scholarly journals Optimization of Three-Step Method For Biodiesel Production From Waste Cook Oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Kaniz Ferdous ◽  
M Rakib Uddin ◽  
M Rahim Uddin ◽  
Maksudur R Khan ◽  
MA Islam
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Standard Methods

In this paper, production of biodiesel from Waste Cook Oil (WCO) by three-step method and optimization of the process were studied. The properties of raw oil were measured by standard methods. The raw oil containing 1.9 wt% Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and viscosity was 54.53 mm2/s. Biodiesel was prepared from WCO by three-step method. In the three-step method, the first step was saponification of the oil followed by acidification to produce FFA and finally esterification of FFA to produce biodiesel. The reaction parameters in saponification, acidification and esterification reaction were optimized. Silica gel was used during esterification reaction to adsorb water produced in the reaction and silica gel to FFA ratio was 1.5:10 wt/wt. Hence the reaction rate was increased and finally the FFA was reduced to 0.98 wt%. A factorial design was studied for esterification reaction to obtain the higher yield of biodiesel. Finally various properties of biodiesel such as FFA, viscosity, specific gravity, cetane index, pour point, flash point etc. were measured and compared with biodiesel and petro-diesel standard. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i2.17775 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 27, No. 2, December 2012: 6-10

scholarly journals Optimization of Biodiesel Production From Bakul Oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kaniz Ferdous ◽  
M Rahim Uddin ◽  
M Rakib Uddin ◽  
Maksudur R Khan ◽  
MA Islam
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Press Method ◽  
Transesterification Method ◽  
Mimusops Elengi

In this paper, biodiesel production from Bakul oil (Mimusops Elengi) by three-step method and optimization were studied by the application of factorial design. Bakul Oil (BO) was extracted from Bakul seeds by press method and soxhlet extraction method. Bakul seed was collected from the local sources. The raw oil, containing 11.1 wt% Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and viscosity was 76.62 mm2/s. Because of higher FFA content of BO transesterification method can’t be applied, so three-step method was conducted for biodiesel production and optimization. In the three-step method, the first step was saponification of the oil followed by acidification to produce FFA and finally esterification of FFA to produce biodiesel. The reaction parameters in saponification, acidification and esterification reaction were optimized. Silica gel was used during esterification reaction to adsorb water produced in the reaction and silica gel to FFA ratio was 1:10 wt/wt. Hence the reaction rate was increased and finally the FFA was reduced to 0.70 wt%. A factorial design was studied for esterification reaction and developed to obtain the higher yield of biodiesel. Finally various properties of biodiesel such as FFA, viscosity, specific gravity, cetane index, pour point, flash point were measured and compared with biodiesel and petro-diesel standard.Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017: 14-18

scholarly journals Aphanamixis Polystachya: A Potential Non-Edible Source of Biodiesel in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaniz Ferdous ◽  
Anjan Deb ◽  
Jannatul Ferdous ◽  
M Rakib Uddin ◽  
Maksudur R Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Mechanical Press ◽  
Press Method

This paper represents an attempt that was made to prepare Biodiesel from a non-edible source, Aphanamixis Polystachya (Pitraj). Oil was extracted from the seed by mechanical press method. Various properties of raw oil such as viscosity, Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content, specific gravity, saponofication value etc. were measured by standard methods. FFA content of raw oil was found higher, so the acid catalysed two step method, acid catalysed esterification followed by base catalysed transesterification, was studied. Various reaction parameters such as oil to methanol ratio, catalyst wt%, reaction time and temperature were optimized for both esterification and transesterification reaction. 1H NMR of prepared biodiesel and raw oil was studied which confirms the conversion of oil to biodiesel. Finally, the various properties of produced Biodiesel, such as viscosity, FFA, specific gravity, iodine value, cetane index, calorific value etc. were measured and compared with biodiesel and petro-diesel standards. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v28i1.18111 Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 1, December 2013: 45-49

scholarly journals Hura crepitans Seed Oil: An Alternative Feedstock for Biodiesel Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adewale Adewuyi ◽  
Paul O. Awolade ◽  
Rotimi Ayodele Oderinde
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Iodine Value ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Hura Crepitans

Oil was extracted from the seed of Hura crepitans using hexane in a soxhlet extractor and analyzed for iodine value, saponification value and free fatty acid content. The dominant fatty acid in the oil was C18:2 (52.8±0.10%) while the iodine value was 120.10±0.70 g iodine/100 g. Biodiesel was produced from the oil using a two-step reaction system involving a first step of pretreatment via esterification reaction and a second step via transesterification reaction. The pretreatment step showed that free fatty acid in Hura crepitans seed oil can be reduced in a one-step pretreatment of esterification using H2SO4 as catalyst. The biodiesel produced from Hura crepitans seed oil had an acid value of 0.21±0.00 mg KOH/g, flash point of 152 ± 1.10°C, copper strip corrosion value of 1A, calorific value of 39.10±0.30 mJ/kg, cetane number of 45.62±0.30, and density of 0.86±0.02 g cm−3. The process gave a biodiesel yield of 98.70±0.40% with properties within the recommended values of EN 14214.

scholarly journals Preparation of Biodiesel From Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) Oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
M Rakib Uddin ◽  
Kaniz Ferdous ◽  
Sukanta Kumar Mondal ◽  
Maksudur R Khan ◽  
MA Islam
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Pongamia Pinnata ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Karanja Oil ◽  
Conventional Diesel Fuel

Biodiesel is a biodegradable, sustainable and clean energy has worldwide attracted renewed and growing interest in topical years, chiefly due to development in biodiesel fuel and ecological pressures which include climatic changes. In this paper, karanja (pongamia pinnata) seed has been studied as a potential source for biodiesel preparation. Karanja oil is extracted from the seed by different methods. Oil properties have been measured by standard methods. Acid catalyzed transesterification, acid catalyzed two-step method and three-step method have been studied for biodiesel preparation from karanja oil. In the three-step method, the first step is saponification followed by acidification to produce free fatty acid (FFA) and finally esterification of FFA to produce biodiesel. In saponification, acidification and esterification reaction, the reaction parameters were optimized. Silica gel was used in both transesterification and esterification to adsorb water, produced in the reaction hence increase the reaction rate. Properties of biodiesel such as specific gravity, FFA, Viscosity, saponification value, iodine value, cloud point, pour point, flash point, cetane index, calorific value etc are measured and compared to conventional diesel fuel and standard biodiesel.Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017: 24-28

Micro-reactor for Non-catalyzed Esterification Reaction: Performance and Modeling

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. El Zanati ◽  
H. Abdallah ◽  
G. Elnahas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Reaction Performance ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Micro Reactor

Abstract Y-shape micro-reactor is designed, developed and implemented to investigate the effect of reactor miniaturization on chemical engineering kinetics, where, an esterification reaction of fatty acid (2- ethyl hexanoic acid) is considered as a case study. In order to investigate the differential change of micro-reaction conversion along the channel axis; a micro-reactor with multi-channel is designed in a manner that enables collecting the samples. The kinetics of esterification reaction of ethanol and fatty acid was explored under various operating conditions; Molar Ratio (MR) of ethanol to fatty acid at temperatures 25–65 °C. The conversion reached almost 99.3 % after 30 s at MR 4:1 and 25 °C. Steady and unsteady state axial dispersion mathematical models were developed; the latter approach resulted in fair agreement with the experimental results.

Optimization of Energy Consumption in Acetic Acid and N-Butanol Esterification Reaction with Simultaneous Water Removal Using Novel Microcontroller Based Automated Reactor

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
Amol A Bhusari ◽  
Bidyut Mazumdar ◽  
Ajit P Rathod
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Water Removal ◽  
Heat Of Reaction ◽  
Hot Air

This paper focuses on the optimization of energy consumption in esterification of acetic acid wherein the water removal is achieved by using silica gel desiccant in a microcontroller based automated reactor. Esterification reactions are endothermic hence, one can get more product, by increasing the temperature, thus disturbing the equilibrium. Heat of reaction (Hr) was estimated by using the heat capacity data and constants (C). Energy analysis and modelling was developed for the enhancement of process which is the key component of the systems. The mathematical model is validated by experimental results. In this paper, effect of parameters like desiccant weight, regeneration temperature and molar ratio on energy consumption are studied. Trends of energy effectiveness of several parameters are presented in the various regeneration temperatures and molar ratio and desiccant weight which confirmed the linear relationship with hot air flowrate. Decrease of 33% in power consumption was observed by decreasing the hot air flowrate by 10%.This is the conformity of validation of affinity law. The newly invented model was optimized for variables, hot air temperature, molar ratio and silica gel weight. The minimum energy consumption at 1 desirability was reported by software in the given range of parameters. When the hot air temperature, molar ratio and silica gel weight were 67.670C, 3 and 34.32 gm, then the minimum value of energy consumption was 29.59 Watt. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 46-57

scholarly journals PENGARUH KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN DAN SUHU REAKSI PADA ESTERIFIKASI MINYAK MENTAH DEDAK PADI BERKANDUNGAN ASAM LEMAK TINGGI

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Orchidea R. ◽  
Armanto Armanto ◽  
Lidia Yustianingsih ◽  
M. Rachimoellah
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
High Fatty Acid ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction

Rice bran oil (RBO) derived from rice bran (RB) which could use as an alternative raw material for biodiesel production. Rice bran (dedak) are used as feed for poultry, pigs, and some dairy cattle because they are relatively cheap and do not require processing. The utilization of these oil further cheapen the cost of biodiesel and increased the economonic value of RB. The choice of RBO as a raw material for biodiesel due to the rice bran oil’s potentials. RBO is considered to be one of the most nutritious oils due to its favorable fatty acids composition and a unique combination of naturally occurring biologically active and antioxidant compounds (oryzanol, tocopherol, tocotrienol, phytosterol, polyphenol, dan squalene). The research emphazised on esterification reaction because of the rapid increase of FFA content in RBO after the milling of rice. Storage time of RB increased the FFA content. Mixing velocity dan time reaction was the other two variables which are affecting the esterification reaction. Those two variables are studied in this experiment.                 Experiment were designed to examine the mixing velocity and temperature reaction to the conversion of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Reaction condition 20:1 molar ratio methanol to FFA content and 5%-v/v catalyst (to the oil) was used in all experiments. Mixing velocity and time reaction was arranged as follows: 500, 750,  1000 rpm and 40, 50, 60oC, respectively. Research conducted in four parts: soxhlet extraction with n-hexane as a solvent; oil-solvent separation process; and the last step was esterification reaction. Reaction conducted on three neck round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer, refluk condenser and thermometer. Crude product was separated first from unreacted methanol, glycerol, and catalyst prior to physical analyzed of biodiesel’s properties. Conversion of FAME was calculated from acid value difference, after and before reaction conducted.                 It was found that mixing velocity influenced the FAME conversion not significantly (specially in crude rice bran oil high fatty acid content esterification); increasing in temperature will increase the FAME conversion; kinetic reaction controlled by chemical reaction; and biodiesel product from this research already fullfill the requirements of Indonesian Standard of Biodiesel (FBI-SO1-03).

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil Using Sulfuric Acid and K2O Catalysts through a Two-Stage Reaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3150-3160
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches

This study examines biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) through an esterification reaction with methanol as a solvent and transesterification reactions catalyzed by calcium oxide (K2O). K2O catalyst synthesized from the oil palm empty fruit bunches ash (PEFB-ash) with impregnation method and calcined at a temperature of 700 ºC. The esterification reaction results showed that the free fatty acid content decreased from 5.47% to 0.57% at 60 ºC, while the results transesterification reaction showed the highest methyl ester content of 39.33% at optimal conditions, which was K2O catalyst amount of 3%. The GC-MS analysis results showed that as many as eleven fatty acid methyl esters were confirmed from biodiesel crude palm oil (CPO) based on their respective retention times and fragmentation patterns. The main components of the methyl ester formed include methyl hexadecanoic (17.75%), methyl 9.12-octadecadienoate (3.97%), and methyl 9-octadecenoate (12.06%). Biodiesel properties were examined using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM-6751).

scholarly journals Biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) using reactive distillation

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Arief Budiman ◽  
Alita Lelyana ◽  
Daniar Rianawati ◽  
S Sutijan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reactive Distillation ◽  
Aspen Plus ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a lower-value by-product obtained during the refining of palm oil and contained high amount of free fatty acid (FFA). However, it’s a potentially valuable and low-cost raw material for the production of biodiesel through esterification process. Esterification of FFA using the conventional batch faces a challenge since it is low in productivity and requires high excess of reactant so that it is not efficient for large-scale production. To overcome this problem, reactive distillation (RD) is the best candidate. RD is one of the most attractive equipment which provides potential benefits for the esterification reaction. To obtain an optimal design of the RD, an accurate model and simulation of the process is needed. In this work, a simulation study of biodiesel production from PFAD as feedstock using RD is presented by using ASPEN Plus v7.1. Two case studies of total reflux (case A) and recycled distillate (case B) were demonstrated. Close relation was found among high separation and high energy consumption in RD. Two models of RD show the more economical heat duty of both condenser and reboiler. Effect of L/F ratio, number of stages in reaction zone, and model of RD to conversion of esterification reaction were discussed. Keywords: biodiesel, esterification, PFAD, reactive distillationAbstrakSuatu produk hasil samping yang memiliki nilai ekonomi rendah, biasa dikenal sebagai Palm Fatty Acid Distilate (PFAD), diperoleh dari proses pemurnian minyak kelapa sawit. PFAD mengandung asam lemak bebas (FFA) tinggi, cukup potensial, dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku produksi biodiesel melalui proses esterifikasi. Esterifikasi FFA dengan proses batch konvensional menghadapi tantangan karena produktivitasnya cukup rendah dan membutuhkan excess reaktan yang tinggi sehingga tidak efisien jika diterapkan untuk produksi skala besar. Reactive distillation (RD) dapat menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi masalah ini. RD merupakan alat yang berpotensi memberikan keuntungan dalam reaksi esterifikasi. Untuk mendapatkan desain yang optimal dari suatu RD, pemodelan yang akurat dan simulasi dari proses ini diperlukan. Di sini, dilakukan simulasi produksi biodiesel dari PFAD menggunakan RD dilakukan dengan ASPEN Plus v7.1. Dua kasus dipelajari, yaitu refluks total (kasus A) dan recycle distillate (kasus B) yang bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh rasio antara cairan yang dikembalikan ke kolom dengan feed (L/ F), dan variable variable desain. Semakin tinggi kemurnian dari hasil pemisahan, konsumsi energi yang dibutuhkan juga menjadi semakin besar. Perbandingan antara dua model dari kolom distilasi reaktif menunjukkan beban panas kondensor dan reboiler menjadi lebih ekonomis. Pengaruh perbandingan L/F, jumlah stage dalam zona reaksi, dan model kolom distilasi reaktif terhadap konversi reaksi esterifikasi akan di bahas di sini.Kata kunci: biodiesel, esterifikasi, PFAD, menara distilasi

scholarly journals Recent Strategy of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil and Process Influencing Parameters: A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gnanaprakasam ◽  
V. M. Sivakumar ◽  
A. Surendhar ◽  
M. Thirumarimurugan ◽  
T. Kannadasan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Cooking Oil

Cost of biodiesel produced from virgin vegetable oil through transesterification is higher than that of fossil fuel, because of high raw material cost. To minimize the biofuel cost, in recent days waste cooking oil was used as feedstock. Catalysts used in this process are usually acids, base, and lipase. Since lipase catalysts are much expensive, the usage of lipase in biodiesel production is limited. In most cases, NaOH is used as alkaline catalyst, because of its low cost and higher reaction rate. In the case of waste cooking oil containing high percentage of free fatty acid, alkaline catalyst reacts with free fatty acid and forms soap by saponification reaction. Also, it reduces the biodiesel conversions. In order to reduce the level of fatty acid content, waste cooking oil is pretreated with acid catalyst to undergo esterification reaction, which also requires high operating conditions. In this review paper, various parameters influencing the process of biofuel production such as reaction rate, catalyst concentration, temperature, stirrer speed, catalyst type, alcohol used, alcohol to oil ratio, free fatty acid content, and water content have been summarized.

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