scholarly journals Antibacterial Properties of Essential Oil (EO) Extracted from Nigella sativa Linn. (Black cumin) and its Application Against Vibrio cholerae in Ground Chicken Meat

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Sharmina Deloer ◽  
ML Bari ◽  
Md Mahfuzul Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Black Cumin ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chemical Preservatives

Chemical preservatives for food preservation at high concentration are hazardous for public health. The natural antimicrobials from plants, herbs and spices have been given priority as alternatives of the chemical preservatives. In this study, antibacterial activity of the essential oil (3%) from black cumin seeds was tested against five food borne pathogens viz Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Shigella dysenteriae-I (MJ-84), Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (ATCC 12079), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Vibrio cholerae( ATCC 6395) using disc diffusion method. The essential oil (EO) showed antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with the highest inhibition against S. aureus (17.4 ± 0.2) and the lowest against Vibrio cholerae (14.5 ± 1.0). No activity was observed against E. coli and E. coli O157:H7. The effect of temperature and pH on the antibacterial activity of the EO from black cumin seeds was determined. At 100°C for 30 min treatment, no significant reduction of antibacterial activity of the EO was observed, suggesting that high temperature does not affect the activity. The optimum temperature for the activity was recorded at 50°C. The EO showed the highest activity at pH 7.0 (optimum) with an insignificant change of activity at pH 5.0, 9.0 and 10.0. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of EO against S. aureus, V. cholerae and Shigella dysenterae were determined by two fold dilution method at optimum temperature of 50°C and 37oC and optimum pH at 7.0 and 5.0, respectively, which ranged from 0.125 (S. aureus) to 1.0% (Shigella dysenterae), with the MBC of 0.25 to 2.0%, respectively. Three times of MIC value of EO (1.5%) was applied in ground chicken meat seeded with V. cholerae ATCC 6395 and was kept at -20°C for 10 days. The test organism was diminished within 24 hours, suggesting that the EO from black cumin is highly active in vivo and could be used as preservative in ground chicken meat. The results of this study provide new dimension of research on EOs from spices against foodborne pathogens in vivo in controlling their growth in meat based food and food products. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 55-60

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of Eight Plant Essential Oils from Morocco against Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Different Turkey Organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hassna Jaber ◽  
Asmaa Oubihi ◽  
Imane Ouryemchi ◽  
Rachid Boulamtat ◽  
Ali Oubayoucef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical composition of eight plant essential oils and evaluate their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli strains isolated from different turkey organs. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. All essential oil yielded high in a range between 2.2 and 3.12%. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed that the major constituents of Thymus vulgaris, Ocimum basilicum, Artemisia herba-alba, and Syzygium aromaticum oils were thymol (41.39%), linalool (37.16%), camphor (63.69%), and eugenol (80.83%), respectively. Results of the E. coli sensitivity evaluated by the standard antimicrobial sensitivity method varied depending on the organ of isolation. Similarly, the essential oils antimicrobial activity determined by the disc diffusion method varied all along within the organs of isolation. T. vulgaris essential oil showed the highest effective antibacterial activity against E. coli isolated from the throat with an inhibition zone diameter value of up to 23.33 mm. However, all the essential oils showed antibacterial activity and the MIC and MBC values were in the range of 1/3000 to 1/100 (v/v) and the ratios MBC/MIC were equal to 1. In conclusion, this study showed that the essential oils could be promising alternatives to overcome E. coli multiresistance in turkey.

Inhibitory effect of Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil (ZBEO) on Escherichia coli and intestinal dysfunction

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1569-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Hong ◽  
Wu Jing ◽  
Wang Qing ◽  
Su Anxiang ◽  
Xue Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Zanthoxylum Bungeanum

The inhibitory effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil (ZBEO) on Escherichia coli (E. coli) in vitro and in vivo were investigated, as well as its function of improvement of intestinal health.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Angelica archangelica Root Essential Oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica G. Aćimović ◽  
Snežana Đ. Pavlović ◽  
Ana O. Varga ◽  
Vladimir M. Filipović ◽  
Mirjana T. Cvetković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Microtiter Plate Assay ◽  
Natural Preservative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Angelica Archangelica ◽  
Root Essential Oil

Roots of wild growing Angelica archangelica L. from Mt. Ozren (Serbia) were subjected to hydrodistillation and GC-MS analysis. The roots contained 0.10% of essential oil with α-pinene (29.7%), δ-3-carene (14.2%), and a mixture of β-phellandrene and limonene (13.2%) as main compounds. The modified resazurin microtiter-plate assay was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 14.2 μL/mL for S. aureus and 28.4 μL/mL for E. coli, while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were 56.8 μL/mL and 113.6 μL/mL, respectively. According to the obtained results, the angelica root essential oil can be applied as a natural preservative in food and as a natural antibiotic for the treatment of several infectious diseases caused by these two bacteria.

scholarly journals A Functional Homolog of Escherichia coliNhaR in Vibrio cholerae

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (3) ◽  
pp. 762-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Williams ◽  
O. Carmel-Harel ◽  
P. A. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Kanamycin Resistance ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Infant Mouse ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Functional Homology ◽  
Functional Homolog

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli NhaR controls expression of a sodium/proton (Na+/H+) antiporter, NhaA. TheVibrio cholerae NhaR protein shows over 60% identity to those of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. V. cholerae NhaR complements an E. coli nhaR mutant for growth in 100 mM LiCl–33 mM NaCl, pH 7.6, and enhances the Na+-dependent induction of an E. colichromosomal nhaA::lacZ fusion. These findings indicate functional homology to E. coli NhaR. TwoV. cholerae nhaR mutants were constructed by using kanamycin resistance cartridge insertion at different sites to disrupt the gene. Both mutants showed sensitivity to growth in 120 mM LiCl, pH 9.2, compared with the wild-type strain and could be complemented by the introduction of V. cholerae nhaR on a low-copy-number plasmid. An nhaR mutation had no detectable effect on the virulence of the V. cholerae strain in the infant mouse model, suggesting that the antiporter system involved is not required in vivo, at least in this animal model.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK METANOL BATANG BIDARA LAUT (Strychnos ligustrina) TERHADAP BAKTERI PATOGEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edy Kurniawan ◽  
Dwi Soelistya Dyah Jekti ◽  
Lalu Zulkifli
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
E Coli

Abstract : Strychnos ligustrina stem has been empirically used by the people of West Nusa Tenggara and Bali in the treatment of malaria, tooth ache and diarrhea, but there is no scientific data that supports it. This study aims to determine and prove the antibacterial activity of Strychnos ligustrina methanol extract to pathogenic bacteria in vitro and in vivo. This research is an experimental study conducted by measuring the inhibition zone (mm) growth of pathogenic bacteria, determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum killing concentration (MKC) in vitro, and determining the percentage of antibacterial activity of methanol extract of S. ligustrina stem in vivo. The experiment was conducted using 4 groups of concentrations of S. ligustrina stem methanol extract in an in vitro study of 25, 50, 75, and 100% with ciprofloxacin as a positive control and aquadest as a negative control. In vivo studies experiments were carried out using 6 treatment groups of test animals male mice Balb / c (Mus musculus). The in vitro test results showed that methanol extract of S. ligustrina stems was able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria with medium categories of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and categories of weaks to Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for S. aureus and K. pneumonia bacteria isolates was at a concentration of 25% while for E. coli isolates at a concentration of 30%. The methanol extract of the S. ligustrina stem has no killing power against the pathogenic bacteria tested. Antibacterial activity in vivo was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus pathogenic bacteria by 6.60% (at 25% concentration), 8.62% (at 50% concentration), and 17.31% (at 100% concentration), against K. pneumonia was 11.85% (at 25% concentration), 51.21% (at 50% concentration), and 65.92% (at 100% concentration), against E. coliat 19.18% (at concentration 25%), 29.98% (at 50% concentration), and 40.88% (at 100% concentration). Methanol extract of S. ligustrina stem proved to have antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo. Key words: Srychnos ligustrina, pathogenic bacteria, antibacterial, in vitro, in Vivo. Abstrak : Strychnos ligustrina secara empiris  telah digunakan oleh masyarakat Nusa Tenggara Barat dan Bali dalam pengobatan penyakit malaria, sakit gigi, dan diare, tetapi belum ada data ilmiah yang mendukung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dan membuktikan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol batang bidara laut terhadap bakteri patogen secara in vitrodan in vivo. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan dengan mengukur zona hambat (mm) pertumbuhan bakteri patogen, menentukan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dan konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) secara in vitro, serta menentukan persentase aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol batang bidara laut secara in vivo. Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan 4 kelompok konsentrasi ekstrak metanol batang bidara laut pada penelitian in vitro yaitu 25, 50, 75, dan 100% dengan ciprofloxacin sebagai kontrol positif serta aquadest sebagai kontrol negatif. Pada penelitian in vivo percobaan dilakukan menggunakan 6 kelompok perlakuan hewan uji mencit jantan galur Balb/c (Mus musculus). Hasil uji in vitro menunjukkan ekstrak metanol batang bidara laut mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen dengan kategori sedang terhadap Staphylococcus aureus isolat klinis dan kategori lemah terhadap Klebsiella pneumonia dan Escherichia coli isolat klinis. Nilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) untuk isolat bakteri S. aureus dan K. pneumoniae adalah pada konsentrasi 25% sedangkan untuk isolat E. coli pada konsentrasi 30%. Ekstrak metanol batang bidara laut tidak memiliki daya bunuh terhadap bakteri patogen yang diuji. Aktivitas antibakteri secara in vivo mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen S. aureus sebesar 6,60% (pada konsentrasi 25%), 8,62% (pada konsentrasi 50%), dan 17,31% (pada konsentrasi 100%), terhadap K. pneumonia sebesar 11,85% (pada konsentrasi 25%), 51,21% (pada konsentrasi 50%), dan 65,92% (pada konsentrasi 100%),   terhadap E. coli sebesar 19,18% (pada konsentrasi 25%), 29,98% (pada konsentrasi 50%), dan 40,88% (pada konsentrasi 100%). Ekstrak metanol batang bidara laut terbukti memiliki aktivitas antibakteri secara in vitro dan in vivo. Kata kunci: Srychnos ligustrina, bakteri patogen, antibakteri, in vitro, in vivo

scholarly journals In Vivo Expression and Immunoadjuvancy of a Mutant of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin of Escherichia coli in Vaccine and Vector Strains of Vibrio cholerae

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1694-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward T. Ryan ◽  
Thomas I. Crean ◽  
Manohar John ◽  
Joan R. Butterton ◽  
John D. Clements ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Heat Labile ◽  
In Vivo Expression ◽  
Heterologous Antigens

ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae secretes cholera toxin (CT) and the closely related heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli, the latter when expressed in V. cholerae. Both toxins are also potent immunoadjuvants. Mutant LT molecules that retain immunoadjuvant properties while possessing markedly diminished enterotoxic activities when expressed by E. coli have been developed. One such mutant LT molecule has the substitution of a glycine residue for arginine-192 [LT(R192G)]. Live attenuated strains of V. cholerae that have been used both as V. cholerae vaccines and as vectors for inducing mucosal and systemic immune responses directed against expressed heterologous antigens have been developed. In order to ascertain whether LT(R192G) can act as an immunoadjuvant when expressed in vivo by V. cholerae, we introduced a plasmid (pCS95) expressing this molecule into three vaccine strains ofV. cholerae, Peru2, ETR3, and JRB14; the latter two strains contain genes encoding different heterologous antigens in the chromosome of the vaccine vectors. We found that LT(R192G)was expressed from pCS95 in vitro by both E. coli andV. cholerae strains but that LT(R192G) was detectable in the supernatant fraction of V. choleraecultures only. In order to assess potential immunoadjuvanticity, groups of germfree mice were inoculated with the three V. cholerae vaccine strains alone and compared to groups inoculated with the V. cholerae vaccine strains supplemented with purified CT as an oral immunoadjuvant or V. choleraevaccine strains expressing LT(R192G) from pCS95. We found that mice continued to pass stool containing V. cholerae strains with pCS95 for at least 4 days after oral inoculation, the last day evaluated. We found that inoculation withV. cholerae vaccine strains containing pCS95 resulted in anti-LT(R192G) immune responses, confirming in vivo expression. We were unable to detect immune responses directed against the heterologous antigens expressed at low levels in any group of animals, including animals that received purified CT as an immunoadjuvant. We were, however, able to measure increased vibriocidal immune responses against vaccine strains in animals that receivedV. cholerae vaccine strains expressing LT(R192G) from pCS95 compared to the responses in animals that received V. cholerae vaccine strains alone. These results demonstrate that mutant LT molecules can be expressed in vivo by attenuated vaccine strains of V. cholerae and that such expression can result in an immunoadjuvant effect.

scholarly journals Contributions of Escherichia coli and its motility to the formation of dual-species biofilms with Vibrio cholerae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Feiyu Li ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Hyuntae Byun ◽  
JinMing Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Flagellar Motility ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Aggregation Formation

Biofilm formation is important in both the environmental and intestinal phases of the Vibrio cholerae life cycle. Nevertheless, most studies of V. cholerae biofilm formation focus on mono-species cultures, whereas nearly all biofilm communities found in nature consist of a variety of microorganisms. Multi-species biofilms formed between V. cholerae and other bacteria in the environment and the interactions that exist between these species are still poorly understood. In this study, the influence of Escherichia coli on the biofilm formation of V. cholerae was studied in the context of both in vitro coculture and in vivo coinfection. To understand the underlying synergistic mechanisms between these two species and to investigate the role of E. coli in V. cholerae biofilm formation, different pathotypes of E. coli and corresponding deletion mutants lacking genes that influence flagella motility, curli fibers, or type I pili were cocultured with V. cholerae . Our findings demonstrate that the presence of commensal E. coli increases biofilm formation at the air-liquid interface in vitro and the generation of biofilm-like multicellular clumps in the mice feces. Examination of laboratory E. coli flagellar-motility mutants Δ fliC and Δ motA in the dual-species biofilm formation suggests that flagellar motility plays an important role in the synergistic interaction and co-aggregation formation between V. cholerae and E. coli . This study facilitates a better understanding of how V. cholerae resides in harsh environments and colonizes the intestine. IMPORTANCE Biofilms play an important role in the V. cholerae life cycle. Until now, mono-species biofilm formation of V. cholerae has been well studied. However, in nature, bacteria live in complex microbial communities, where biofilm is mostly composed of multiple microbial species that interact to cooperate with or compete against each other. Uncovering how V. cholerae forms multi-species biofilm is critical for furthering our understanding of how V. cholerae survives in the environment and transitions to infecting the human host. In this work, the dual-species biofilm between V. cholerae and E. coli was investigated. We demonstrate that the presence of commensal E. coli increased overall biofilm formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the motility of E. coli flagella is important for V. cholerae and E. coli to form co-aggregation clumps in dual-species biofilm. These results shed light on a new mechanism for understanding the survival and pathogenesis of V. cholerae .

scholarly journals Aktivitas Antibakteri Minyak Atsiri Daun Tembakau terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elda Nurnasari ◽  
Kristiana Sri Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
E Coli

Tobacco plants are widely used as raw material for cigarettes, but the results of the study show that in tobacco leaves contain compounds that can be used in the pharmaceutical and health fields. Tobacco leaves contain essential oils that have a distinctive aroma. The study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of tobacco essential oil from six sources tobacco such as Temanggung, Yogyakarta, Purwodadi, Boyolali, Blitar and Probolinggo. Tobacco essential oil is obtained by the steam-water distillation method. Antibacterial activity evaluation was carried out by diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration on two bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The yield of tobacco essential oil ranged from 0.54-3.39%. Tobacco essential oil had antibacterial activity against bacteria E. coli and S. aureus in the presence of inhibition zones in bacterial media. The biggest inhibition zone was in Yogyakarta tobacco essential oil of 26 mm for S. aureus bacteria, while for E. coli bacteria the biggest inhibition zone was Blitar tobacco essential oil which was equal to 21 mm. The inhibition zone was not much different from the inhibition zone in tetracycline antibiotic testing (positive control) which was 25 mm in S. aureus and 21.5 mm bacteria in E. coli bacteria. Tobacco essential oil from Probolinggo was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria up to a concentration of 6.25% and E. coli bacteria to a concentration of 12.5%.

scholarly journals Essential Oil Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Rosmarinus tournefortii from Algeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1100601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansouria Souria Bendeddouche ◽  
Hachemi Benhassaini ◽  
Zouaoui Hazem ◽  
Abderrahmane Romane
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Oil Analysis ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Aerial Parts

The volatile compounds obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Rosmarinus tournefortii De Noé. growing wild in the occidental region of Algeria were analyzed by GC/MS. Thirty-six compounds were characterized representing 95.6% of the essential oil, with camphor (37.6%), 1,8-cineole (10.0%), p-cymene-7-ol (7.8%), and borneol (5.4%) as the major components. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against three pathogenic bacteria: Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; mg/mL) was determined by sub-culture on Muller Hinton agar plates. The essential oil exhibited strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and was also active against Staphylococcus aureus.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Three Medicinal Plants from Algerian Semi-Arid Climatic Zone

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (S1) ◽  
pp. S155-S163 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mehalaine ◽  
O. Belfadel ◽  
T. Menasria ◽  
A. Messaili
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Thymus Algeriensis

The present study was carried out to determine, for the first time, the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils derived from the aerial parts of three aromatic plants Thymus algeriensis Boiss & Reut, Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Salvia officinalis L. growing under semiarid conditions. The essential oils were chemically analyzed and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and their antimicrobial activity was individually evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using both agar disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. The major constituents of Thymus algeriensis essential oil were identified as camphor (13.62%), 1,8-cineol (6.00%), borneol (5.74%), viridiflorol (4.00%), and linalool (3.93%). For Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil, 48 compounds were characterized, of which the main constituents were camphor (17.09%), Z-β-ocimene (10.88%), isoborneol (9.68%), α-bisabolol (7.89%), and borneol (5.11%). While, Salvia officinalis essential oil was characterized by β-thujone (16.44%), followed by viridiflorol (10.93%), camphor (8.99%), 1,8-cineol (8.11%), trans-caryophyllene (5.85%), and α-humulene (4.69%) as the major components. Notably, results from antibacterial screening indicated that Thymus algeriensis and Salvia officinalis essential oils exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil. Further, less activity was recorded against Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the three tested essential oils.

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