scholarly journals Reappraising Fleming’s snot and mould

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Kholhring Lalchhandama
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Antibacterial Property ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
The Right ◽  
Alexander Fleming

Alexander Fleming, a Scottish physician at the St. Mary’s Hospital, London, made two epoch-making discoveries, lysozyme and penicillin. But contrary to popular fables, the events were not that serendipitous. He was already an established microbiologist and it took him dogged labours to vindicate his discoveries. He simply had the right mind. Penicillin was especially a hard nut to crack upon which he toiled for half a year with his associates just enough to make a convincing conclusion on the antibacterial property. He in fact utterly failed in understanding what it actually was. As he himself unpretentiously stated: “I did not invent penicillin. Nature did that. I only discovered it by accident.” But that did not debar him for sharing the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain, who isolated the compound and worked out the medicinal applications. Strangely, Fleming’s biography has been presented in bits and pieces on the crucial elements of his discoveries, and usually contradictory. This chronicle is trying to mend the gaps and broken pieces in the historical records.

scholarly journals The beginnings of cardiac catheterization and the resulting impact on pulmonary medicine

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (4) ◽  
pp. L651-L658 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. West
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Catheterization ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Interventional Cardiology ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Medicine ◽  
Fick Principle ◽  
The Right

The early history of cardiac catheterization has many interesting features. First, although it would be natural to assume that the procedure was initiated by cardiologists, two of the three people who shared the Nobel Prize for the discovery were pulmonologists, while the third was a urologist. The primary objective of the pulmonologists André Cournand and Dickinson Richards was to obtain mixed venous blood from the right heart so that they could use the Fick principle to calculate total pulmonary blood flow. Cournand’s initial catheterization studies were prompted by his reading of an account by Werner Forssmann, who catheterized himself 12 years before. His bold experiment was one of the most bizarre in medical history. In the earliest studies that followed, Cournand and colleagues first passed catheters into the right atrium, and then into the right ventricle, and finally, the pulmonary artery. At the time, the investigators did not appreciate the significance of the low vascular pressures, nor that what they had done would revolutionize interventional cardiology. Within a year, William Dock predicted that there would be a very low blood flow at the top of the upright lung, and he proposed that this was the cause of the apical localization of pulmonary tuberculosis. The fact that the pulmonary vascular pressures are very low has many implications in lung disease. Cardiac catheterization changed the face of investigative cardiology, and its instigators were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956.

The “Right Stuff”: Five nobel prize–winning surgeons

1990 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 944-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon B. Morris ◽  
William J. Schirmer
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
The Right

scholarly journals Meteorological and hydrological variables on occurrence of riverbank erosion along lower São Francisco river

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor P. da Rocha ◽  
Francisco S. R. Holanda ◽  
Renisson N. Araújo Filho ◽  
Ana P. B. Casado ◽  
Arilmara A. Bandeira
Keyword(s):  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Sao Francisco River ◽  
São Francisco River ◽  
Climatological Station ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter ◽  
The Right ◽  
Predominant Direction ◽  
Hydrological Variables

The objectives of this paper were to analyze the seasonal distributions of climatic and hydrological variables along the Lower São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil, between the States of Sergipe and Alagoas, and further, to verify their relationships with the erosion of the right margin in Sergipe State. The investigated area comprises the sedimentary portions of the Lower São Francisco River, located at the Cotinguiba-Pindoba Irrigated Perimeter. Historical records of variables such as rainfall, river streamflow velocity, river discharge, wind velocity and the predominant direction were collected from a climatological station as well as rain and streamflow gauges located in the municipality of Propriá. The rainfall that occurs in the region is considered non-erosive, 96.2% of the rain had intensity less than 25.0 mm h-1. The evolution of erosion is explained by the increase in the outflow in February that peaked at 9,894.50 m³ s-1 and led to increases in the flow velocity. The rainfall regime interacts with the wind that blows predominantly from the eastern direction during the dry season and from the southeastern direction during the rainy season with maximum velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 m s-1, respectively.

scholarly journals The Nothern Russian Toponym Urdoma: Old and New Etymologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-65
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Kabinina ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina D. Kornienko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
River Mouth ◽  
Local History ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
The Past ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
The Right

The paper focuses on some earlier and new etymologies of the mysterious toponym Urdoma which nowadays refers to a village located on the left bank of the river Vychegda in Lensky district, Arkhangelsk region. Studying historical records and materials related to local history, the authors conclude that this place name was originally attributed to a stream (the right feeder of the Vychegda) nearby the settlement Urdoma and the volost of the same name. The first part of the paper reviews the earlier etymologies of the name and comments on their validity and reliability. The authors reject the hypothesis of Sanskrit ūrdhva (‘high’) as the origin for Urdoma; the interpretation of the place name as Komi-Zyryan ur ‘squirrel’ + Russian doma ‘houses’ is considered a folk etymology; the authors also note the weaknesses of some other hypotheses which trace the origin of the name from Finnic *Urto/maa ‘the woodland for hunting,’ or from Komi *(V)urd/vom < ‘tamias’ + ‘river mouth,’ or from Permic *Ur/ton ‘without squirrels.’ The second part of the paper suggests two new etymological hypotheses. According to the first one, the hydronym Urdoma originates not from the Komi-Zyryan language directly but from an earlier Proto-Permic root *ɨrd- which had a basic meaning of ‘put upright’ (> ‘obstruct’). Within this hypothesis, the meaning of ‘obstructedness’ conveys the river’s suitability for setting fishing weirs, or the presence of obstructions of natural origin such as deadfall piles, or (considering metonymy) the existence of a fortress near the river in the past. According to the second hypothesis, the hydronym Urdoma relates to the place names which include the term -dom widely spread in historical Meryan lands and on the northern Finnish territories. In that case, considering denotative toponymic meaning of the term -dom, the final component of the toponym Urdoma can be interpreted as ‘mountain; raised riverbank’. The first component of the place name (which possibly has been deformed) can be associated with Sami urd ‘large plateau or highland’.

European and African Tradition on the Rio Real

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-402
Author(s):  
G. I. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
West African ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Natural Tendency ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Historical Detail

Those engaged in studying the history of West African coastal communities find themselves confronted with two different classes of material —historical sources, which are mainly written records produced by Europeans who visited or resided for short periods in the area; and anthropological sources, which are mainly local African oral tradition. There is a natural tendency for historians and for anthropologists each to confine themselves mainly to the class of material they understand best and to use the other, if they use it at all, uncritically and without regard to the interdependence of these two sources. The written sources were produced by people who knew little or nothing about the societies they were describing, and they can only become meaningful if seen against the ethnographic background. The African traditions on the other hand, if used alone, are no substitute for historical records. They are not concerned with an absolute time scale and can only be placed in the right historical perspective if they can be correlated with dated historical records. Neither class is capable of standing by itself; they have to be taken together and used to correct, check, and amplify each other. In addition, the written records have other faults of their own, notably the mesmerizing effect which can be achieved by an arresting statement once it has been recorded in print. The more frequently the statement is recorded the more authoritative it becomes. Captain Adams, for example, in his Sketches taken during ten voyages to Africa made a guess at the number of slaves exported annually from the Rio Real, and this figure of 20,000 was accepted uncritically and repeated by almost every subsequent writer on the slave trade in the Bight of Biafra. When it is possible to take them together, however, a great many of the apparent differences between these two classes of material disappear. The African traditions at times provide more accurate historical detail than the written sources, while some of the latter are shown to be more legendary in character than the African and subject to just the same processes of compression and the same dependence on ‘structural time’.

The Roma (Gypsies) in Hungary through the Kadar Era

1991 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Crowe
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Foster Homes ◽  
Hungarian Society ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

There have been Roma or Gypsies in Hungary for over 650 years. Historical records indicate that they entered Hungary between 1416 and 1417 from Transylvania during the reign of King Sigismund (1387–1437), though linguistic evidence indicates that they had begun to settle there earlier. In 1423, Sigismund granted the Gypsy leader, Ladislas, and his followers, certain rights of transit, and they began to flock to Hungary. Most settled in the outskirts of villages or towns, and became prominent in some parts of the country as blacksmiths.From the outset, the Gypsies were subjected to varying degrees of discrimination. In the 18th century, Empress Maria Theresa (1740–1780), after Pope Clement XIII granted her the right to become Apostolic ruler of Hungary, adopted policies designed to force the Roma to assimilate into Hungarian society. She outlawed use of the word Cigány and decreed that Gypsies in the future be called “new citizen,” “new peasant,” or “new Hungarian.” In 1780, the government placed 8,388 Roma children in schools where they became wards of the state, and another 9,463 in foster homes. Within a few years, all of them had run away from these institutions or the families. The Gypsies responded with some outbreaks of violence in certain areas, though in most instances they simply left Hungary for other parts of Europe.

Preparation of Gelatin-Chitosan-Honey-Based Hydrogel for Potential Active Material of Wound Care Dressing Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 988 ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Widya Ernayati Kosimaningrum ◽  
Dhena Ria Barleany ◽  
Vera Nita Sako ◽  
Riska Ristiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Antibacterial Property ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Wound Drainage ◽  
Gel Fraction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Physical Blending

Hydrogel composed of gelatin, chitosan, and honey can be one of the right candidates for wound dressing application which provides both an antibacterial and a proper wound drainage management property to promote faster healing. Herein, preparation of hydrogel has been conducted by the physical blending of the solution of gelatin, chitosan, and honey at 40°C. Then, the mixture was cast to form hydrogel films by each 2-4 mm thickness and followed by drying at 37o C for 24 hours. The resulted hydrogels were characterized to confirm its potential as wound care dressing by measuring gel fraction, swelling index, and antibacterial activity. The gel fraction of the hydrogel composed of 10 and 20 grams of gelatin (each with 0.5 grams of chitosan and 20 grams of honey) was respectively 68.86 % and 65.68%. The hydrogel, composed of 20 g of gelatin and 7.5 g of chitosan, has shown the highest water retention capacity (swelling index) by 400 %. However, the presence of honey has slightly lowered both the gel fraction and swelling index of the resulted hydrogel. The antibacterial property of the resulting hydrogel in this work corresponds to the chitosan instead of honey and gelatin.

scholarly journals SERI METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Retno Ardhani
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Alexander Fleming

Sejarah telah mencatat andil penelitian dalam menciptakan kehidupan yang lebih baik. Salah satunya penemuan antibiotik pada 1940an yang diawali dari pengamatan Alexander Fleming pada 1928 terhadap fenomena kematian bakteri Staphylococcus dalam cawan petri yang juga ditumbuhi jamur. Sebelum ditemukan antibiotik, tidak ada obat untuk pneumonia, gonorrhea atau demam rematik sehingga rumah sakit dipenuhi pasien sedangkan tidak banyak yang dapat dilakukan dokter untuk menolong. Tidak mengherankan jika kemudian Alexander Fleming bersama Howard Florey, Ernst Chain yang merupakan tim penemu antibiotik penicillin, dianugerahi Nobel Prize untuk Fisiologi dan Kedokteran pada 1945.

scholarly journals Identity in Spirituality: A Review of the Play Chandalika by Tagore

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Sushil Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Rabindranath Tagore ◽  
Buddhist Monk ◽  
The Right

Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel Prize winner for literature, is the first excellent Indian author whose creative efforts-poetry, prose, drama-present a superb Triveni of, mysticism, humanism and philosophy. His significant dance play Chandalika reveals the theme of marginal(Dalit) voice and role of Buddhism in the play. The play displays a chandal girl's realization that she's a human being like any other and it's wrong for her to believe under the notice of people from the upper castes. This play is about awakening a feeling of her identity in a Chandal-woman, and its awakened realization that she was born as a chandal-woman does not imply she is a non-entity. Prakriti finds that she is as human as anyone else, and that she has the right to give water to anyone high or low who requests that. Chandal girl in this play realizes that she isn't just someone with a personal identity but also causes her to love a Buddhist monk who is accountable for this new awakening.

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