrants comprise those that do save in the host country and those that do not save at all, the paper employs a Tobit function that is capable of modelling the savings level as function of migrant characteristics. The results observed are that the level of migrant savings in the host country is positively related to migrant income level, return migration intentions, number of dependents in the host country, remittance level and access to banking services, and is negatively related to the age of the migrant, number of dependents in the home country, migrant length of stay, migrant legal status, and frequency of home visits. Interestingly, the savings behaviour of migrants in the host country mirrors the remittance behaviour in many respects.

The Legal Status of Local Government in South Africa under the New Constitutional Dispensation

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mbuzeni Mathenjwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time

The history of local government in South Africa dates back to a time during the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. With regard to the status of local government, the Union of South Africa Act placed local government under the jurisdiction of the provinces. The status of local government was not changed by the formation of the Republic of South Africa in 1961 because local government was placed under the further jurisdiction of the provinces. Local government was enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa arguably for the first time in 1993. Under the interim Constitution local government was rendered autonomous and empowered to regulate its affairs. Local government was further enshrined in the final Constitution of 1996, which commenced on 4 February 1997. The Constitution refers to local government together with the national and provincial governments as spheres of government which are distinctive, interdependent and interrelated. This article discusses the autonomy of local government under the 1996 Constitution. This it does by analysing case law on the evolution of the status of local government. The discussion on the powers and functions of local government explains the scheme by which government powers are allocated, where the 1996 Constitution distributes powers to the different spheres of government. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on the legal status of local government within the new constitutional dispensation.

Explaining the Epigraphic Habit in the Roman Empire: The Evidence of Epitaphs

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 74-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Right ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Over Time

It is now notorious that the production of inscriptions in the Roman Empire was not constant over time, but rose over the first and second centuries A.D. and fell in the third. Ramsay MacMullen pointed this out more than five years ago, with conclusions more cautionary than explanatory: ‘history is not being written in the right way’, he said, for historians have deduced Rome's decline from evidence that–since it appears only epigraphically–has merely disappeared for its own reasons, or have sought general explanations of decline in theories political, economic, or even demographic in nature, none of which can, in turn, explain the disappearance of epigraphy itself. Why this epigraphic habit rose and fell MacMullen left open to question, although he did postulate control by a ‘sense of audience’. The purpose of this paper is to propose that this ‘sense of audience’ was not generalized or generic, but depended on a belief in the value of romanization, of which (as noted but not explained by MacMullen's article) the epigraphic habit is also a rough indicator. Epitaphs constitute the bulk of all provincial inscriptions and in form and number are (generally speaking) the consequence of a provincial imitation of characteristically Roman practices, an imitation that depended on the belief that Roman legal status and style were important, and that may indeed have ultimately depended, at least in North Africa, on the acquisition or prior possession of that status. Such status-based motivations for erecting an epitaph help to explain not only the chronological distribution of epitaphs but also the differences in the type and distribution of epitaphs in the western and eastern halves of the empire. They will be used here moreover to suggest an explanation for the epigraphic habit as a whole.

Impact of Disclosure over Time on the Emotional Well-Being of Children with Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Buckley ◽  
Kennedy Otwombe ◽  
Celeste Joyce ◽  
Given Leshabane ◽  
Lisa Galvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Perinatally Acquired ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Which age group spends the most in a national park?

Koedoe ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Cini ◽  
Melville Saayman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Older People ◽  
National Park ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Expenditure Patterns ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Table Mountain ◽  
The Right

Age (and its changing structure amongst the wider population) is one of the most relevant aspects required to better understand and forecast the needs, interests and associated consumption behaviours of tourists. This research used age to investigate the expenditure patterns amongst a sample of visitors to the Table Mountain National Park (TMNP), South Africa. In March 2010, visitors to the TMNP were found to differ significantly from those at other parks, as they were younger and most of them were foreigners. This study found that younger visitors (18–29 years) were higher spenders when compared to those aged 30–49 years. As parks are generally visited by older people, this study showed the economic importance of the younger market. The research also made clear implications and recommendations for park management as to how to address these findings. Conservation implications: Conservation is dependent on funding. One of the main sources of income is tourism and tourism related activities. This research can assist marketers and managers to target the right markets in order to be more sustainable. This research also shows the importance of environmental education at an early age in order to grow awareness and to target the right markets.

scholarly journals Learning Program of National Vision Cultivation to Indonesian Children with Permanent Resident Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Khoerul Izzati Izzati ◽  
Wulan Adiarti
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Learning Program ◽  
Permanent Resident ◽  
Permanent Residency ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City ◽  
Permanent Residents ◽  
Local Languages

Many conflicts that arise in Indonesia such as loss of humanity, love and respect for NKRI, recognition of the culture by other nations, causing division between regions, countries and nations. Therefore, it becomes an important thing to cultivate learning national vision into the nation's next-generation, especially from an early age. Various character values ​​need to be applied to children, especially the character to love culture of the nation and country, which is grown through learning the cultivation of national vision. So, children know the origin of their birth and various cultures of their resident people. This study aims to determine the learning program for the cultivation of national vision in Indonesian children with permanent resident status (PR) at Little Stars Kindergarten, School of Indonesia (Singapore) Ltd. In addition, this study aims to see how the behavior of students after participating in the learning of national vision at Little Stars Kindergarten, School of Indonesia (Singapore) Ltd. The target of this study is Indonesian children with permanent resident (PR) status, aged 4-6 years at Little Stars Kindergarten, School of Indonesia (Singapore) Ltd. This study uses qualitative methods, with data collection through observation, interviews and documentation (triangulation). Permanent Resident is the legal status granted by a country so that it has the same position as a citizen. Almost all students at SIS Little Stars are permanent residents. The results of this study indicated that students with permanent residency (PR) status at Little Stars Kindergarten, Indonesia School (Singapore) Ltd, have diverse national perspectives. The national vision possessed by students includes: knowing the city or country of origin at birth, local languages, special foods, Indonesian national songs, some folk songs, and general knowledge about Indonesian culture. Students still have a national vision for Indonesian, even though they have long-lived and settled in Singapore. This is the output of the learning of national vision conducted by the teacher.

scholarly journals DETERMINANT OF MICROCREDIT REPAYMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-80
Author(s):  
Farida Farida ◽  
Hermanto Siregar ◽  
Nunung Nuryartono ◽  
Eka Intan KP
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Loan Repayment ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Credit Default ◽  
Gender Education

This paper investigate the determinants of microcredit repayment by employing the logistic regression on micro-business households in Pati, Central Java. The result of this study reveals that loan repayment affected significantly by the business lines, food consumption spending, side job, other loan sources, collateral, and credit constrained. Interestingly, the result concludes that the loan repayment are no longer influenced by moral hazard, since the characteristics such as gender, education level, age, experience do not significantly encourage borrowers to repay. This paper also conform the important role of peer-screening process on hindering the credit default.

scholarly journals Differences in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour regarding COVID-19 by education level among women and men in Germany. Results from the COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251694
Author(s):  
Petra Rattay ◽  
Niels Michalski ◽  
Olga Maria Domanska ◽  
Anna Kaltwasser ◽  
Freia De Bock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Protective Behaviour ◽  
Low Education ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The main strategy for combatting SARS-CoV-2 infections in 2020 consisted of behavioural regulations including contact reduction, maintaining distance, hand hygiene, and mask wearing. COVID-19-related risk perception and knowledge may influence protective behaviour, and education could be an important determinant. The current study investigated differences by education level in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour regarding COVID-19 in Germany, exploring the development of the pandemic over time. The COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring study is a repeated cross-sectional online survey conducted during the pandemic in Germany from 3 March 2020 (waves 1–28: 27,957 participants aged 18–74). Differences in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour according to education level (high versus low) were analysed using linear and logistic regression. Time trends were accounted for by interaction terms for education level and calendar week. Regarding protective behaviour, interaction terms were tested for all risk perception and knowledge variables with education level. The strongest associations with education level were evident for perceived and factual knowledge regarding COVID-19. Moreover, associations were found between low education level and higher perceived severity, and between low education level and lower perceived probability. Highly educated men were more worried about COVID-19 than those with low levels of education. No educational differences were observed for perceived susceptibility or fear. Higher compliance with hand washing was found in highly educated women, and higher compliance with maintaining distance was found in highly educated men. Regarding maintaining distance, the impact of perceived severity differed between education groups. In men, significant moderation effects of education level on the association between factual knowledge and all three protective behaviours were found. During the pandemic, risk perception and protective behaviour varied greatly over time. Overall, differences by education level were relatively small. For risk communication, reaching all population groups irrespective of education level is critical.

scholarly journals Temporal Dominance of B.1.1.7 over B.1.354 SARS-CoV-2 Variant: A Hypothesis Based on Areas of Variant Co-Circulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Georgia Kostaki ◽  
Ioulia Tseti ◽  
Sotirios Tsiodras ◽  
George N. Pavlakis ◽  
Petros P. Sfikakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Temporal Dominance ◽  
Over Time

Some emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants raise concerns due to their altered biological properties. For both B.1.1.7 and B.1351 variants, named as variants of concern (VOC), increased transmissibility was reported, whereas B.1.351 was more resistant to multiple monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as well as convalescent and vaccination sera. To test this hypothesis, we examined the proportion of VOC over time across different geographic areas where the two VOC, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, co-circulate. Our comparative analysis was based on the number of SARS-CoV-2 sequences on GISAID database. We report that B.1.1.7 dominates over B.1.351 in geographic areas where both variants co-circulate and the B.1.1.7 was the first variant introduced in the population. The only areas where B.1.351 was detected at higher proportion were South Africa and Mayotte in Africa, where this strain was associated with increased community transmission before the detection of B.1.1.7. The dominance of B.1.1.7 over B.1.351 could be important since B.1.351 was more resistant to certain mAbs, as well as heterologous convalescent and vaccination sera, thus suggesting that it may be transmitted more effectively in people with pre-existing immunity to other VOC. This scenario would lessen the effectiveness of vaccine and urge the need to update them with new strains.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document