scholarly journals Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program: Annual Report, 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susie Roczo-Farkas ◽  
◽  
Sarah Thomas ◽  
Celeste M Donato ◽  
Nada Bogdanovic-Sakran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Central Laboratory ◽  
Surveillance Period ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Genotype Analysis ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Dominant Genotype ◽  
Day Care Centre

This report from the Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Network describes the circulating rotavirus genotypes identified in children and adults during the period 1 January – 31 December 2020. During this period, 229 faecal specimens were referred for rotavirus G- and P- genotype analysis, including 189 samples that were confirmed as rotavirus positive. Of these, 98/189 were wildtype rotavirus strains and 86/189 were identified as vaccine-like. A further five samples could not be determined as wildtype or vaccine-like due to poor sequence reads. Genotype analysis of the 98 wildtype rotavirus samples from both children and adults demonstrated that G3P[8] was the dominant genotype identified for the third consecutive year, identified in 27.6% of samples, followed by G2P[4] in 20.4% of samples. Forty-six percent of rotavirus positive samples received were identified as vaccine-like, highlighting the need to add caution in interpreting rotavirus positive results in children aged 0–8 months. This surveillance period was significantly impacted by the coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) pandemic. The reduction in rotavirus notifications reflected reduced healthcare-seeking behaviour and a decrease in community spread, with ‘community lockdowns’, school and day-care centre closure and improved compliance with hand hygiene. Fewer stool samples were collected throughout Australia during this period. There was a reluctance to store samples at collaborating laboratories and uncertainties regarding the safety and feasibility of the transport of samples to the central laboratory during the closure of state and territory borders. Systems have now been adapted to manage and send biological samples safely and confidently. Ongoing rotavirus surveillance is crucial to identify changes in genotypic patterns and to provide diagnostic laboratories quality assurance by reporting incidences of wildtype, vaccine-like, or false positive rotavirus results.

scholarly journals Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program: Annual Report, 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susie Roczo-Farkas ◽  
Julie E Bines ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Genotype Analysis ◽  
National Immunisation Program ◽  
Dominant Genotype

This report, from the Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program and collaborating laboratories Australia-wide, describes the rotavirus genotypes identified in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis during the period 1 January to 31 December 2018. During this period, 690 faecal specimens were referred for rotavirus G- and P- genotype analysis, including 607 samples that were confirmed as rotavirus positive. Of these, 457/607 were wild-type rotavirus strains and 150/607 were identified as rotavirus vaccine-like. Genotype analysis of the 457 wild-type rotavirus samples from both children and adults demonstrated that G3P[8] was the dominant genotype nationally, identified in 52% of samples, followed by G2P[4] (17%). The Australian National Immunisation Program, which previously included both RotaTeq and Rotarix vaccines, changed to Rotarix exclusively on 1 July 2017. Continuous surveillance is needed to identify if the change in vaccination schedule could affect rotavirus genotype distribution and diversity in Australia.

scholarly journals Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program: Annual Report, 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Thomas ◽  
Celeste M Donato ◽  
Susie Roczo-Farkas ◽  
Jenny Hua ◽  
Julie E Bines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Oral Vaccines ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Genotype Analysis ◽  
Vaccine Schedule ◽  
National Immunisation Program ◽  
Dominant Genotype

This report, from the Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program and collaborating laboratories Australia-wide, describes the rotavirus genotypes identified in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis during the period 1 January to 31 December 2019. During this period, 964 faecal specimens had been referred for rotavirus G- and P- genotype analysis, including 894 samples that were confirmed as rotavirus positive. Of these, 724/894 were wild-type rotavirus strains and 169/894 were identified as vaccine-like. A single sample could not be determined as wild-type or vaccine-like due to poor sequencing. Genotype analysis of the 724 wild-type rotavirus samples from both children and adults demonstrated that G3P[8] was the dominant genotype nationally, identified in 46.7% of samples, followed by G2P[4] in 8.8% of samples. The Australian National Immunisation Program (NIP) changed to the exclusive use of Rotarix as of 1 July 2017. The NIP had previously included two live-attenuated oral vaccines: Rotarix (monovalent, human) and RotaTeq (pentavalent, human-bovine reassortant) in a state-based vaccine selection. Continuous surveillance is imperative to determine the effect of this change in rotavirus vaccine schedule on the genotype distribution and diversity in Australia.

scholarly journals Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program: Annual Report, 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susie Roczo-Farkas ◽  
Daniel Cowley ◽  
Julie E Bines ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Genotype Analysis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
National Immunisation Program ◽  
Dominant Genotype

This report, from the Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program and collaborating laboratories Australia-wide, describes the rotavirus genotypes identified in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis during the period 1 January to 31 December 2017. During this period, 2,285 faecal specimens were referred for rotavirus G and P genotype analysis, including 1,103 samples that were confirmed as rotavirus positive. Of these, 1,014/1,103 were wildtype rotavirus strains and 89/1,103 were identified as rotavirus vaccine-like. Genotype analysis of the 1,014 wildtype rotavirus samples from both children and adults demonstrated that G2P[4] was the dominant genotype nationally, identified in 39% of samples, followed by equine-like G3P[8] and G8P[8] (25% and 16% respectively). Multiple outbreaks were recorded across Australia, including G2P[4] (Northern Territory, Western Australia, and South Australia), equine-like G3P[8] (New South Wales), and G8P[8] (New South Wales and Victoria). This year also marks the change in the Australian National Immunisation Program to the use of Rotarix exclusively, on 1 July 2017.

Covid-19: A review of its clinical features, effects on gastrointestinal system and possibility of faecal transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 623-627
Author(s):  
Kanishk K Adhit ◽  
Anjankar Ashish P ◽  
Siddhaarth K
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Throat Swab ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Gastrointestinal System ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
High Possibility ◽  
Positive Results

In China, Wuhan in the province of China, COVID-19 a patient suffering from pneumonia was tested and to identify the cause, the throat swab of the patient was tested. On 7th January 2020 WHO declared the identification as COVID-19. And then it was proclaimed as a pandemic. It classically causes a respiratory illness presenting as a mild cough, fever and . However, several investigators have advocated the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract and liver in COVID-19 infection similar to other infections. Further research studies have shown results that are expanding the possibility of transmission because RT-PCR assessment has shown significant evidence for the presence of virus not only in samples but also in stool samples. Studies have shown that virus in stool samples have got positive results even after the illness has resolved, and two respiratory tests were done 24 hours after COVID-19 being tested negative. The review article the different findings of the clinical presentation of COVID-19. It sheds light on the effects of COVID-19 in the gastrointestinal system along with the reasons for the high possibility of transmission of COVID-19 through the route.

Keratitis antimicrobial resistance surveillance program, Sydney, Australia: 2016 Annual Report

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Watson ◽  
Maria Cabrera-Aguas ◽  
Pauline Khoo ◽  
Ryanbi Pratama ◽  
Barrie J Gatus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance ◽  
Sydney Australia

scholarly journals The Microbiology of Bloodstream Infection: 20-Year Trends from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Diekema ◽  
Po-Ren Hsueh ◽  
Rodrigo E. Mendes ◽  
Michael A. Pfaller ◽  
Kenneth V. Rolston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Surveillance Period ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Antimicrobial Surveillance

ABSTRACT Bloodstream infection (BSI) organisms were consecutively collected from >200 medical centers in 45 nations between 1997 and 2016. Species identification and susceptibility testing followed Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methods at a central laboratory. Clinical data and isolates from 264,901 BSI episodes were collected. The most common pathogen overall was Staphylococcus aureus (20.7%), followed by Escherichia coli (20.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.3%), and Enterococcus faecalis (5.2%). S. aureus was the most frequently isolated pathogen overall in the 1997-to-2004 period, but E. coli was the most common after 2005. Pathogen frequency varied by geographic region, hospital-onset or community-onset status, and patient age. The prevalence of S. aureus isolates resistant to oxacillin (ORSA) increased until 2005 to 2008 and then declined among hospital-onset and community-acquired BSI in all regions. The prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) was stable after 2012 (16.4% overall). Daptomycin resistance among S. aureus and enterococci (DRE) remained rare (<0.1%). In contrast, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae increased from 6.2% in 1997 to 2000 to 15.8% in 2013 to 2016. MDR rates were highest among nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), and colistin was the only agent with predictable activity against Acinetobacter baumannii-Acinetobacter calcoaceticus complex (97% susceptible). In conclusion, S. aureus and E. coli were the predominant causes of BSI worldwide during this 20-year surveillance period. Important resistant phenotypes among Gram-positive pathogens (MRSA, VRE, or DRE) were stable or declining, whereas the prevalence of MDR-GNB increased continuously during the monitored period. MDR-GNB represent the greatest therapeutic challenge among common bacterial BSI pathogens.

scholarly journals A Cost-Effective Method for Identifying Enterobacterales with OXA-181

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele Peirano ◽  
Yasufumi Matsumura ◽  
Diego Nobrega ◽  
Johann D. D. Pitout
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Molecular Surveillance ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Positive Results

ABSTRACT OXA-181 is the second most common global OXA-48-like carbapenemase and is endemic in the Indian subcontinent. Molecular studies have shown that Enterobacterales with OXA-181 are often introduced into regions of nonendemicity. Distinguishing OXA-181 from other OXA-48-like enzymes often requires sequencing, which is rather expensive and time-consuming. A specific PCR (i.e., OXA181PCR) for the detection of blaOXA-181 was validated using a global collection (n = 315) of bacteria with well-characterized carbapenemases and showed 100% sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence interval [CI], 94.1 to 100 and 98.6 to 100, respectively) for detecting bacteria with OXA-181. The OXA181PCR subsequently gave positive results on 58/160 (36%) Enterobacterales with OXA-48-like carbapenemases from the 2015 INFORM surveillance program. The blaOXA-181-positive Enterobacterales were present in 9 countries spanning 5 continents, illustrating the global distribution of OXA-181. This methodology can easily be incorporated into molecular surveillance programs to provide accurate information about the prevalence of OXA-181. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-OXA48 assay overall performed well for detecting OXA-48-like enzymes but showed poor specificity due to false-positive results with non-OXA carbapenemases.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two DNA Extraction Methods and Two PCRs for Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in the Stool Samples of Naturally Infected Red Foxes

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2381
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Skrzypek ◽  
Jacek Karamon ◽  
Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg ◽  
Joanna Dąbrowska ◽  
Maciej Kochanowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Positive Results

(1) Background: Due to the increasing distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis infections in final hosts, epidemiological investigations are important for recognizing the spreading pattern of this parasite and also to estimate risk infection for humans. (2) Methods: Investigations were conducted with two commercial kits dedicated for DNA extraction from feces: ZR Fecal DNA Mini Prep (Zymo Research, Freiburg, Germany) and QIAamp FAST DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) (marked as Z and Q), together with two common PCR protocols (nested PCR and multiplex PCR). The goal was to compare their efficiency in detecting the genetic material of E. multilocularis in the samples of feces. Stool samples from red foxes were collected in a highly endemic area in Poland. Sedimentation and counting technique (SCT) was used as a reference method. (3) Results: From 48 samples, 35 were positive in SCT. Further investigations showed that 40.0% of samples (from those with SCT positive result) after Z-DNA extraction and 45.7% after Q-DNA extraction gave positive results in nested PCR. In multiplex PCR, positive results were obtained in 54.3% of samples after Z isolation and 48.6% of samples after Q. Additionally, one sample that resulted in being negative in SCT gave a positive result in PCR. The number of worms detected in the intestines had no influence on PCR results. (4) Conclusions: Both of the extraction methods showed similar efficiency in DNA isolation and dealing with inhibitors; however, they showed relatively low sensitivity. This was probably caused by degradation of genetic material in the field-collected samples.

PP95 Engagement Of Local Policymakers In HTA With Positive Results

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 101-102
Author(s):  
Flavia Elias ◽  
Luciana Gallo ◽  
Ana Carolina Pereira ◽  
Erica Silva ◽  
Juliana Girardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Professional Staff ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Overview Of Systematic Reviews ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Positive Results

Introduction:São Paulo city in Brazil has implemented social and health care for homeless people with pulmonary tuberculosis since 2007. We conducted a health technology assessment (HTA) of the interventions provided based on a national theoretical model using 2015 data and an overview of systematic reviews. The HTA was requested by national policymakers. The results demonstrated that the interventions for pulmonary tuberculosis were satisfactory. The municipal secretariat implemented actions to improve the national treatment recommendations and adopted incentives to increase adherence to treatments. Our objective was to describe the feedback process for the Health Secretariat.Methods:The feedback was categorized as: (i) an executive abstract with key messages (i.e. ninety-seven percent of notified cases underwent sputum smears, nineteen percent were hospitalized, and fifty-nine percent were cured) reported to policymakers involved in the surveillance program; and (ii) three meetings were organized jointly by the research group and local policymakers.Results:In 2016 we conducted a meeting to present the results. Thirty-nine professionals involved in the primary care team working on the streets (thirty-five percent) and the Tuberculosis Surveillance and Control Program (five percent) were present. The main barriers presented by the professionals were issues of human resources (i.e. suboptimal professional staff and having two different social organizations responsible for health care). The main facilitators presented by professionals were: (i) using homeless-peers as healthcare workers; (ii) having a network linking the primary care and surveillance programs; and (iii) periodic training.Conclusions:In addition to the positive results, the HTA presented an opportunity to discuss the sustainability of incentives for adhering to treatments adopted by the policymakers, such as meal allowances and housing support, to improve social conditions among the homeless.

Periprosthetic Infection following Primary Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: The Impact of Limiting the Postoperative Surveillance Period

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia R. Roth ◽  
Robyn Mitchell ◽  
Julie Vachon ◽  
Stéphanie Alexandre ◽  
Kanchana Amaratunga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Median Time ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Surveillance Period ◽  
Postoperative Surveillance ◽  
Hip And Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Time To Detection ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUNDHip and knee arthroplasty infections are associated with considerable healthcare costs. The merits of reducing the postoperative surveillance period from 1 year to 90 days have been debated.OBJECTIVESTo report the first pan-Canadian hip and knee periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) rates and to describe the implications of a shorter (90-day) postoperative surveillance period.METHODSProspective surveillance for infection following hip and knee arthroplasty was conducted by hospitals participating in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) using standard surveillance definitions.RESULTSOverall hip and knee PJI rates were 1.64 and 1.52 per 100 procedures, respectively. Deep incisional and organ-space hip and knee PJI rates were 0.96 and 0.71, respectively. In total, 93% of hip PJIs and 92% of knee PJIs were identified within 90 days, with a median time to detection of 21 days. However, 11%–16% of deep incisional and organ-space infections were not detected within 90 days. This rate was reduced to 3%–4% at 180 days post procedure. Anaerobic and polymicrobial infections had the shortest median time from procedure to detection (17 and 18 days, respectively) compared with infections due to other microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus.CONCLUSIONSPJI rates were similar to those reported elsewhere, although differences in national surveillance systems limit direct comparisons. Our results suggest that a postoperative surveillance period of 90 days will detect the majority of PJIs; however, up to 16% of deep incisional and organ-space infections may be missed. Extending the surveillance period to 180 days could allow for a better estimate of disease burden.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:147–153

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