Influence of Number of Parity on Bone Mineral Density among Postmenopausal Women

Introduction- Osteoporosis is a common disease of postmenopausal women and is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. The most important single determining factor is low bone mass. Generally accepted risk factors of osteoporosis in women are low body weight, age, low physical activity and cigarette smoking. The effect of parity is controversial.Objective-The main objective of the study was to assess the influence of parity on bone mineral density among the postmenopausal women.Methods-In this study total 75 postmenopausal women aged 51-70 years of with parity 1-13 were studied. Parity was described as the number of births reported by the women. In Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons Vol. 33, No. 2, April 2015 this study T score of BMD of different bony sites lumber vertebrae and femur were analyzed. BMD were measured in the Institute of Nuclear Medicine at BSMMU. Correlations between BMD values with parity were detected.Results- The mean age of the patients was 60 years with a standard deviation of ±9.32 years. All patients were within 51 to 70 years age range. A significant negative correlation was found in present study between parity and the T score measurement results obtained from L2, L3, L4, L2-4, Femur neck, Trochantor and Wards triangle. This shows mean Tscore of BMD were more negative as number of parity increases.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2015; 33(2): 75-78Introduction- Osteoporosis is a common disease of postmenopausal women and is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. The most important single determining factor is low bone mass. Generally accepted risk factors of osteoporosis in women are low body weight, age, low physical activity and cigarette smoking. The effect of parity is controversial. Objective-The main objective of the study was to assess the influence of parity on bone mineral density among the postmenopausal women. Methods-In this study total 75 postmenopausal women aged 51-70 years of with parity 1-13 were studied. Parity was described as the number of births reported by the women. In Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons Vol. 33, No. 2, April 2015 this study T score of BMD of different bony sites lumber vertebrae and femur were analyzed. BMD were measured in the Institute of Nuclear Medicine at BSMMU. Correlations between BMD values with parity were detected. Results- The mean age of the patients was 60 years with a standard deviation of ±9.32 years. All patients were within 51 to 70 years age range. A significant negative correlation was found in present study between parity and the T score measurement results obtained from L2, L3, L4, L2-4, Femur neck, Trochantor and Wards triangle. This shows mean Tscore of BMD were more negative as number of parity increases.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2015; 33(2): 75-78

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Association Between Serum Ferritin Levels and Low Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Women

ACTA MEDICA IRANICA ◽

10.18502/acta.v57i12.3468 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lama ALjeshi ◽

Shaden Haddad

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Postmenopausal Osteoporosis ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Serum Ferritin Level ◽

Ferritin Level ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Low Bone Mineral Density ◽

Femur Neck

As women go through menopause, serum estrogen decreases, and ferritin increases. Ferritin is an essential component of the body, but many studies have stated that ferritin, which exceeds the normal physiological range, may potentially cause health problems in women. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density and serum ferritin levels in post-menopausal women and to evaluate serum ferritin levels as a potential biomarker for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Serum ferritin levels were measured in 62 postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density, and in 18 postmenopausal healthy control women using a standardized Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Bone mineral density BMD was assessed at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. The mean serum ferritin level was significantly higher in the postmenopausal women with low BMD group (group 1) than in the normal control group (group 2), respectively (mean=262.69 vs. 181.44 ng/ml, (P<0.05), and serum ferritin level was negatively correlated with BMD among low BMD postmenopausal women's group (R= -0.628, P=0.0001), and in the healthy postmenopausal group (R= -0.052, P=0.838). A comparison of the BMD between spine and femur neck sites shows that the frequency of low BMD in the spine site is higher than the femur neck site. Our findings show that increased serum ferritin levels were associated with low bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

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Comparison of Bone Mineral Density, T-Scores and Serum Zinc between Diabetic and Non Diabetic Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.4103/0974-2727.151681 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (01) ◽

pp. 043-048 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Priyanka R Siddapur ◽

Anuradha B Patil ◽

Varsha S Borde

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Fracture Risk ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Density ◽

T Score ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Serum Zn ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

ABSTRACT Context: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a public health problem. Diabetics are at increased risk of osteoporosis-related fractures. Zinc (Zn) has a role in collagen metabolism, and its levels are altered in diabetes. Aims: The aim was to compare bone mineral density (BMD), T-score and serum Zn between diabetic and nondiabetic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis to see if they influence increased fracture risk in diabetes. Settings and Design: It is a cross-sectional study conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum. Materials and Methods: Thirty type 2 diabetic and 30 age-matched (aged 45-75 years) nondiabetic Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) confirmed postmenopausal osteoporotics were included from January 2011 to March 2012. Serum Zn was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean and standard deviation of the parameters of the two groups were computed and compared by unpaired Student's t-test. Relationship between variables was measured by Karl Pearson's correlation co-efficient. A statistical significance is set at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). Results: T-score was significantly higher in diabetics compared with nondiabetics(−2.84 ± 0.42 vs. −3.22 ± 0.74) P < 0.05. BMD and serum Zn of diabetics showed a significant positive correlation with body mass index (BMI). Conclusions: Type 2 diabetic postmenopausal osteoporotics have a higher T-score than the nondiabetics. High BMI in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may contribute to high BMD and may be a protective factor against zincuria. Increased fracture risk in T2DM could be due to other factors like poor bone quality due to hyperglycemia rather than BMD. Strict glycemic control is of paramount importance.

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Frequency of Low Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i4531092 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 47-52

Author(s):

Ihsanullah Rajar ◽

Nasrullah Aamer ◽

Narindar Kumar ◽

Prem Kumar ◽

Kapeel Raja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Liver Cirrhosis ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

University Hospital ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

T Score ◽

Low Bone Mineral Density ◽

Femur Neck

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the low bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methodology: This cross sectional study on 151 Liver cirrhotic patients was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad/Jamshoro. This study duration was 6 months, July 2015 to December 2015. The Assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) for each relevant patient was done using ultrasound impedance Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) by senior pathologist having ≥05 years of experience, across the calcaneum, at lumbar spine (LS) and femur neck (FN), were computed by using computer supported device. The BMD was expressed in terms of T score. The WHO standard value was utilized to define the low BMD / osteoporosis is T score -1.5. Results: The mean age of subjects was 31.32±6.18 years. Out of all, 62.9% were males whereas 37.1% were females. About 21% patients had low/abnormal bone mineral density (BMD). Among these, 17.9% had bone mineral density (BMD) of -1.5 to -2.5 and 4% had BMD of <-2.5. Rest of 78.1% patients had a normal (>-1.5) bone mineral density (BMD). Majority of patients, 63.6% had a CTP grade B of liver cirrhosis, whereas 22.5% had A grade and 13.9% had C grade of liver cirrhosis. Conclusion: Conclusively, the risk of low bone mineral density (BMD) was evidently high for patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Male gender and age above 30 years were found at greater risk and CTP grade B of cirrhosis was most common.

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Enzyme-inducing antiseizure drugs associate with low bone mineral density in men with epilepsy

10.5327/1516-3180.155 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aline de Fátima Dias ◽

Lucas Scárdua Silva ◽

Rafael Batista João ◽

Amanda Canal Rigotti ◽

Gabriel Ferri Baltazar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Young Group ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Chi Square ◽

T Score ◽

Age Range ◽

The Impact

Introduction: Little is known about the impact of enzyme-inducing antiseizure drugs (EI-ASD) on the reduction of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in men with epilepsy (MWE). Objectives: To evaluate the BMD in MWE exposed to EI-ASDs (phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital) and its relationship with the duration of epilepsy. Methods: We evaluated BMD from 74 consecutive MWE (median age (range), 52.5 (25- 74) years) exposed to previous or current EI-ASDs, followed at UNICAMP-Brazil. Individuals were split into two groups (young-group, 31 individuals [25-49 years]; older group, 43 subjects, [50-74 years]). The BMD test evaluated t-score indexes from the femoral neck, whole femur and lumbar spine. Osteopenia was defined with t-score of - 1.0 to -2.4; osteoporosis, with T-scores lower than -2.5. Data were extracted from medical records. We analyzed data with SPSS22, performed chi-square tests for categorical variables and applied a partial correlation test (controlled for age) between BD scores and duration of epilepsy. Results: BMD was reduced in 49/74 men (66.2%). Both groups presented equivalent proportions of BMD abnormalities (p=0.087) (young-group [14/41 normal (45%), 12/31 osteopenia (39%), 5/31 osteoporosis (16%)]; older-group [11/43 normal (26%), 16/43 osteopenia (37%), 16/43 osteoporosis (37%)]. BMD did not correlate with the duration of disease or age of onset. Conclusion: BMD reduction is highly prevalent in MWE exposed to EI-ASD, including young individuals. Data suggest that exposure to EI-ASD may associate with early BMD reduction, which evolve to osteopenia and osteoporosis. BMD evaluation in MWE and appropriate treatment may be necessary to reduce fractures’ risk.

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The correlation of anthropometric parameters and bone mineral density to femur neck fracture risk in elderly population.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.03.3404 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (03) ◽

pp. 517-522

Author(s):

Wajid Akbar ◽

Humaira Imtiaz ◽

Usman Ali ◽

Amna Halima

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Hip Fracture ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

The Elderly ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

T Score ◽

Femur Neck ◽

Femur Neck Fracture ◽

Neck Fracture

Hip fracture is the leading cause of morbidity in the geriatric population of Pakistan. The anthropometric parameters and bone mineral density is closely associated with risks of femur fracture on the elderly. Objectives: This study is oriented upon the relation of anthropometric parameters and bone mineral density with femur neck fracture in the elderly. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, Pakistan. Period: May 2015 to October 2015. Material & Methods: A total of 121 patients both male and female from 50 to 70 years old were included in the study. Thirty patients had a history of hip fractures while 91 patients were age matched controls. Patients below 40 years and above 70 years were excluded as well as patients on long term steroids, or rheumatoid arthritis and bed ridden. Data regarding patient’s age, sex as well as height and weight were recorded. Both height and weight were measured in light clothing without shoes. Weight was measured using an electronic scale and standing height was measured to the nearest centimeter with a stadiometer. Body mass index was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m).2 Bone mineral density was assisted by Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) heel, using WHO T-score. The Anthropometric parameters and bone mineral density of hip fracture cases were then compared with age-matched control groups. For statistical analysis of data, we used SPSS 20. Results: The average age of hip fracture patients were higher than the control. Females with hip fracture found taller, lighter and had low BMI (p=0.003). Bone mineral density of hip fracture cases were significantly lower as compared to T-score of control (p=0.0001). Height correlated significantly with BMI (r=2.68 p=0.005) and with BMD (r=2.56 p=0.005). Weight had significant correlation with BMI (r= 0.488 p=0.0001) and with BMD (r=0.212 p=0.002). Conclusion: The anthropometric parameter, especially body mass Index and bone mineral density seems to be associated with the risk of femur neck fracture.

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Influence of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history

Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.17532/jhsci.2014.141 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 26-30

Author(s):

Amila Kapetanović ◽

Dijana Avdić

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Linear Correlation ◽

Estrogen Deficiency ◽

Control Group ◽

Mineral Density ◽

T Score ◽

Menstrual History

Introduction: Estrogen deficiency leads to bone mass loss and increased risk for osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to examine influence of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history.Methods: The total of 100 postmenopausal women living in Sarajevo area, aged 50-65 years, with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history participated in this prospective study. The subjects were divided in two groups, examination and control group, based on bone mineral density values. The women in the examination group had osteoporosis while in the control group were women with osteopenia or normal bone mineral density. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine and proximal femur by Dual–Energy X–ray Absorptiometry using Hologic QDR-4000 scanner. Smoking habits were assessed for each subject.Results: The average number of cigarettes smoked per day in women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history was 14.86 in the examination group and 4.67 in the control group. The difference in the average number of cigarettes smoked per day between the two groups was statistically significant (p <0.01). The coefficient of linear correlation between T score and the number of cigarettes smoked per day among women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history in the examination group was statistically significant (p<0.01). The coefficient of linear correlation between T score and the number of cigarettes smoked per day among women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history in the control group was statistically significant ( p<0.05).Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that cigarette smoking has negative impact on bone mineral density and that healthy lifestyle (no smoking) has the potential to reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency in menstrual history.

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Social and mental functioning in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns1806171z ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 71 (5-6) ◽

pp. 171-179

Author(s):

Jelena Zvekic-Svorcan ◽

Martina Miklos ◽

Karmela Filipovic ◽

Milan Cvetkovic ◽

Miljanka Vuksanovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Femoral Neck ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mental Functioning ◽

Mineral Density ◽

T Score ◽

History Of

Introduction. Osteoporosis is a systemic, metabolic, progressive bone disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density leading to bone fragility and reduced quality of life. The objective of this study was to examine the quality of social and mental functioning in postmenopausal women with reduced mineral bone density. Material and Methods. This prospective cross-sectional study included 210 postmenopausal women aged ? 50 years, who were referred for osteodensitometry to the Special Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases Novi Sad, Serbia. The study was conducted in the period from February 24 to April 3, 2017. All women completed the Serbian version of the Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis (41). They all underwent bone mineral density measurement in two regions of interest, and the results were interpreted according to the current definition of osteoporosis. The participants? social and mental functioning was analyzed including the following variables: age, place of residence, educational attainment, employment, nutritional status, bone mineral density, and low-trauma fractures. Statistical processing and analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20. Results. A statistically significant negative correlation was noted between social functioning and the T-score for the femoral neck (r = -0.438), hip (r = -0.412) and spine (r = -0.226), as well as mental functioning with the T-score for the femoral neck (r = -0.424), hip (r = -0.454) and spine (r = -0.319). Patients with a history of fractures had a poorer quality of social functioning (t = 2.17, p < 0.05). Conclusion. The examinees of older age, with poor socio-demographic status, reduced bone mineral density, history of low-trauma fractures presented with lower quality of social and mental functioning.

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Protective role of serum uric acid for bone loss in postmenopausal women

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl2.2178 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL2) ◽

pp. 157-160

Author(s):

Hephzibah Kirubamani N

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Protective Role ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

T Score

Researchers had found that there is an association between oxidative stress and osteoporosis. Postmenopausal osteoporosis causes major public health problems. Since Uric acid has strong antioxidant properties, it will improve bone quality. This cross-sectional observational study was done to determine the association of Uric Acid and Bone Mineral Density of 75 healthy postmenopausal women who came for a master health checkup. The mean age was 60.5 years. After ethical clearance and informed consent, women were recruited for the study at Saveetha Medical Hospital Chennai. Women with medical conditions or who were using drugs affecting bone metabolism or uric acid were excluded. Basic investigations were Hb, serum UA, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase, blood glucose and glycosylated Hb. Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, 25 hydroxy Vitamin D were also done. Serum UA levels were graded as <3.9, 3.9–4.9, 5–6.1, and ≥6.2  mg/dl. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) was calculated with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DXA). Osteoporosis was defined as BMD T-score −2.5 and below. BMD with a T-score of -1  −2.5 was classified as osteopenia (WHO). In women with high UA, there were significantly higher levels of low-density lipoprotein, and calcium, as compared to women with low UA group (p<0.05). High UA group, as compared to the low UA group, also had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (p<0.001). Women with higher Uric acid levels had lower BMI, lesser years of duration of Menopause and increased BMD. Serum UA level had a positive correlation with the Lumbar BMD T score and Right Femoral Neck BMD T Score. In UA >5.4mg/dl group Osteoporosis was nil.

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Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in relation to bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp1203243v ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 243-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marina Vuceljic ◽

Olivera Ilic-Stojanovic ◽

Milica Lazovic ◽

Mirko Grajic

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D

Background/Aim. Despite vitamin D insufficiency being widely reported, in Serbia the epidemiological data lack information regarding vitamin D status in the sera of postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of inadequate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in postmenopausal Serbian women with seasonal variations of 25(OH)D, in relation to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone mineral density (BMD). Methods. A total of 95 postmenopausal women, mean age 65.1 ? 9.08 years, were examined. Measurements of 25(OH)D and PTH were performed both in the winter and the summer period, using electrochemiluminiscence immunoassays. BMD (g/cm2) was measured by the dualenergy x-Ray absortimetry (DXA) method on the spine and hip areas. Results. A decreased value of vitamin D (< 75 nmol/L) in 88.4% of postmenopausal women and an elevated level of PTH (> 65 pg/mL) in 25.3% of the cases were found. Elevated PTH varied individually, but was mostly increased if 25(OH)D was equal or lower than 37.6 nmol/L. 25(OH)D insufficiency was found in winter in 94.5% and in summer in 80% of the cases (p < 0.01). The mean of the PTH was higher (p < 0.05) in winter than in summer. A significant negative correlation between 25(OH)D and PTH (p < 0.001) was proved. Correlation between 25(OH)D and PTH with BMD at lumbar spine was established in the whole group, but at the femoral neck in women aged over 65 years (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Our results showed a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (88.4%) among postmenopausal women. The levels of 25(OH)D and PTH changed significantly according to the season.

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Comparison of bone mineral density and serum minerals in pre and post-menopausal women

International Journal of Clinical Trials ◽

10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20151237 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sasmita Mishra ◽

M. Manju ◽

B. D. Toora ◽

S. Mohan ◽

B. P. Venkatesh

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Density ◽

T Score ◽

Serum Minerals ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Post Menopausal ◽

Mineral Levels

Background: Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones, increasing the risk of sudden and unexpected fractures. Literally meaning “porous bone”, it results in an increased loss of bone mass and strength. The disease often progresses without any symptoms or pain. Though the exact cause is not known it can be prevented. After age 35, bone breakdown outpaces bone build-up, resulting in a gradual loss of bone mass. Once this loss of bone reaches a certain point, a person has osteoporosis. After menopause, bone resorption (breakdown) outpaces the building of new bone. Osteoporosis is a silent disease, reflected only in a low bone density, till a fracture occurs.One of the most rapidly emerging health problems in the postmenopausal women is osteoporosis. It is now realized that, osteoporotic fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India in the elderly women population. Aim:To study the correlation between serum minerals and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in pre and postmenopausal women.Methods: This study was designed to find out the serum mineral levels and its correlation with bone mineral density in pre and post-menopausal women. The present study was a cross-sectional study. 40 women from each group i.e. premenopausal and postmenopausal women were selected for the study with no medical, surgical or gynaecological abnormalities. The Bone Mineral Density (BMD) was measured by Bone Densitometer and classified as normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis according to T-score. Serum minerals were measured in autoanalyser. The data was analyzed using Microsoft excel 2007. For the comparison of values between the groups, students ‘t’ test was used, for the correlation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used. Results: Around 80% of the post-menopausal women are osteoporotic. BMD scores were significantly low in postmenopausal women according to T-score along with significantly decreased Serum mineral levels when compared to premenopausal women. There was significant positive correlation between T-score and serum calcium and magnesium levels in postmenopausal women.Conclusions: Our study suggests that peri and postmenopausal women should take magnesium rich foods also like whole grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables (especially dark-green, leafy vegetables) every day which will help to provide recommended intakes of magnesium and maintain normal storage levels of this mineral. If these foods are not available or serum levels are too low supplementation can be given in the form of tablets.

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