scholarly journals Impact of common tobacco products on human health and environmental pollution in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-143
Author(s):  
MA Mondol ◽  
AMM Hosain ◽  
S Sultana ◽  
S Marzia ◽  
MA Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Young Smokers ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Worldwide, tobacco is one of the leading causes of disability and death. Over a million of pounds of toxic chemicals are released by tobacco products. This study aims to explore the effects of tobacco toxicants on human health and environmental pollution. Four districts (Dhaka, Kushtia, Chattogram and Rangpur) were selected where most of the tobacco product grown. Total 468 respondents were interviewed face-to-face using structured questionnaire to assess the knowledge about toxicant content in tobacco and health and environmental hazards of tobacco use. Survey results revealed that about 44.4% respondents used smoking tobacco products and 38.5% used smokeless tobacco, while only 17.1% used both. About two third (74.3%) of smoking tobacco users started smoking when they were between 15 to 24 years old and majority (61.6%) of smokeless tobacco users started tobacco when they were between 30 to 35 years above. Tobacco product has large impacts on health of young smokers. Smokers are suffering from various acute and chronic diseases. Among the respondents, 38% indicated that they were suffering from hypertension. The second most affected disease was COPD/Asthma (31.6%), while cancer was the least suffering disease (0.4%). Majority of the respondents were not aware about the presence of toxicants (i.e. nicotine, tar and metals) in tobacco products. However, 85.1% tobacco users had an idea about environmental pollution. There is a lack of knowledge among the survey respondents about toxicants in tobacco products that are linked to health hazards and environmental pollution. These results are important in strengthening existing policy considering adverse health effects of toxicants examined. Progressive Agriculture 31 (3): 130-143, 2020

Estimation of Nickel in Different Smokeless Tobacco Products and Their Impact on Human Health of Oral Cancer Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1063-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf S. Arain ◽  
Tasneem G. Kazi ◽  
Hassan I. Afridi ◽  
Farah N. Talpur ◽  
Atif G. Kazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Products ◽  
Oral Cancer Patients

scholarly journals The Recalled Age of Initiation of Multiple Tobacco Products among 26–34 Year Olds: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 9000
Author(s):  
Adriana Pérez ◽  
Elena Penedo ◽  
Meagan A. Bluestein ◽  
Baojiang Chen ◽  
Cheryl L. Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Replication Method ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the recalled age of initiation of seven different tobacco products (TPs) and explored potential influences of sex, race/ethnicity, and cigarette-smoking status on tobacco use initiation among adults 26–34 years old using the PATH study. Methods: Secondary analyses were conducted in the adult restricted PATH wave 1 (2013–2014) dataset. Weighted statistics are reported using the balanced repeated replication method and Fay’s correction to account for PATH’s complex study design. Distributions and histograms of the recalled age of initiation of seven different TPs (cigarettes, cigarillos, traditional cigars, filtered cigars, hookah, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes) are reported, as well as the impact of sex and race/ethnicity using Cox proportional hazard models. The impact of cigarette-smoking status on the recalled age of initiation of each tobacco product other than cigarettes was explored. Results: The highest modes of the recalled age of initiation of cigarette use were at 14–15 and 15–16 years old. The distributions of the recalled age of initiation of cigarillos, traditional cigars, filtered cigars, hookah, and smokeless tobacco occurred later, with the highest modes at 15–16 and 17–18 years old. The distribution of the recalled age of initiation of e-cigarettes had a different shape than the other TPs, with the highest mode reported at 27–28 years old. Conclusion: Due to the ever-changing tobacco marketplace, understanding when contemporary adults aged 26–34 years recall initiating TP use is important and will inform prevention researchers.

Evaluating tobacco retailer experience and compliance with a flavoured tobacco product restriction in Boston, Massachusetts: impact on product availability, advertisement and consumer demand

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Kephart ◽  
Claude Setodji ◽  
Joseph Pane ◽  
William Shadel ◽  
Glory Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Process Measures ◽  
Product Availability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

BackgroundFlavoured tobacco products are widely available in youth-accessible retailers and are associated with increased youth initiation and use. The city of Boston, Massachusetts restricted the sale of flavoured tobacco products, including cigars, smokeless tobacco and e-cigarettes, to adult-only retailers. This paper describes the impact of the restriction on product availability, advertisement and consumer demand.MethodsBetween January and December 2016, data were collected in 488 retailers in Boston at baseline and 469 retailers at 8-month follow-up, measuring the type, brand and flavour of tobacco products being sold. Process measures detailing the educational enforcement process, and retailer experience were also captured. McNemar tests and t-tests were used to assess the impact of the restriction on product availability.ResultsAfter policy implementation, only 14.4% of youth-accessible retailers sold flavoured products compared with 100% of retailers at baseline (p<0.001). Flavoured tobacco product advertisements decreased from being present at 58.9% of retailers to 28.0% at follow-up (p<0.001). Postimplementation, retailers sold fewer total flavoured products, with remaining products often considered as concept flavours (eg, jazz, blue). At follow-up, 64.0% of retailers reported that customers only asked for flavoured products a few times a week or did not ask at all. Retailers reported that educational visits and the flavoured product guidance list aided with compliance.ConclusionTobacco retailers across Boston were largely in compliance with the regulation. Availability of flavoured tobacco products in youth-accessible retailers declined city-wide after policy implementation. Strong educational and enforcement infrastructure may greatly enhance retailer compliance.

scholarly journals Trend in the affordability of tobacco products in Bangladesh: findings from the ITC Bangladesh Surveys

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. s20-s30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigar Nargis ◽  
Michal Stoklosa ◽  
Jeffrey Drope ◽  
Geoffrey T Fong ◽  
Anne C K Quah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Price Increase ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Individual Level

BackgroundThe price of tobacco products in relation to the income of tobacco users—affordability—is recognised as a key determinant of tobacco use behaviour. The effectiveness of a price increase as a deterrent to tobacco use depends on how much price increases in relation to the income of the potential users. The aim of this paper is to examine the distribution of and trends in the affordability of tobacco products in Bangladesh.MethodUsing four waves of International Tobacco Control Survey data on Bangladesh, this study measures affordability of tobacco products at the individual level as the ratio of self-reported price and self-reported income. The trends in affordability by brand categories of cigarettes and of bidi and smokeless tobacco are estimated using multivariate linear regression analysis.ResultsDespite significant increase in price, the affordability of cigarettes increased between 2009 and 2014–2015 due to income growth outpacing price increase. The increase was disproportionately larger for more expensive brands. The affordability of bidis increased over this period as well. The affordability of smokeless tobacco products remained unchanged between 2011–2012 and 2014–2015.ConclusionThe tax increases that were implemented during 2009–2015 were not enough to increase tobacco product prices sufficiently to outweigh the effect of income growth, and to reduce tobacco consumption. The findings from this research inform policymakers that in countries experiencing rapid economic growth, significant tax increases are needed to counteract the effect of income growth, in order for the tax increases to be effective in reducing tobacco use.

scholarly journals Urinary Cyanoethyl Mercapturic Acid, a Biomarker of the Smoke Toxicant Acrylonitrile, Clearly Distinguishes Smokers From Nonsmokers

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1744-1747
Author(s):  
Xianghua Luo ◽  
Steven G Carmella ◽  
Menglan Chen ◽  
Joni A Jensen ◽  
Lynne R Wilkens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Mercapturic Acid ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

Abstract Introduction Cyanoethyl mercapturic acid (CEMA) is a urinary metabolite of acrylonitrile, a toxicant found in substantial quantities in cigarette smoke, but not in non-combusted products such as e-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco and rarely in the diet or in the general human environment. Thus, we hypothesized that CEMA is an excellent biomarker of combusted tobacco product use. Aims and Methods We tested this hypothesis by analyzing CEMA in the urine of 1259 cigarette smokers (urinary cotinine ≥25 ng/mL) and 1191 nonsmokers. The analyses of CEMA and cotinine were performed by validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry methods. Logistic regression was fit for log-transformed CEMA to construct the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results We found that a CEMA cutpoint of 27 pmol/mL urine differentiated cigarette smokers from nonsmokers with sensitivity and specificity greater than 99%. The use of different cotinine cutpoints to define smokers (10–30 ng/mL) had little effect on the results. Conclusions CEMA is a highly reliable urinary biomarker to identify users of combusted tobacco products such as cigarettes as opposed to users of non-combusted products, medicinal nicotine, or nonusers of tobacco products. Implications CEMA can be used to distinguish users of combusted tobacco products from non-combusted products such as e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and medicinal nicotine. Levels of CEMA in the urine of people who use these non-combusted products are extremely low, in contrast to cotinine.

Graphic health warnings on tobacco packets and containers: compliance status in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Md Shariful Alam ◽  
ABM Zubair ◽  
Md Hasan Shahriar ◽  
Monowar Hossein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Products

ObjectiveThis study describes and analyses compliance with tobacco product graphic health warning (GHW) legislation introduced in Bangladesh in March 2016.MethodsA survey based on a structured questionnaire was conducted in April 2016 (immediately following the law coming into force), and 8 months later in November 2016, in eight divisional cities in Bangladesh. Five stores from three categories of retailers of combustible and smokeless tobacco products were surveyed, providing a total of 120 completed questionnaires. The study investigated a range of measures including the image and text of GHW, their ratio and colour use, and prescribed rotation.FindingsWarning labels for 3312 tobacco items were assessed. In April 2016, 75% of tobacco products surveyed did not have GHWs. In November 2016, 19% were still found to not have the prescribed warnings. Even among products which did include GHW, there was significant non-compliance with the full range of requirements, in both survey periods. Compliance was highest for cigarette packets and lowest among smokeless tobacco products. In addition, awareness among tobacco retailers about the range of GHW requirements was low.ConclusionEffective implementation of GHW labels in low-income and middle-income countries requires awareness-raising among key stakeholders, combined with focused monitoring and compliance strategies. This should take into account different product categories and manufacturers, as well as measures targeted at retailers.

Prevalence and Patterns of Smokeless Tobacco Use in a Southeastern University

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elbert D. Glover ◽  
Elizabeth W. Edmundson ◽  
Paul P. Alston ◽  
Don Holbert ◽  
Kathleen L. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Use

The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence and patterns of use for tobacco products, especially, the use of smokeless tobacco among students at a university in the Southeastern United States. Six-hundred and thirty-two students, representing both sexes, participated in the survey, which elicited information regarding current and former use of tobacco products. Smokeless tobacco use was considerably more prevalent among male students than among female students; the reverse was true for cigarette smoking. Overall, the prevalence of tobacco use in this study indicates a need to begin health education programs regarding the adverse health effects of smokeless tobacco use with males and to revise smoking education programs to place more emphasis on female usage.

scholarly journals PhenX: Agent measures for tobacco regulatory research

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. s20-s26
Author(s):  
Richard O'Connor ◽  
Clifford H Watson ◽  
Gary E Swan ◽  
Destiney S Nettles ◽  
Rebecca C Geisler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Consensus Process ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Specialty Area ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Further Development

The current paper describes the PhenX (Phenotypes and eXposures) Toolkit Tobacco Regulatory Research Agent specialty area and the Agent Working Group’s (WG’s) 6-month consensus process to identify high-priority, scientifically supported measures for cross-study comparison and analysis. Eleven measures were selected for inclusion in the Toolkit. Eight of these are interviewer-administered or self-administered protocols: history of switching to lower tar and nicotine cigarettes, passive exposures to tobacco products, tobacco brand and variety (covering cigars, cigarettes and smokeless tobacco separately), tobacco product adulteration (vent-blocking or filter-blocking) and tobacco warning label exposure and recall. The remaining three protocols are either laboratory-based or visual inspection-based: measurement of nicotine content in smoked or smokeless tobacco products and the physical properties of these two classes of products. Supplemental protocols include a biomarker of exposure and smoking topography. The WG identified the lack of standard measurement protocols to assess subjective ratings of tobacco product flavours and their appeal to consumers as a major gap. As the characteristics of tobacco products that influence perception and use are tobacco regulatory research priorities, the reliable assessment of flavours remains an area requiring further development.

scholarly journals Exposure to a Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen Among Adolescent Smokeless Tobacco Users in Rural California, United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1764-1771
Author(s):  
Benjamin W Chaffee ◽  
Peyton Jacob ◽  
Elizabeth T Couch ◽  
Neal L Benowitz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High School ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Geometric Means ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Products ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Use

Abstract Introduction Approximately the same percentage of male high school students in the United States currently uses conventional smokeless tobacco as smokes cigarettes, resulting in toxin exposure. Methods This study assessed tobacco product use (smokeless, combustible, and electronic cigarettes) and nicotine and carcinogen exposures in a sample of 594 male rural high school baseball players—a population traditionally at risk for smokeless tobacco use. Salivary specimens were assayed for cotinine (a biomarker of nicotine exposure) and urine specimens for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, a biomarker of the carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results The prevalence of past 30-day use of any tobacco product was 29%. Past 7-day smokeless tobacco use (prevalence: 13%) was associated with the highest levels of cotinine and NNAL observed in the sample, whether smokeless tobacco was used exclusively (geometric means: cotinine 11.1 ng/mL; NNAL 31.9 pg/mg-creatinine) or in combination with combustible products (geometric means: cotinine 31.6 ng/mL; NNAL 50.0 pg/mg creatinine). Cotinine and NNAL levels were incrementally higher in each increasing category of smokeless tobacco use frequency. However, observed levels were lower than previously reported for adults, likely reflecting less smokeless use per day among adolescents. Conclusions Based on these biomarker observations, adolescents who use conventional smokeless tobacco products are exposed to substantial levels of nicotine and NNK. Although exposed to lower levels than adult smokeless users, the findings are concerning given the young age of the sample and tendency for smokeless tobacco users to increase use intensity over time. Implications This study demonstrates that adolescents using smokeless tobacco are exposed to levels of nicotine and NNK that increase with use frequency and that exceed exposures among peers using other tobacco products. Youth smokeless tobacco use in the United States has not declined along with youth smoking prevalence, giving greater importance to this health concern. To reduce youth (and adult) exposures, needed actions include effective smokeless tobacco use prevention, potentially in combination with reducing the levels of harmful and potentially harmful chemicals in smokeless tobacco products currently popular among adolescents.

Uncovering TAPS strategies of the tobacco industry at PoS in low- and middle-income countries: the case of Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 996-1001
Author(s):  
Fatih Uznay ◽  
Sevtap Gumus
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Survey Form ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Product Displays ◽  
The City

Abstract Background This study aims to uncover strategies executed by the tobacco industry against tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) bans at points of sale (PoS) in Turkey. Methods The data are based on a field study conducted in the city of Izmir. There are 10 750 PoS in all of Izmir; the 6200 PoS in the 11 central districts were considered as potential subjects. Using a proportional sampling method (95% confidence interval, 5% margin of error), it was calculated that 384 PoS could adequately represent the whole. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with PoS administrators, using survey form consisting of 53 questions. Descriptive statistics methods have been used to analyze the data. Results Of a total of 384 PoS visited; 96.4% featured at least one type of display/TAPS ban violation, 94.5% featured display settings creating brand dominance on display units, 76.7% received promotional payments and 14.8% received free tobacco products for featured display settings. Additionally, 29.2% of PoS had tobacco product displays visible from outside, 26.8% sold tobacco products on the counter, 24.7% featured advertising items on display units, 19.3% sold tobacco products as single stick and 11.7% had price tags with fonts larger than the legally fixed 20 pt. Conclusions An official institution specializing in tobacco control must be established to continually inspect the tobacco market. Tobacco products must stay hidden, in closed cupboards or under the counter, and communication between PoS and tobacco industry must be limited. In addition, tobacco products must be distributed by government institutions rather than the industry.

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