Chinese women's autonomy: parenthood as a choice

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-266
Author(s):  
Shelly Volsche ◽  
William Jankowiak
Keyword(s):  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
Chinese Studies ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Set Up ◽  
College Educated

Numerous Chinese studies point out that Chinese youth are transforming the meaning of filial piety, China's highly esteemed moral code used to structure intergenerational relationships. We wanted to understand the extent to which college educated women are redefining what it means to be a filial woman in contemporary Chinese society. To this end, we set up a research design that probed whether men and women continue to think becoming parents is an essential attribute of life satisfaction using a pen-and-paper survey with college students in Shanghai and Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) on Likert-scaled questions resulted in two factors: Customary Ideology and Autonomous Self. As anticipated, students who reported their intent to parent were more likely to agree with items in Customary Ideology, whilst students who reported not intending to have children or were uncertain were more likely to agree with items in Autonomous Self. Most telling, an overwhelming number of respondents from each university reported agreement with the statement, "Having children is a personal choice" (97.6% at Fudan University; 76.4% at Inner Mongolia University). We discuss the implications of these findings as the singleton generations renegotiate expectations of these intergenerational bonds.

scholarly journals Grandparenting and the Receipt of Filial Piety From Adult Children in Chinese American Families

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 345-346
Author(s):  
Jeung Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Chinese American ◽  
Chinese American Families ◽  
Grandparent Caregiving ◽  
American Families

Abstract The current study explores the association between grandparent caregiving by Chinese American elders and their perceived receipt of filial support from their adult children, called filial piety (xiao). Many studies find a correlation between grandparent caregiving and filial behaviors from their adult children, which is notably higher among minority families, especially among Asians than among white families, stimulated by the norm of reciprocity, familism, and extended kinship. Drawing from the theory of intergenerational relationships, social exchange theory, and the role theory, this study questions whether a more active engagement in grandparenting renders higher levels of filial piety returns from adult children. It uses the PINE data, a survey on the wellbeing of Chinese American elders in Chicago. The results show that more hours of grandparent caregiving relate to higher returns of filial piety perceived by older parents. Correspondingly, though with a marginal significance, more pressures to take care of a grandchild from adult children reduce the elders’ perception of filial piety receipt. No interaction effect is found between the grandparenting hours and the pressure from adult children. Additionally, Chinese American elders possessing higher levels of education, mastery, and longer stays in the US perceive lower levels of filial piety receipt from adult children. Discussion will focus on how grandparent caregiving can be mutually beneficial and strengthen intergenerational relationships among Chinese American families.

scholarly journals In-Law and Mate Preferences in Chinese Society and the Role of Traditional Cultural Values

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 147470491773051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingke Guo ◽  
Yujie Li ◽  
Shushuang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Parental Influence ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Genetic Quality ◽  
Parental Preferences ◽  
Parent Child

Using 347 parent–child dyads as participants, this study directly examined in-law and mate preferences in a typical collectivist culture. The results showed (1) traits indicating social status and parental investment were more highly valued by the parents, while traits indicating genetic quality and traits related to romantic love were more highly valued by the children. (2) Parental preferences were moderated by gender of the in-laws. Good earning capacity was more preferred by parents in a son-in-law, traits connoting genetic quality and reproductive fitness were more preferred by parents in a daughter-in-law. (3) There was more convergence in in-law and mate preferences in Chinese culture than in Western cultures. (4) Traditional cultural values (i.e., filial piety) can be used as a predictor of traditional mate preferences and less parent–child divergences. Additionally, greater preference for kind and understanding by parents than by children as well as by daughters than by sons, and greater preference for social status by the daughters’ than by the sons’ parents have not been observed in the rating and the ranking instrument. These findings illustrated how culture handles the parent–child disagreement over mating by authorizing greater parental influence on children’s mating decisions.

The Evolving Role of Filial Piety in Eldercare in Hong Kong

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odalia Wong ◽  
Beatrice Chau
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
Emotional Bonds ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Filial Behavior

AbstractIn our study, we examine how prevalent the notion of filial piety remains in a modern Chinese society like Hong Kong as an initiative for individuals to become caregivers for their parents, and how it is practiced in actual caregiving scenarios. From the experiences of the caregivers analyzed in our paper, it can be seen that the Confucian notion of filial piety as a cultural norm still runs deep even in a post-industrial society like Hong Kong. However, the respondents in our study have adopted aspects of this filial norm to suit their own experiences and actual circumstances in their everyday caregiving practices. We also found that a relational approach to filial behavior with its emphasis on 'felt obligation' seemed to offer an apt interpretation of the respondents' motivations while engaging in caregiving for their parents. Specifically, caregiver obligations are negotiated commitments that can perhaps only be accurately interpreted in their highly personal family contexts. In addition, the notion of reciprocity, or giving back to one's parents, was also a prevalent factor, which reflected that emotional bonds binding the parents and children remained important, as was the empathy for elderly parents.

Changing expectations of care among older Tibetans living in India and Switzerland

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 879-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
TENZIN WANGMO
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
Western Values ◽  
Old Age Benefits

ABSTRACTUsing interview data from 30 Tibetan elders living in India and Switzerland, the paper explores the support they received, their perception of intergenerational relationships, and their acceptance of different levels of intergenerational exchange. All of the sample had aged in either India or Switzerland and so provide excellent comparison groups, from respectively a developing and a developed country, by which to study changing filial piety with time, context and socio-economic conditions. With limited resources in old age, most of the participants in India needed financial support. Among them, parents with many children and children in developed countries received better financial support and collective care than those with one child or all children living in India. In contrast, the participants in Switzerland were entitled to state old-age benefits, and so required mainly affirmation and emotional support. A consequence of living in a developed nation was dissatisfaction when the children adopted western values and the family's cultural continuity was threatened. The findings support two recommendations: in developing countries, the provision of old-age benefits to ensure a minimum level of financial security and independence among older adults; and in developed countries, the promotion of a mutual understanding of filial piety among different generations of older refugees and immigrants to help ameliorate intergenerational differences.

CHINESE NATIONAL PICTURE NIANHUA – A PHENOMENON OF CULTURE OF THE XX CENTURE

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Galina S. Gultyaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Graphic Art ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The People ◽  
Metaphoric Language ◽  
Academic Painting ◽  
The Aesthetic

Chinese folk painting nianhua (literal translation, “New Year’s picture”) is a kind of Chinese graphic art, which received a wide popularity in the late XIX – early XX centuries. On the eve of the New Year in China everywhere decorated interiors of living rooms with colorful pictures containing New Year’s greetings, they were pasted on windows, doors, gates. Decorative pictures had a utilitarian and cultic purpose: images of mythological characters and gods symbolized happiness, longevity, prosperity, protected from disasters and misfortunes. At the beginning of the 20th century, nianhua was produced in the woodcutting shops in a woodcut way, since the middle of the 20th century have been used modern technologies, including printing. New Year’s paintings significantly different from national academic painting. The philosophical concept of New Year’s painting was to reflect the spiritual life of the people, moral values, and artistic tastes. The images were built on the basis of folklore motifs, a rhythmic combination of bright colors created a decorative effect, so nianhua is a valuable material that demonstrates the aesthetic representations of the Chinese people, their folk traditions and symbols. The themes of the New Year’s paintings are extremely diverse and includes the following: scenes from classical literature, religious and symbolic and benevolent drawings, genre art painting, calendars depicting 12 cyclic signs of animals, agricultural calendars and advertising pictures. During the history of its existence, the New Year’s picture plays an important political and ideological role. Traditional paintings propagated the foundations of the orthodox Confucian ideology about social and ethical relationships, including hierarchy in the family and society: “Wu lun – the five principles of relationships”, “Xiao – filial piety”, “Ren – patience”. In the second half of the XX century, the New Year's picture is developing as an agitational poster. Under the influence of European painting and modern political processes in Chinese society, artists began to use a new artistic method - revolutionary realism on purpose to illuminate sociopolitical events, propagandize government tasks and resolutions. The basic principles of painting the New Year’s picture are the decorative character (the brightness of colors, the rhythmic combination of color spots), the hyperbolism and idealization of images, the folklore basis of plots and the conventional symbolic-metaphoric language.

Logic and Moral Dilemmas

1998 ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
E.F. Karavaev
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Moral Rules ◽  
Better Than

Logic is of great importance for the philosophy of education. In particular, logic provides a rational and critical approach in ethics, helping us understand the nature of moral dilemmas. Some suggest that all moral dilemmas result from some kind of inconsistency in the moral rules. Unsolvable moral situations simply reflect implicit inconsistencies in our existing moral code. If we are to remain moral as well as logical, then we must restore consistency to our code. This is accomplished by adding exception clauses to current principles, and giving priorities to some principles over others, or by some other device. I argue that we must accept moral dilemmas as an essential part of real-life reality on the grounds that some moral statements concern values. According to Moore's "axiological thesis," whether these statements are true depends on two factors: the set of alternatives from which we make an evaluation, and the scale of values with which we rate them. Also, it is possible that a given alternative is no better than another in some respect. Furthermore, there is no respect in which they are equally good or equally bad (the so-called "Condorcet's effect"). Thus, we must accept moral dilemmas as real rather than apparent.

Product Choice Strategy for Online Retailers

2011 ◽  
pp. 220-238
Author(s):  
Ruiliang Yan ◽  
Amit Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Product Category ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Online Retailers ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Brick And Mortar ◽  
Online Channel ◽  
Online Stores ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Web

An important strategic issue for managers planning to set up online stores is the choice of product categories to retail. While the “right” product category would depend on a number of factors, here we focus on the following two factors: compatibility of the product with the online channel, and the competition between the traditional brick and mortar channel and the online channel. This is to acknowledge two well-known facts: Certain products are more suitable for selling through the Web than through other channels; and an online retailer competes with not only other online retailers, but also traditional brick and mortar retailers. To determine the right product category, we develop a game theoretical model that allows for competition between the retailers. We study both Stackelberg and Bertrand competition models, as these two models capture the essence of different types of competition on the Web. Based on our results, we propose that, under all types of competition, the optimal product is one that is only moderately compatible with the Internet.

Two new genera and species of fossil true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pachymeridiidae) from northeastern China

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2835 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
YING LU ◽  
YUNZHI YAO ◽  
DONG REN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
True Bugs ◽  
Jiulongshan Formation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Two new genera and new species, Peregrinpachymeridium comitcola gen. et sp. nov. and Corollpachymeridium heteroneurus gen. et sp. nov., of fossil Pachymeridiidae are described and illustrated from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation in Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. We summarized all fossil genera of pachymeridiids found in China and set up a key to these 7 genera and 7 species. In addition, we hypothesize the significance of a rare, well-preserved, unusual bug fossil showing a male and a female together with their abdomen terminalia facing each other and their heads in the opposite direction.

scholarly journals A simulation study with a new residual ionospheric error model for GPS radio occultation climatologies

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 3395-3404 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Danzer ◽  
S. B. Healy ◽  
I. D. Culverwell
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Radio Occultation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Error Model ◽  
Residual Error ◽  
New Model ◽  
Gps Radio Occultation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Set Up ◽  
L1 And L2

Abstract. In this study, a new model was explored which corrects for higher order ionospheric residuals in Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data. Recently, the theoretical basis of this new "residual ionospheric error model" has been outlined (Healy and Culverwell, 2015). The method was tested in simulations with a one-dimensional model ionosphere. The proposed new model for computing the residual ionospheric error is the product of two factors, one of which expresses its variation from profile to profile and from time to time in terms of measurable quantities (the L1 and L2 bending angles), while the other describes the weak variation with altitude. A simple integral expression for the residual error (Vorob’ev and Krasil’nikova, 1994) has been shown to be in excellent numerical agreement with the exact value, for a simple Chapman layer ionosphere. In this case, the "altitudinal" element of the residual error varies (decreases) by no more than about 25 % between ~10 and ~100 km for physically reasonable Chapman layer parameters. For other simple model ionospheres the integral can be evaluated exactly, and results are in reasonable agreement with those of an equivalent Chapman layer. In this follow-up study the overall objective was to explore the validity of the new residual ionospheric error model for more detailed simulations, based on modeling through a complex three-dimensional ionosphere. The simulation study was set up, simulating day and night GPS RO profiles for the period of a solar cycle with and without an ionosphere. The residual ionospheric error was studied, the new error model was tested, and temporal and spatial variations of the model were investigated. The model performed well in the simulation study, capturing the temporal variability of the ionospheric residual. Although it was not possible, due to high noise of the simulated bending-angle profiles at mid- to high latitudes, to perform a thorough latitudinal investigation of the performance of the model, first positive and encouraging results were found at low latitudes. Furthermore, first application tests of the model on the data showed a reduction in temperature level of the ionospheric residual at 40 km from about −2.2 to −0.2 K.

scholarly journals Analysis and Experimental Validation of a Piezoelectric Harvester with Enhanced Frequency Bandwidth

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haim Abramovich ◽  
Idan Har-nes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Frequency Bandwidth ◽  
Parametric Investigation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Spring Constants ◽  
Advanced System

The use of a single bimorph as a harmonic oscillator aimed at harvesting vibrational energy is not effective due to its inherent narrow frequency bandwidth stemming from the need to adjust the natural frequency of the harvester to the platform excitation frequencies. Therefore, the present research focuses on the development, manufacturing, and testing of an advanced system based on three bimorphs, capable of adjusting their natural frequencies using tip end masses, and interconnected by springs, thus enlarging the system’s bandwidth. An analytical model was developed for three bimorphs interconnected by two springs with three end masses. The model can predict the output generated voltage from each bimorph, and then the total output power is measured on a given outside resistor as a function of the material properties, the geometric dimensions of the vibrating beams, the end-masses, and the spring constants. The analytical model was then compared with data in the literature, yielding a good correlation. To further increase the reliability of the model, a test set-up was designed and manufactured that included three bimorphs with three end-masses connected by two springs. The system was excited using a shaker, and the output voltage was measured for each bimorph for various configurations. Then, the analytical model was tuned based on the test results by introducing two factors, the quality and the stiffness factors, and the predictions of the calibrated analytical model were compared with the experimental results, yielding a good correlation. The calibrated analytical model was then used to perform a comprehensive parametric investigation for two and three bimorphs systems, in which the influences of various parameters—like spring constant, mass value, thickness, and width and length of the bimorph and the substrate beam—on the output generated power were investigated. The main conclusion from this parametric investigation was that by correctly choosing the geometric sizes of the cantilevers, the adequate tip end masses, and the ratio between constants of the springs, the frequency bandwidth is expanded yielding a higher harvested power. Typical harvested power of the present designed system can reach up to 20 mW at the first natural frequency and up to 5 mW for the second natural frequency.

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