scholarly journals Wheat blast disease: Bangladesh and global perspectives of blast resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
M. Thoihidul Islam ◽  
Mohammad Rashid Arif ◽  
Lutful Hassan ◽  
Arif Hasan Khan Robin
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Wide Range

Fearsome wheat blast disease expanded its radius from Latin America to Bangladesh in 2016 with higher degrees of destruction efficiency. In 1985, Brazil was the first hotspot and consecutively Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia were affected by the wheat blast fungus. Blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is under pyriculariaceae family with three-celled, pyriform, hyaline conidia. Not only wheat and rice are affected by the blast pathogen but also around 50 grass species can be affected and act as host, but the fungus pathotype is specific and distinct for each plant species. Morpho-biometrical analysis revealed similarity between the Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Tritici (MoT) strain of Bangladeshi and Brazil. Through extensive molecular genetics and genomics study unfolded five resistant genes, among those Rmg2, Rmg3, and Rmg7 lost viability but Rmg8 and RmgGR119 still have resistance. In addition, 2NS translocation from Aegilops ventricosa in wheat reports resistance against MoT. CIMMYT based Milan variety is regarded as a resistant variety and plant breeders are trying to develop new resistant varieties. But the main problem regarding blast pathogen is breakdown of resistance and evolving virulent races consecutively which is fueled by global warming. A wide range of molecular markers can potentially be used for blast resistance study. Utilization of medium to high-throughput markers like SSR, InDel and SNP gave pace in blast resistance study. Along with that, allele mining has potentiality for finding out source of resistance. In addition, gene pyramiding will play a vital role in introgression of multiple resistant genes into a superior wheat linage. In future, high-throughput marker technology along with cutting-edge gene editing technology will play a pivotal role. Furthermore, the collaborative research in Bangladesh indicates that international scientific community has taken wheat blast as a serious issue. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(2): 122–132, June 2019

scholarly journals Gamma Radiated Wheat for Combating Devastating Blast Disease (Magnaporthe Oryzae Triticum) In Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. p1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD.Harun -Or-Rashid ◽  
M. Bahadur Meah ◽  
Md. Imtiaz Uddin ◽  
Sharif Ahmed ◽  
Md. Abul Kashem
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Prone Area

Wheat is a global food security crop, providing 20 percent of protein and calories consumed worldwide and up to 50 percent in developing countries. It is the second most important cereal next to rice in Bangladesh and playing an important role in attaining food security. But wheat is very susceptible to diseases that often place major biological constraints on production. In 2016, a new wheat disease called “blast” was identified by wheat scientists for the first time in Bangladesh. Wheat blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae triticum is causing enormous yield loss worldwide. At present, control of blast disease is a great challenge due to frequently introduction of new races of the pathogen. The present investigation focused on screening M2 population of gamma radiated wheat where four doses of radiations viz. 150 Gy, 200 Gy, 250 Gy, and 300 Gy were applied to the seeds of three wheat varieties viz. BARI Gom-25, BARI Gom-29 and BARI Gom-30 from a Cobalt 60 source (Gamma Chamber 5000). The irradiated seeds were sown in farmers’ fields of a wheat blast disease-prone area Chandbil, Meherpur Sadar. All the doses of irradiation showed a significant effect on incidence and severity of wheat blast disease in all three varieties. Among the treatments 200 Gy and 250 Gy reduced the disease effectively. Molecular detection of Magnaporthe oryzae triticum was also done using specific primer. The size of the band (350 bp) confirms the infection of M2 families by Magnaporthe oryzae triticum. Development of wheat blast resistant variety through irradiation could be a potential substitute to replace the available chemical control methods and it is described as eco-friendly, sustainable and nonhazardous strategy to reduce wheat yield loss due to blast disease.

scholarly journals Determining an effective and economic fungicide spray schedule for reducing blast of wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
MH Kabir ◽  
FS Tisha ◽  
HR Nayan ◽  
MA Islam ◽  
MA Kashem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Interval Plants ◽  
Single Compound ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
Heading Stage

Wheat blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT), constitutes one of the major obstacles to the expansion of wheat production in Bangladesh. In the absence of resistant variety, fungicide control is the first-hand effort. Determining an effective and economic fungicide spray schedule in controlling blast disease of wheat was aimed. Ten fungicides were tested during two consecutive cropping seasons of 2018-2019 to 2019-2020. The wheat plants of blast susceptible cultivar BARI Gom 26 were inoculated with spores (107 spores ml-1) of MoT at pre-heading stage of wheat (52 days age). Fungicides were applied both before inoculation and after the appearance of blast symptoms in cocktail for three times starting from booting of wheat at 7 days interval. Plants received the combination of Filia (Tricyclazole 40% + Propiconazole 12.5%) and Seltima (Pyraclostrobin 10%) had significantly lower blast incidence and severity (1.23% and 3.33%) against untreated plants. Cocktail of Nativo and Trooper (Tricyclazole 75 wp) proved 2nd best curative measure. Application of Nativo (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25%) alone ranked third in its efficacy. The fungicide spray schedule covered booting, pre-heading and heading stages of wheat. The results indicate a mixture of Tebuconazole + Tricyclazole + Pyraclostrobin is more effective (97% blast reduction) and economic (BCR 1.45) than a single compound application in reducing incidence and severity of wheat blast. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(1): 10-16, June 2021

scholarly journals Suitable methods for isolation, culture, storage and identification of wheat blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum pathotype

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipali Rani Gupta ◽  
Musrat Zahan Surovy ◽  
Nur Uddin Mahmud ◽  
Moutoshi Chakraborty ◽  
Sanjoy Kumar Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Isolation Technique ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Short Period

Abstract Wheat blast disease caused by a South American lineage of Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) pathotype has emerged as a serious threat to wheat production in Bangladesh since its first emergence in 2016. Efficient and suitable methods for isolation, storage, inoculum production and molecular characterization of the pathogen can help in achieving the target of sustainable management of the disease in a relatively short period of time. In this study, we aimed to develop suitable methods for isolation, storage and morphological characterization and molecular identification of MoT isolates collected from the blast-infected wheat fields in Bangladesh. This process included modification of existing protocols that were available for a related fungal pathogen M. oryzae or de novo method development and validation. We developed suitable methods for isolation of MoT from field-infected plant samples using modified monoconidial isolation technique and produced abundant conidia from a single mycelial plate for in vivo pathogenicity assay in a reproducible manner. Cultural and morphological characterization of the isolates revealed that all Bangladeshi MoT isolates are of a single clonal lineage with similar cultural and morphological characters. Molecular detection of isolates with M. oryzae-specific primers Pot1 and Pot2 and MoT-specific primers MoT3F and MoT3R produced bands with the expected size from all wheat-infecting isolates. We also successfully established a PCR-based detection system based on a commercially available detection kit for field-infected leaf and seed samples by detecting Pot2- and MoT3-specific bands. Additionally, the simple method we developed in our study for producing abundant conidia in a very short period of time will be very helpful in studying biology of the wheat blast fungus. This method was also proven to be more user-friendly and cost-effective than previously available methods. Successful characterization of MoT isolates at morphological and molecular levels coupled with detection of the pathogen in infected field and seed lots should be useful for efficient surveillance and management of the fearsome wheat blast disease.

scholarly journals Long Non-coding RNAs Responsive to Blast Fungus Infection in Rice

Rice ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan-Lan Wang ◽  
Jing-Jing Jin ◽  
Li-Hua Li ◽  
Shao-Hong Qu
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Gene Transcription Level ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in many physiological processes in plant. By high-throughput RNA-sequencing, many pathogen-associated LncRNAs were mapped in various plants, and some of them were proved to be involved in plant defense responses. The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is one of the most destructive diseases in rice. However, M. oryzae-induced LncRNAs in rice is yet to be studied. Findings We investigated rice LncRNAs that were associated with the rice blast fungus. Totally 83 LncRNAs were up-regulated after blast fungus infection and 78 were down-regulated. Of them, the natural antisense transcripts (NATs) were the most abundant. The expression of some LncRNAs has similar pattern with their host genes or neighboring genes, suggesting a cis function of them in regulating gene transcription level. The deferentially expressed (DE) LncRNAs and genes co-expression analysis revealed some LncRNAs were associated with genes known to be involved in pathogen resistance, and these genes were enriched in terpenoid biosynthesis and defense response by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Interestingly, one of up-regulated DE-intronic RNA was derived from a jasmonate (JA) biosynthetic gene, lipoxygenase RLL (LOX-RLL). Levels of JAs were significantly increased after blast fungus infection. Given that JA is known to regulate blast resistance in rice, we suggested that LncRNA may be involved in JA-mediated rice resistance to blast fungus. Conclusions This study identified blast fungus-responsive LncRNAs in rice, which provides another layer of candidates that regulate rice and blast fungus interactions.

scholarly journals Osa-miR162a balances rice yield and resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Pu Li ◽  
Xiao-Chun Ma ◽  
He Wang ◽  
Yong Zhu ◽  
Xin-Xian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Mirna Biogenesis ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Rice Blast Resistance ◽  
Defense Related Gene ◽  
Transgenic Lines

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in rice immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae, the causative agent of rice blast disease. Osa-miR162a targets Dicer-like 1 (DCL1) genes, which play vital roles in miRNA biogenesis and act as negative regulators in rice immunity. Here we demonstrate that Osa-miR162a improves rice immunity against M. oryzae and balances the trade-off between rice yield and resistance. Overexpression of Osa-miR162a compromises rice susceptibility to M. oryzae accompanying enhanced induction of defense-related genes and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In contrast, blocking miR162 by overexpressing a target mimic of miR162 enhances susceptibility to blast fungus associating with compromised induction of defense-related gene expression and H2O2 accumulation. Moreover, the transgenic lines overexpressing Osa-miR162a display decreased seed setting rate resulting in reduced yield per plant, whereas blocking miR162 leads to an increased number of grains per panicle, resulting in increased yield per plant. Altered accumulation of miR162 had limited impact on the expression of OsDCL1. Together, our results indicate that Osa-miR162a improves rice blast resistance and plays a role in the balance of trade-off between resistance and yield.

scholarly journals Detection and characterization of fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum) causing wheat blast disease on rain-fed grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Zambia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. e0238724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Batiseba Tembo ◽  
Rabson M. Mulenga ◽  
Suwilanji Sichilima ◽  
Kenneth K. M’siska ◽  
Moses Mwale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Wheat Blast

scholarly journals Soil supplementation with Si, B and Zn and their synergetic effects in reducing severity of wheat blast (Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum)

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
MH Kabir ◽  
HR Nayan ◽  
MA Abedin ◽  
MB Meah
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
House Condition ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Wheat blast (Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum) in Bangladesh and South America is recognized as one major limiting factor of wheat production. Its control using chemical pesticides raises concerns about food safety and pesticide resistance, which have dictated the need for alternative blast management approach, nutrient supplementation could be an ecofriendly alternative. Experiments were carried out under confined net house condition for two consecutive cropping seasons. Single doses of the nutrients (Si, B and Zn) were incorporated during soil preparation. Plants of the wheat blast susceptible variety BARI Gom-26 were inoculated with spores (1 x 107 spores ml-1) of Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum at blast vulnerable pre-heading stage of 52 days age. Typical wheat blast symptoms of spike bleaching from top to downward appeared on sight 14 days after inoculation i.e., 66 days age of the crop. Incidence and severity of blast bleaching of spike were scored for four times starting from 68 days age @ three day’s interval. None of the nutrients could stop the incidence of blast on wheat; however, some nutrients reduced the blast incidence significantly. Solo application of Si, B and Zn or combination of two caused significant reduction of spike bleaching. With the mixed application of Si, B and Zn, > 47% reduction of wheat blast severity was obtained. The results revealed that the soil application of silicon, zinc and boron had a synergistic effect on the intensity of blast disease of wheat. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 76-84, Dec 2021

scholarly journals Screening and Biochemical Characterization of Wheat Cultivars Resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae pv Triticum (MoT)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Shekhar Biswas ◽  
Afsana Hannan ◽  
Abul Monsur ◽  
G H M Sagor
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Blast

Global food security is seriously threatened due to increased frequency and occurrence of fungal diseases. One example is wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a fungal diseases of rice, wheat, and other grasses, that can destroy the whole food production to sustain millions of people. Wheat blast was first detected in february 2016 with a serious outbreak in Asia. Assessment of the available germplasms to stress tolerant/resistant is one of the best options for developing stress tolerant crop varieties. In this study, a total of sixteen wheat cultivars were collected and test their disease severity to blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae pv. Triticum (MoT). Among the varieties, BARI Gom 33 exhibited partially resistance against blast pathogen, whereas all other genotypes become susceptible to MoT. Different yield and yield contributing characters of both resistant and susceptible cultivars were also evaluated and found no significant differences among them. To understand the underlying mechanism of resistance in BARI Gom 33, antioxidant enzyme activity, concentration of reactive oxygen species and cellular damage after fungal infection were also evaluated and found that activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were higher in BARI Gom 33 than BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 31. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondealdehyde (MDA) content in BARI Gom 33 was low compare to BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 31, which may due to greater increase of the APX, CAT and POD in resistant genotypes. Thus, it may suggest that a more efficient antioxidative defense system in BARI Gom 33 during the infection process of M. oryzae restricts the cell damage caused by the fungus. The identified genotypes can either be used directly in the blast prone area or as a source of resistance to further development of blast resistance high yielding wheat variety.

scholarly journals The mitotic spindle mediates nuclear migration through an extremely narrow infection structure of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariel A. Pfeifer ◽  
Chang Hyun Khang
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Nuclear Migration ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Single Nucleus ◽  
Migration Event

The blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, causes severe destruction to rice and other crops worldwide. As the fungus infects rice, it develops unique cellular structures, such as an appressorium and a narrow penetration peg, to permit successful invasion of host rice cells. Fundamental knowledge about these cellular structures and how organelles, such as the nucleus, are positioned within them is still emerging. Previous studies show that a single nucleus becomes highly stretched during movement through the narrow penetration peg in an extreme nuclear migration event. Yet, the mechanism permitting this nuclear migration event remains elusive. Here, we investigate the role of the mitotic spindle in mediating nuclear migration through the penetration peg. We find that disruption of spindle function during nuclear migration through the penetration peg prevents development of invasive hyphae and virulence on rice. Furthermore, regulated expression of conserved kinesin motor proteins, MoKin5 and MoKin14, is essential to form and maintain the spindle, as well as, properly nucleate the primary hypha. Overexpression of MoKin5 leads to formation of aberrant microtubule protrusions, which contributes to formation of nuclear fragments within the appressorium and primary hypha. Conversely, overexpression of MoKin14 causes the spindle to collapse leading to the formation of monopolar spindles. These results establish a mechanistic model towards understanding the intricate subcellular dynamics of extreme nuclear migration through the penetration peg, a critical step in the development of rice blast disease.

scholarly journals Reaction of Different Rice Lines Against Leaf and Neck Blast under Field Condition Of Chitwan Valley

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD Puri ◽  
SM Shrestha ◽  
KD Joshi ◽  
GB KC
Keyword(s):  
Field Condition ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Pyricularia Grisea ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Neck Blast ◽  
Chitwan Valley ◽  
Moderately Resistant

The severity of the rice blast disease (Pyricularia grisea) of both leaf and neck varies with different environment and it becomes destructive under favorable condition. The leaf and neck blast resistance and susceptible interaction of 30 different tropical rice lines were evaluated under low-, mid- and up-land conditions of Chitwan district and classified on the basis of disease severity with respect to susceptible check, Masuli. Of them, 5, 10, 12 and 3 rice lines were resistant to leaf blast, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible susceptible, respectively. Similarly, for the neck blast nine lines were resistant, thirteen moderately resistant, seven moderately susceptible and one was susceptible. The progenies from Masuli/MT4 had the highest leaf and neck blast susceptible reaction, while the most of progenies from IPB (Irradiated Pusa Basmati), KalinghaIII_IR64, Radha 32_ KIII and Masuli_IR64 were resistant, and the most promising sources against leaf and neck blast resistance. Therefore, the progenies from these parents can be used in breeding the resistant variety. Key words: Pyricularia grisea, resistance, rice lines J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:37-44 (2006)

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