Toxicity Studies of Centella asiatica for Drug Development: Mini Review

Toxicity studies' quality control of drug plant-based products is an important aspect of pharmacological research. The purpose of this literature review is to extract about toxicity test on Centella asiatica. The plant component utilized, the test animals used, the type of toxicity test, evaluation, the findings, and conclusions of each test are all included in this review—the database used in PubMed. Most of the literature results obtained from this review indicate high safety in C. asiatica plants. The acute toxicity test is that the most frequently used toxicity test. The use varies from plant parts to whole plants, with minimal side effects reported and high in safety, so it can be concluded that C. asiatica is very prospective to be developed as a medicine.

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Effects of atrazine and alachlor on self-purification processes in receiving streams

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1996.0095 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 181-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jana Zagorc-Koncan

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effect ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Organic Substances ◽

Inhibiting Effect ◽

Scenedesmus Subspicatus ◽

Net Assimilation ◽

Chlorophyll A Content

In recent years many waterways in Slovenia have been subjected to an increased loading with pesticides due to intensification of agriculture. The most widely used herbicides are atrazine and alachlor and they were detected in some rivers and even in ground water. Therefore the effects of atrazine and alachlor on selfpurification processes were investigated. The basic selfpurification processes studied were biodegradation of organic substances and photosynthesis and growth of algae. The inhibiting effect of pesticides on the process of biodegradation of organic pollutants was evaluated by the use of laboratory river model and mathematical modelling. The harmful impacts of pesticides on aquatic autotrophic organisms were assessed by measurement of net assimilation inhibition (24-h acute toxicity test) as well as growth inhibition - chlorophyll- a content (72-h chronic toxicity test) of algae Scenedesmus subspicatus. The results obtained demonstrate that atrazine and alachlor in concentrations found in our rivers have practically no effect on biodegrading heterotrophic organisms, while their adverse effect on algae is quite considerable.

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Dying for change: A roadmap to refine the fish acute toxicity test after 40 years of applying a lethal endpoint

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ◽

10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112585 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 223 ◽

pp. 112585

Author(s):

Ioanna Katsiadaki ◽

Tim Ellis ◽

Linda Andersen ◽

Philipp Antczak ◽

Ellen Blaker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Acute Toxicity Test

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Antiretroviral Drugs Impact Autophagy with Toxic Outcomes

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10040909 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 909

Author(s):

Laura Cheney ◽

John M. Barbaro ◽

Joan W. Berman

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Side Effects ◽

Viral Suppression ◽

Antiretroviral Drugs ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Foreign Material ◽

Complete Understanding ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Target Effects

Antiretroviral drugs have dramatically improved the morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV (PLWH). While current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are generally well-tolerated, risks for side effects and toxicity remain as PLWH must take life-long medications. Antiretroviral drugs impact autophagy, an intracellular proteolytic process that eliminates debris and foreign material, provides nutrients for metabolism, and performs quality control to maintain cell homeostasis. Toxicity and adverse events associated with antiretrovirals may be due, in part, to their impacts on autophagy. A more complete understanding of the effects on autophagy is essential for developing antiretroviral drugs with decreased off target effects, meaning those unrelated to viral suppression, to minimize toxicity for PLWH. This review summarizes the findings and highlights the gaps in our knowledge of the impacts of antiretroviral drugs on autophagy.

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Ceriofast™: An acute toxicity test based onCeriodaphnia dubiafeeding behavior

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry ◽

10.1002/etc.5620150208 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 123-125

Author(s):

Gabriel Bitton ◽

Kimberly Rhodes ◽

Ben Koopman

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Acute Toxicity Test

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Study on the Safety of Mineral and Synthetic Oil Added Commonly Used Extreme Pressure Additives

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1386 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 430-432 ◽

pp. 1386-1389

Author(s):

Zhuo Jun Chen ◽

Long Long Feng ◽

Bao Liang Li ◽

Jin Jin Yue ◽

Ying Liang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Stimulation Test ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Base Oil ◽

Synthetic Oil ◽

Four Levels ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity

This article use the Sulphide Isobutene (T321), Five Sufides Dialkyl(RC2540) and Star of Phosphorus(P110) as the additives,Neopentyl Polyol Ester(NPE) and mineral oil N32 as base oil. Compound above additives and base oil for the four levels. A sample: adding 4% T321 additive in NPE. B sample: adding 4% T321 additive in N32. C sample: adding 4% RC2540 additive in NPE. D sample: adding RC2540, T321 and P110 additives in NPE (all is mass fraction). The oral acute toxicity test, eye mucous stimulation test, skin hypersensitive test, soaking tail toxicity tests were conducted in above samples. The test results show that. The mineral oil, it’s not only toxic then synthetic oil but also has a poor lubricating ability compare with the same percent additive in synthetic oil. In oral acute toxicity test, eye mucous stimulation test, skin hypersensitive test, soaking tail toxicity tests, Toxic reaction of mineral N32+4%wt Sulphide Isobutene (T321) obviously from other oil samples.

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Acute toxicity test for the ethanolic extract of the white oyster mushroom

Medical Technology and Environmental Health ◽

10.1201/9781003016700-9 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 41-43

Author(s):

S.B. Rahimah ◽

Y. Kharisma ◽

M.K. Dewi ◽

J. Hartati ◽

W. Maharani

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Oyster Mushroom ◽

Acute Toxicity Test

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Evaluation on Toxicity Level of Terminalia catappa Leaves Extract on Selected Cyprinids under Different Bath Concentrations

Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science ◽

10.47836/pjtas.43.4.02 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Emi Fazlina Hashim ◽

Irence John ◽

Intan Faraha A Ghani ◽

Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Safety Margin ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Time Interval ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

High Concentration ◽

Terminalia Catappa ◽

Cyprinid Species ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus

This study aimed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of Terminalia catappa leaves extract on three cyprinid species; carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus) and tiger barb (Puntigrus tetrazona) through the acute toxicity test. The leaves of T. catappa were extracted with methanol and prepared in various immersion concentrations (40, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 mg/L). These extracts were immersed in the aquarium and left for 24 h before performing the acute toxicity test. The water quality was also analyzed before and after adding the extract immersions into the aquarium. The acute toxicity test conducted for 96 h with 10 fishes of each cyprinid species (4.0-6.0 cm length) in 30 L water capacity aquarium. The mortality of each cyprinid species was recorded at 24 h time interval and LC50 of the extracts throughout 96 hours was determined through the probit analysis application. Specifically, the LC50 of T. catappa leaves extract were 349.89, 338.65 and 318.48 mg/L exhibited for carp, goldfish and tiger barb, respectively. A high concentration range of any plant-based extract has the potential to become toxic to particular fishes. Thus, it is an effort from this study to identify the safety margin of T. catappa leaves extract before its therapeutic values can be further manipulated and elucidated in aquaculture research.

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DNA-Based Herbal Teas’ Authentication: An ITS2 and psbA-trnH Multi-Marker DNA Metabarcoding Approach

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10102120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2120

Author(s):

Jessica Frigerio ◽

Giulia Agostinetto ◽

Valerio Mezzasalma ◽

Fabrizio De De Mattia ◽

Massimo Labra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

High Throughput ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

The Other ◽

Plant Component ◽

Identification Rate ◽

Dna Metabarcoding ◽

Therapeutic Properties

Medicinal plants have been widely used in traditional medicine due to their therapeutic properties. Although they are mostly used as herbal infusion and tincture, employment as ingredients of food supplements is increasing. However, fraud and adulteration are widespread issues. In our study, we aimed at evaluating DNA metabarcoding as a tool to identify product composition. In order to accomplish this, we analyzed fifteen commercial products with DNA metabarcoding, using two barcode regions: psbA-trnH and ITS2. Results showed that on average, 70% (44–100) of the declared ingredients have been identified. The ITS2 marker appears to identify more species (n = 60) than psbA-trnH (n = 35), with an ingredients’ identification rate of 52% versus 45%, respectively. Some species are identified only by one marker rather than the other. Additionally, in order to evaluate the quantitative ability of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to compare the plant component to the corresponding assigned sequences, in the laboratory, we created six mock mixtures of plants starting both from biomass and gDNA. Our analysis also supports the application of DNA metabarcoding for a relative quantitative analysis. These results move towards the application of HTS analysis for studying the composition of herbal teas for medicinal plants’ traceability and quality control.

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Acute Toxicity Investigation of Landfill Leachates Treated with Fine Bubbles

Advanced Engineering Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.41.55 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 55-65

Author(s):

Hikmat Kasmara ◽

Desti Pratiwi ◽

Sundoro Yoga Azhary ◽

Eko Sulistyo ◽

Camellia Panatarani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Landfill Leachates ◽

Leachate Treatment ◽

Fine Bubble ◽

Before And After

Landfill Leachates is one of the pollutants containing high organic matter and heavy metal which can cause toxic pollution to water due to less than optimal leachate processing. This study aims to introduce fine bubbles treatment to the leachate processing technology at the waste treatment facility at Sarimukti, West Java Indonesia. The toxicity test was conducted in the acute toxicity test and test for D. magna. The acute toxicity test was carried out using a static biological test according to APHA standards (1995). The LC50-48 hours ware calculates using the Finney Probit Analysis Software. The results showed that the effectiveness of Sarimukti TPA leachate treatment was 97.5% DO, 71% BOD, 86% TDS, and 74.8% turbidity. The XRF spectra on the leachate after fine bubble found a recovery of heavy metal elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, and Sn. Based on the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation, the effectiveness of leachate processing has reached the safe standard limit for pH, mercury, cadmium parameters. The acute toxicity of leachate before and after treatment fine bubble was 14.516 ppm and 11.178 ppm. The acute toxicity of leachate is considered almost non-toxic.

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