scholarly journals Logging damage to residual trees during sustainable harvesting of uneven-age stands in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afraz Iranparast Bodaghi ◽  
Mehrdad Nikooy ◽  
Ramin Naghdi ◽  
Farzam Tavankar
Keyword(s):  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Selection Cutting ◽  
Logging Damage ◽  
Hyrcanian Forests ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Plot Sampling ◽  
Forest Sustainability ◽  
Alnus Subcordata ◽  
Damage Types

Background: The frequency of wounded trees and intensity of wounds during logging operations can have serious impacts on stand growth and forest sustainability. The aims of the study were to evaluate and compare stand (tree and regeneration) damage level, wound characteristics, and damage types occurring when using a cable skidder in salvage logging and selection cutting. Methods: This study was conducted on four sites of mixed uneven-aged hardwood stands in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. At two sites, salvage logging was applied (SL1 and SL2), and low-intensity selection cutting (SC1 and SC2) was applied at the other two. A systematic plot sampling design was used on the study area for damage assessment. Results: The percentage of regenerating trees damaged was 2.8, 2.1, 4.3, 1.4 %, in SL1, SL2, SC1, and SC2, respectively. The corresponding percentage of damaged trees was 4.3, 3.7, 4.9, 1.7 %. Most of the damage (48–79%) to the stand occurred during the winching stage at all the sites. Most of the wounds were located on the bole (51–78%). The average wound height and wound size at selection cutting sites were significantly higher than at the salvage logging sites. The incidence of high-intensity wounds at the salvage logging sites (55% at SL1 and 57% at SL2) was higher than at the selection cutting sites (24% in SC1 and 30% in SC2). Regenerating beech (Fagus orienalis Lipsky) and alder (Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey) had the highest incidence of damage. The number of damaged trees increased with increasing winching distance. Conclusion: Damage levels in stands during salvage logging and low-intensity selection cutting are lower (about a quarter) than the damage level to residual trees (12–23%) and regeneration (5–11%) from conventional selection cutting in uneven-aged mixed hardwood stands in the Hyrcanian forests. Because of the ecological and conservation value of deadwood, if the incidence of wind-fallen trees is low, the wood should be left in forest stands due to the high cost of salvage logging and the damage caused to residual and regenerating trees.

scholarly journals Felling and skidding damage to residual trees following selection cutting in Caspian forests of Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 196-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Tavankar ◽  
B. Majnounian ◽  
A.E. Bonyad
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Selection Cutting ◽  
Logging Damage ◽  
Plot Sampling ◽  
Cutting Operation ◽  
Cutting Management ◽  
Residual Tree ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Type Of Injury

The felling and skidding damage to residual trees was investigated in a selectively cutting operation in the Caspian forest of Iran. The logging operation was performed by chainsaw and cable skidder. Prelogging, after felling and skidding operations residual tree injuries (species, DBH and damage) were inventoried by systematic plot sampling. Two types of tree damage were observed: destroyed and injured. In this study felling operations mainly injured trees whereas skidding was the main cause of destruction. The percentage of destroyed and injured residual trees by felling operations was 1.4% and 3.4%, whereas the percentage of destroyed and injured residual trees by skid­ding operations was 5.2% and 11.1%. About 87% of destroyed trees were found in the DBH class smaller than 22.5 cm. Maple and Alder were the most damaged trees among the other trees species. Damage to the lower bole and wood damaged intensity were the most common type of injury. To reduce the stand damage, skid trails should be planned before felling and felling directions should be predetermined. In the selection cutting management, limiting logging damage to residual trees must therefore remain a major objective.    

The effect of fire severity and salvage logging traffic on regeneration and early growth of aspen suckers in north-central Alberta

2004 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Fraser ◽  
Simon Landhäusser ◽  
Victor Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
North Central ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Logging Damage ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Leaf Area Reduction

Density and growth of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were measured in the first two years following wildfire to determine the effects of: 1) fire severity and 2) salvage logging damage on sucker regeneration. Results indicate that stand leaf area was not affected by fire severity, although the greatest number of suckers was produced following high severity burns. In contrast, plots with the highest level of machine disturbance in the salvage-logging study had 60% fewer suckers compared to the non-trafficked plots. These suckers tended to be smaller and had less leaf area than the non-trafficked plots, resulting in a stand leaf area reduction of up to 75%. This suggests that salvage logging could have a negative impact on the future growth and productivity of regenerating aspen stands. Key words: trembling aspen, regeneration, suckering, leaf area, wildfire, fire severity, salvage logging, machine traffic

Evaluation of Medium-Rise Reinforced Concrete Building Performance under Low Intensity Earthquake Effect

2014 ◽  
Vol 661 ◽  
pp. 106-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozaina Ismail ◽  
Hamidah Mohd Saman ◽  
Masitah Hassim
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Time History ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Building ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Concrete Building

The paper presents an evaluation of medium-rise reinforced concrete building in Johor which is subjected to low intensity earthquake effects. Even-though Malaysia is outside the earthquake region, the country had experienced and did suffer from major cases due earthquake in the past like tsunami. Engineers should concern and consider the loading for reinforced concrete building due to earthquake in the building design procedure. The study addresses the performance of critical frame reinforced concrete building when subjected to earthquake motion. The building of Marlborough College Malaysia chooses as model. The building was analyzed using Finite Element Modelling (FEM) using IDARC (2D) with respect to various earthquake intensities obtained from Time History Analysis (THA) data. The yield point at the beam-column connections was analyzed to determine the damage index and damage level of the building subjected to the various earthquake intensities. The building performed the early yielding point at 4.2650 sec for beam element at the intensity of 0.15g. Based on the results, it was found that the critical frame of Condominium Marlborough College Malaysia can stand an earthquake occurrence with intensity up to 0.20g. There is no structural damage some non-structural damage is expected in the non-linear analysis of modal frames. The building was also categorized as the one in the light damage level.

scholarly journals Damages to soil and tree species by cable-skidding in Caspian forests of Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. e009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzam Tavankar ◽  
Amireslam E. Bonyad ◽  
Mehrdad Nikooy ◽  
Rodolfo Picchio ◽  
Rachele Venanzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Plot Sampling ◽  
Disturbed Soil ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean

Aim of study: The main aims of this study were to determine of damage level to residual stand and soil disturbance from mechanized selection logging. Area of study: Mixed beech stands in Caspian forests, northern Iran.Material and methods: Point-transect and systematic plot sampling were used for assessing damages to soil and trees, respectively.Main results: 89% of forest soil area was undisturbed or shallow disturbed, and 5.2% was deep disturbed. Soil bulk density of top 10 cm in the winching corridors, ruts and skid trails were increased 10.7%, 20.6% and 32.1% respectively than controlled area. Frequency of damages to regeneration and trees were 12% and 11.2%. The frequency of damages to regeneration was increased with increasing of their heights, but frequency of damages to trees was decreased with increasing of their diameter. The most type of damages was bole wounds in sizes of 100 to 200 cm2 within 1 m from the ground level, and deep wounds. The frequency of damages was different in tree species (p = 0.001). The mean size of bole wounds was 174 cm2, and the mean height of bole wounds was 70 cm from ground level. The intensity of wounds on trees bole were decreased with increasing of their heights from ground level (p = 0.02), while their sizes were increased (p = 0.001).Research highlights: Winching of logs was the main cause of damages to soil and residual stand. The detailed planning strategy will reduce damage to level which is acceptable and predictable.

scholarly journals Alnus subcordata C.A.M. Cambium Cells Dynamics Along Transport Corridors in Hyrcanian Forests

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1186-1190
Author(s):  
Aidin Parsakhoo ◽  
Hamid Jalilvand ◽  
Mehdi Sheikhi
Keyword(s):  
Hyrcanian Forests ◽  
Alnus Subcordata

Stand Damage Following Whole-Tree Partial Cutting in Northern Forests

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Cline ◽  
Benjamin F. Hoffman ◽  
Michael Cyr ◽  
William Bragg
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Logging Damage ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Tree Injury ◽  
Residual Stand Damage ◽  
Whole Tree

Abstract Eighteen mechanically harvested, partially cut hard- and mixed-wood stands in New England were examined to determine the extent of logging damage. Frequency of crop tree damage averaged 9.6%. Tree injury, both incidence and severity, was not related to location relative to skid trails or landings. Variations in damage level between sites was not explained by numbers of trees per acre, size of trees, or basal area prior to or after harvest, but cover type, rockiness, and season of harvest in combination accounted for a small part of the site-to-site differences. Residual stand damage appeared to be most influenced by the care in harvest planning and the experience of the equipment operators. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):72-76.

Increment and decay in Norway spruce and Scots pine after artificial logging damage

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 2130-2141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Anna-Maija Hallaksela ◽  
Antti Isomäki
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Decay Fungus ◽  
Logging Damage ◽  
Increment Borer ◽  
Stem Damage ◽  
Damage Types ◽  
Root Collar

The effects of depth, size, location, and season of artificial logging damage on increment and decay of Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were studied in long-term experiments in central Finland. Damage types applied were root damage, root collar damage, increment borer hole, and stem damage. In root collar and stem damages, two sizes (100 or 400 cm2) and depths (shallow or deep) were applied. Five to 20 years after damaging, the damages did not result in a decrease in radial, height, or volume increment. In Norway spruce, the frequency of decay in the root collar and stem damages was high. From large and deep damages, decay spread faster than from smaller and shallow ones. In Scots pine, a lower proportion of trees were decayed compared with Norway spruce. Increment coring resulted in decay in most of the trees, but the decay spread slowly. The effect of compass direction or the month of damaging was negligible. The most common decay fungus in Norway spruce was Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein. Fr.:) Fr. In Scots pine, only nondecay fungi were isolated. In general, logging damages decreased sawlog production through the rejection of butt logs containing decay or discoloration.

scholarly journals Investigating the out-of-roundness and pith-off-centre in stems of three broadleaved species in Hyrcanian forests

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 513-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fallah ◽  
N. Riahifar ◽  
K. Barari ◽  
A. Parsakhoo
Keyword(s):  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Hyrcanian Forests ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alnus Subcordata ◽  
Pith Eccentricity ◽  
Diameter Classes

The out-of-roundness and pith-off-centre of Alnus subcordata, Acer velutinum and Quercus castaneifolia growing in Hyrcanian forests of Iran were investigated. Stem disks were cut from the breast height and stump height of felled trees in diameter classes of 20 cm to 90 cm. Results indicated that the pith eccentricity for Acer velutinum was significantly greater than that of Alnus subcordata and Quercus castaneifolia (P < 0.01). The pith-off-centre significantly increased with increasing stem diameter from 20 cm to 50 cm, while no significant difference were observed for pith-off-centre index from diameter class of 55 cm to 90 cm. The out-of-roundness in stems of Acer velutinum and Alnus subcordata was significantly greater than that of Quercus castaneifolia (P < 0.01). Moreover, out-of-roundness significantly decreased with increasing stem diameters from 20 cm to 45 cm except for 35 cm. There were no significant differences among diameter classes from 60 cm to 85 cm with respect to out-of-roundness. For all the species, the out-of-roundness and pith-off-centre at stump height were greater than those at breast height.

Selection cutting in over-mature spruce–fir stands in Quebec

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Weetman ◽  
D. Algar
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Valley Bottom ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Selection Cutting ◽  
Logging Damage ◽  
The North ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
St Lawrence River

On the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River in the boreal forest (Forest Section B.1b) there are extensive stands of old-growth black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.). They grow on high-quality valley-bottom sites with a diameter class distribution that is close to the theoretical ideal of the straight-line log relationship considered ideal for selection forests.In 1962, two stands containing about 3500 ft3/acre (246 m3/ha) on 36 acres (14.5 ha) were cut to remove between 20% and 50% of the volume in the form of a selection cut. Basal area and volume, growth, ingrowth, mortality, logging damage, and blowdown losses were monitored in two 5-year remeasurements on a network of 72 permanent sample plots. Only 18 of these plots showed a net loss in basal area for the 10-year period after treatment.It is concluded that in sheltered locations it could be possible to maintain stands such as these in a productive and aesthetically pleasing condition by careful selection cutting.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI TINGKAT KERUSAKAN TEGAKAN PADA KAWASAN PUSAT PELATIHAN GAJAH TAMAN NASIONAL WAY KAMBAS Identification Of Stand Damage Level On Elephant Training Center Way Kambas National Park

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Machya Kartika Tsani ◽  
R. Safe’i
Keyword(s):  
Open Wound ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Way Kambas National Park ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Damage Types ◽  
Very High ◽  
Lower Stem ◽  
Termite Nest

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang besarnya tingkat kerusakan tegakan pada kawasan PPG TNWK. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus sampai dengan Desember 2016 di dalam kawasan PPG TNWK. Pengambilan data penelitian menggunakan plot berbentuk lingkaran yang diletakkan secara sistematis pada lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hampir seluruh pohon dalam lokasi penelitian mengalami kerusakan dengan nilai prosentase kerusakan yang rendah. Berbagai tipe kerusakan yang ditemui adalah konk, luka terbuka, sarang rayap dan semut, kanker, batang pecah, batang patah, resinosis, cabang patah, daun rusak, brum, growong dan batang yang menggarpu. Tipe kerusakan yang paling banyak dijumpai adalah luka terbuka dengan lokasi kerusakan paling banyak pada batang bagian bawah. Nilai kejadian serangan/ kerusakan dalam tegakan sangat tinggi yaitu 98%. Sedangkan kondisi tingkat kerusakan rata-menunjukkan kategori ringan yaitu sebesar 24,69%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa meski kerusakan berkategori ringan, namun dengan kejadian serangan yang tinggi maka besar pula potensi timbulnya kerusakan di masa yang akan datang.Kata kunci: tingkat kerusakan; kejadian serangan; lokasi kerusakan; tipe kerusakan.TNWK This research was conducted to obtain information about the level of damage stands in the area of  PPG TNWK. This study was conducted from August to December 2016. The research data was collected using a circle plot which was placed systematically at the research location. The results showed that almost all trees in the study area were damaged with low percentage of damage. Various damage types that found are: open wound, termite nest, ants nest, cancer, broken stem, resinosis, broken branches, damaged leaves, broom and forking stem. The most common type of damage is an open wound with the most damage location is on the lower stem. The value of the incidence of attack / damage in the stand is very high 98%. While the condition of damage level indicates light category that is equal to 24,69%. This shows that although with light categorical damage, but with the high incidence of attack, this may have great potential for future damage stand in PPG TNWK

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