scholarly journals Water Resources and the Problem of Externalities

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
B.H. Yerznkyan ◽  
K.A. Fontana
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Challenges

When managing water resources as an integral part of urban management, unforeseen situations, particularly related to the occurrence of side effects (externalities), often arise. Such effects aggravate the environmental situation and exacerbate global challenges to humanity in the field of water supply and rational use of water resources, including through the introduction of alternative methods of water supply. Providing water to the parties involved and their use by them can lead to externalities – both positive and negative. Problems usually arise in the situation with negative externalities, the elimination or mitigation of which necessitates technological and institutional solutions. The first solutions concern technical methods, such as wastewater treatment, for example, and their repeated or better regular reuse, as it is practiced in the circular economy, the second ones affect institutional solutions that can be divided into three types from a theoretical and methodological point of view. These include: 1) government intervention (practiced in a situation of «market failures»); 2) a Coasen solution (involving market contracting between producers and consumers of negative externalities); 3) a hybrid way of problem solving (combining the market efforts of the parties involved and non-market activities of organizations interested in the public good).

scholarly journals Towards a sustainable approach to wastewater treatment strategy for eutrophication abatement

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Neverova-Dziopak
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Public ◽  
Treatment Technologies

Eutrophication is one of the consequences of the negative anthropogenic impact on aquatic ecosystems. It leads to the degradation of both sweet and marine ecosystems, constituting a kind of secondary pollution of waters, which disturbs all types of their use. Undertakings related to preventing the negative effects of eutrophication are mainly conducted towards reducing the loads of nutrients introduced into surface waters and controlling the entire conditions in aquatic ecosystems in order to limit the development of aquatic vegetation. The increasingly restrictive legal requirement regarding the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater discharged into recipients enforces the application of expensive treatment technologies, and the public is becoming more aware of the rising costs of water and wastewater fees. In addition, wastewater treatment is a factor which has a negative impact on air quality due to greenhouse gas emissions and generates other environmental problems. The challenge for facilities, however, is determining which treatment alternatives will best meet their needs, both technically and financially, and to choose the most sustainable path. The problem of establishing a reasonable level of nutrient removal from wastewater, justified from an ecological and economic point of view is discussed in the paper.

Emergency water supply decision-making of transboundary river basin considering government–public perceived satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-401
Author(s):  
Weiwei Wang ◽  
Haiwei Zhou ◽  
Lidan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Transboundary Water ◽  
The Public ◽  
Transboundary Water Resources ◽  
Perceived Satisfaction ◽  
Emergency Water Supply

The emergency supply of transboundary water resources is a prominent problem affecting the social and economic development of basin countries. However, current water supply decisions on transboundary water resources may ignore the psychological perception of multi-stakeholders, and the evolution of emergencies increases the uncertainty of decision making. Both factors would lead to the low acceptance of water-related decisions. Utility satisfaction, perceived losses, and quantity satisfaction were selected in this paper to identify the perceived satisfaction of upstream governments, downstream governments, and the public, respectively, over multiple decision-making stages. A modeling framework combining prospect theory and the multi-stage multi-objective programming methodology was then developed to measure the perceived satisfaction of different stakeholders in a watershed under emergency. A two-stage NSGA-II and TOPSIS based approach was adopted to find the optimal compromise solution to solve the model. The framework was applied in the Lancang–Mekong River basin to provide suggestions to decision makers. Upstream decision makers must choose a moderate proportional fairness degree when making emergency decisions to maximize the perceived satisfaction of all stakeholders. Meanwhile, the perceived loss of downstream countries with low water demand should be considered first in the formulation of emergency water supply plans. Furthermore, although water supply from upstream countries can improve perceived water quantity satisfaction of downstream publics, additional actions must still be taken to change the traditional concepts of the public.

scholarly journals Optimization of Water-Supply and Hydropower Reservoir Operation Using the Charged System Search Algorithm

Hydrology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Asadieh ◽  
Abbas Afshar
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Reservoir Operation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Charged System Search ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Charged System

The Charged System Search (CSS) metaheuristic algorithm is introduced to the field of water resources management and applied to derive water-supply and hydro-power operating policies for a large-scale real-world reservoir system. The optimum algorithm parameters for each reservoir operation problems are also obtained via a tuning procedure. The CSS algorithm is a metaheuristic optimization method inspired by the governing laws of electrostatics in physics and motion from the Newtonian mechanics. In this study, the CSS algorithm’s performance has been tested with benchmark problems, consisting of highly non-linear constrained and/or unconstrained real-valued mathematical models, such as the Ackley’s function and Fletcher–Powell function. The CSS algorithm is then used to optimally solve the water-supply and hydropower operation of “Dez” reservoir in southern Iran over three different operation periods of 60, 240, and 480 months, and the results are presented and compared with those obtained by other available optimization approaches including Genetic Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Constrained Big Bang–Big Crunch (CBB–BC) algorithm, as well as those obtained by gradient-based Non-Linear Programming (NLP) approach. The results demonstrate the robustness and superiority of the CSS algorithm in solving long term reservoir operation problems, compared to alternative methods. The CSS algorithm is used for the first time in the field of water resources management, and proves to be a robust, accurate, and fast convergent method in handling complex problems in this filed. The application of this approach in other water management problems such as multi-reservoir operation and conjunctive surface/ground water resources management remains to be studied.

Singapore's Marina Barrage - Changing Mindsets in Urban Solutions

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan M. Harley ◽  
Yap Kheng Guan
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Integrated Water Resources Management ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Public Works ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

Singapore's water resources system is a strong illustration of the value of an integrated water resources management in urban enviroments. Today, urban water resources planning and environmental engineering are essential partners in the planning of tomorrow's urban environments - and not just as passive projects unnoticed by the public. In Singapore we can see the specific evolution from the separate development of water catchments and the control of monsoon flooding to the integrated water management strategy as exemplified today in the Marina Barrage. The multi-purpose project boosts Singapore's water supply by creating its first reservoir in the city, helps flood control and enhances the living environment of the city. Marina Barrage presented many interesting challenges in the development of a project whose impact was designed to far transcend the normal functional aspect of a large public works project. This paper will present the many potential public uses that were considered in the planning for the final facility. The motivation is that the 3P (people, public and private) sectors play an important part in sustaining water resources. Instead of designing the Marina Barrage as a conventional functional facility accessible only to operational staff, the project breaks new ground in taking an unconventional design approach. The facility was designed as an open facility to engage and inspire the public to care for water. Features for public education, lifestyle attraction, eating experiences, options for families to relax, play areas for children, attractions for overseas visitors, spaces for dedicated conferences and many more were considered. A multi-functional team of interior designers, landscape architects, researchers, art specialists, lighting specialists, environmentalists, etc was assembled and met continually as the design evolved. These evolving goals had to be integrated into the overall functional characteristics of the barrage. The resulting project is a world-class example of how a project initially conceived for water resources functional purpose can evolve not just into an iconic structure but one whose multi-functional capabilities have attracted huge attention from tourists and the people of Singapore. This is evidenced by more than 250,000 people visiting the facility in its first 6 months of operations, and the many families who spend relaxing time enjoying the various spaces at the Barrage. The evolution of the Marina Barrage in design and operation can act as a lesson for other cities considering similar large flood control or water supply projects. The success of the Marina Barrage's 3P mission indicates how for a relatively little increase in cost these facilities can play a major role in enhancing urban lifestyle in sustainable cities.

scholarly journals Study of the Sustainable Water Resources Management at the Upper Euphrates Basin, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-210
Author(s):  
Sura Mohammed Sameer ◽  
Ayad Sleibi Mustafa ◽  
Jumaa A. Al-Somaydaii
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Weap Model ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Total Water Demand

This study aims at developing the aspect of sustainable management of water resources in the part of the upper Euphrates basin to extend the year 2035 by using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model. Water budget was developed to assess the current water conditions for the reference year 2015 based on available water supply and the increasing demand for water uses. Some of the proposed scenarios have been applied to the WEAP model. The results showed that the total water demand in 2015 was 100 MCM, and it will rise to 400 MCM in 2035. With the emergence of a water deficit, it is expected that 38 MCM, will be fully provided by applying modern irrigation methods. However, when applying the wastewater reuse scenario, it was found that the water deficit reaches 35 MCM. On the other hand, the water deficit has been approximately decreased to 16 MCM when the groundwater scenario was used as an additional source of water supply. The results confirmed the necessity of adopting alternative methods to reduce the water deficit, as well as the ability of the WEAP model to represent the study area.

Recreational Use Considerations of the Sugarloaf Reservoir (Melbourne, Australia)

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Special Situation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Phase 2 Study ◽  
Recreational Use ◽  
Implementation Stage

Sugarloaf Reservoir, one of Melbourne's newer storages, draws an increasing proportion of its water from the unprotected and polluted lower Yarra requiring all supply to be comprehensively treated before being supplied to consumers. Because of this special situation, compared to harvesting from protected catchments, a recreational use study of the reservoir and its small natural catchment was initiated. The first phase of this study was undertaken by Dr J Forsyth of the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, University of Melbourne which recommended that, from the public health point of view, the present nominal recreational use (passive) at Sugarloaf Reservoir could be extended to include shore based fishing, establishment of a catchment nature trail, sailing, rowing, youth club and model yacht sailing. A Phase 2 study reported on the financial, managerial aspects, etc, not addressed by Dr Forsyth, while the “implementation stage” is being currently considered in a third phase. A report on this last phase is to be submitted to the Board and Minister for Water Resources for consideration for the summer of 1988.

Water, Water Everywhere (or, Seeing Is Believing): The Visibility of Water Supply and the Public Will for Conservation

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Pride Brown
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
The Public ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Visual Impacts ◽  
Motivating Factor

Why do some arid locations persist in having weak water conservation policies? And why do some wetter locales implement comparatively strong conservation requirements? Based upon 43 qualitative interviews with water stakeholders in four selected cities (Atlanta, Phoenix, San Antonio, Tampa), this article puts forward one contributing factor to explain this apparent contradiction: the variable “visibility” of stressed water resources. The material conditions of different water sources (e.g., groundwater, surface water) and geologies (i.e., during droughts or during flooding) provide variable opportunities to “see” water scarcity. The visual impacts of shrinking water resources can become a major motivating factor in the general public for increased water conservation. However, water supply is often physically invisible. In these circumstances, the image of water supply may be intentionally conjured in the public mind to produce similar concern. Assured, steady supply, on the other hand, can dampen the public will for strong conservation policy.

Improvement and development of the water supply and wastewater disposal systems in Samara

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
В.В. Бирюков ◽  
Д.С. Ракицкий ◽  
С.А. Петропавловский
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
The Public ◽  
Investment Program ◽  
Treatment Facilities

Представлена информация о разработке специалистами ООО «Самарские коммунальные системы» инвестиционной программы по строительству, реконструкции и модернизации систем коммунального водоснабжения и водоотведения г. о. Самара на 2019–2023 годы в соответствии с «Концепцией развития и реконструкции систем водоснабжения и водоотведения г. о. Самара на 2018–2047 годы». ООО «Самарские коммунальные системы» с 2013 по 2019 г., за период действия государственно-частного партнерства, реализованы мероприятия по строительству, реконструкции и модернизации систем коммунального водоснабжения и водоотведения г. о. Самара на 2,15 млрд руб. За это время в Самаре обновлено оборудование на насосно-фильтровальных станциях, городских очистных канализационных сооружениях, насосных станциях подкачки и канализационных насосных станциях, переложено 65,3 км водопроводных и 34,5 км канализационных сетей. Результатом реализации инвестиционной программы будет улучшение качества и повышение надежности холодного водоснабжения, снижение технологических повреждений и аварийных ситуаций на объектах водоснабжения и водоотведения городского округа Самара, обеспечение технической возможности подключения объектов нового строительства. Information is presented on the development by the specialists of «Samarskie Kommunal’nye Sistemy», LLC, of an investment program for the construction, reconstruction and upgrade of the municipal water supply and wastewater disposal systems in the Samara Urban District for 2019–2023 in accordance with the «Concept of Development and Reconstruction of the Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal Systems in the Samara Urban District for 2018–2047». For the period of the public-private partnership 2013–2019 «Samarskie Kommunal’nye Sistemy», LLC has implemented the program of constructing, reconstructing and upgrading the public water supply and wastewater disposal systems in the Samara Urban District worth a total of 2.15 billion rubles. During this time the equipment at the pumping filtration stations, boosting pumping stations, and at the municipal wastewater treatment facilities in Samara has been renewed; 65.4 km of the water distribution network and 34.5 km of the sewer network have been relayed. The implementation of the investment program will provide for improving the quality and reliability of the cold water supply, reducing technological damages and failures at the water supply and wastewater treatment facilities in the Samara Urban District, and ensuring the technical ability to connect new construction facilities.

Water: Nature's Amazing Reusable Resource

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Macpherson
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rational Thought ◽  
Realistic View ◽  
History Of

The notion of reused water can evoke negative images. When further complicated by the public's lack of understanding of the water cycle, coupled with a widespread skepticism and distrust of technology, a much needed water supply strategy can easily become doomed. Much of the attitudinal landscape is beyond the control of water managers but the problem can be exacerbated by the vocabulary and images typically used to define water and wastewater treatment. The compartmentalization of water supply and wastewater treatment into different organizations has resulted in poor understanding of water cycle management which has a particularly negative impact on water reuse, which is made to sound unusual - and people have a tendency to fear things that are out of the ordinary and seemingly strange. The water industry has also disproportionately focused on the history of the water rather than its treatment and ultimate safety for its intended use. This presentation describes an approach to work through these issues in a manner that encompasses rational thought as well as emotion and feelings and shows that when the general public are given the opportunity to reframe their understanding of water and to have a more realistic view of water quality, they are drawn to different conclusions. If a lack of knowledge by the public about water is the single largest barrier to sustainable water management, then it is essential we do a better job of using language and imagery to create a deeper understanding of the water cycle and water treatment.

USE AND PROTECTION OF WATER RESOURCES OF AZERBAIJAN

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiz Tagirov ◽  
◽  
Maya Zeynalova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Active Temperature

The article examines the problem of fresh water, since in terms of water supply from its own resources per capita and per 1 km2, the republic is 8 times behind Georgia, 2 times behind Armenia. Significant water consumption in Azerbaijan is caused by its arid territory with a predominance of active temperature and a lack of precipitation, which leads to intensive irrigation of crops. At the same time, artificial irrigation is used on 70% of the cultivated land.

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