Symptomatology of Depression and Anxiety After Ischemic Stroke in
                        Different Evolution Periods

Background: Several studies suggest a high prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety after stroke. However, the prevalence and severity of this symptomatology may vary according to the period after a stroke in which the patient is assessed. Goals: This study aims to compare the depressive and anxious symptoms of a population of patients who suffered from ischemic stroke and who are in different evolution periods after stroke.Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study. Participants were all individuals with ischemic stroke, without previous history of psychiatric disease nor pathologies involving Central Nervous System compromise or cognitive deficits, recruited from hospitals or from support units of the Rede Regional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados of the Região Autónoma da Madeira, Portugal. Participants were divided into four groups according to the post- stroke evolution period: short duration (0 to 3 months after the stroke), medium duration (4 to 12 months), chronic period I (13 to 24 months) and chronic period II (more than 24 months after the stroke). Data were collected by a psychologist, with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form Y (STAI-Y), in individual self-report sessions. Results: The study included 42 patients with ischemic stroke, 52.4% males, aged 55-88 years. The different post-stroke evolution period groups do not differ in age, sex, level of education, hemispheric location of the lesion or cognitive functioning. The results showed that the prevalence of depression is higher in the chronic group II; regarding the prevalence of anxiety, no significant differences were found between the four groups. As for the severity of symptoms of depression, it is also significantly higher in the chronic group II. With regard to anxiety, trait and state anxiety levels are higher in the medium duration group compared to participants in the short duration period. It was also observed higher levels of state anxiety in the medium duration group compared to the chronic group I. Discussion: These results suggest the need to identify early emotional changes inherent to this population. These changes can have a major impact on the assessment, follow-up and neuropsychological rehabilitation of patients, so that their early identification will allow a more adequate intervention.Keywords: Ischemic stroke; Depression; Anxiety; Emotional changes.

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Red Blood Cell Indices in Relation to Post-stroke Psychiatric Disorders: A Longitudinal Study in a Follow-up Stroke Clinic

Current Neurovascular Research ◽

10.2174/1567202617666200423090958 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 218-223

Author(s):

Haichao Wang ◽

Li Gong ◽

Xiaomei Xia ◽

Qiong Dong ◽

Aiping Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Post Stroke ◽

Rbc Indices ◽

Post Stroke Depression

Background: Depression and anxiety after stroke are common conditions that are likely to be neglected. Abnormal red blood cell (RBC) indices may be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the association of RBC indices with post-stroke depression (PSD) and poststroke anxiety (PSA) has not been sufficiently investigated. Methods: We aimed to investigate the trajectory of post-stroke depression and anxiety in our follow- up stroke clinic at 1, 3, and 6 months, and the association of RBC indices with these. One hundred and sixty-two patients with a new diagnosis of ischemic stroke were followed up at 1, 3, and 6 months, and underwent Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the general anxiety disorder 7-item (GAD-7) questionnaire for evaluation of depression and anxiety, respectively. First, we used Kaplan-Meier analysis to investigate the accumulated incidences of post-stroke depression and post-stroke anxiety. Next, to explore the association of RBC indices with psychiatric disorders after an ischemic stroke attack, we adjusted for demographic and vascular risk factors using multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results: Of the 162 patients with new-onset of ischemic stroke, we found the accumulated incidence rates of PSD (1.2%, 17.9%, and 35.8%) and PSA (1.2%, 13.6%, and 15.4%) at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. The incident PSD and PSA increased 3 months after a stroke attack. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated independent positive associations between PSD risk and higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.16-1.76), older age (OR=2.63, 95% CI=1.16-5.93), and a negative relationship between male sex (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.91-0.99) and PSA. Conclusion: The risks of PSD and PSA increased substantially 3 months beyond stroke onset. Of the RBC indices, higher MCV, showed an independent positive association with PSD.

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Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression Modulate the Recognition of Facial Emotion

Universitas Psychologica ◽

10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-4.sadm ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Natália Mendes Ferrer da Rosa ◽

Vinícius Ferreira Borges ◽

Leonardo Cheffer ◽

Nelson Torro Alves ◽

Célio Estanislau

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Facial Emotion ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Experimental Task ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

Neutral Face

Previous studies have shown that depression and anxiety are associated to changes in the recognition of facial expression. In the present research, a non-clinical sample was evaluated with respect to trait and state anxiety and depression symptoms. In the experimental task, participants evaluated facial expressions of happiness, anger, sadness, and fear, presented at four intensities (25, 50, 75, and 100%), as well as the neutral face. Results showed that the trait anxiety was associated with a better recognition of anger, fear, and happiness. For depression, we only found differences between groups for emotional attribution to neutral faces, in which participants scoring high in depression were more likely to attribute fear to neutral faces. Findings indicate an improvement of the recognition of happiness, anger, and fear in trait anxiety, whereas symptoms of depression and state anxiety were associated to changes in the evaluation of neutral faces in non-clinical individuals.

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Severity of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety as Predictors of Duration of Psychotherapy

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1998.82.2.427 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 82 (2) ◽

pp. 427-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Samuel B. Korobkin ◽

William G. Herron ◽

Sonja M. Ramirez

Keyword(s):

State Anxiety ◽

Correlation Matrix ◽

Psychological Services ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Pearson Product Moment Correlation ◽

University Center ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

Duration Of Therapy ◽

Symptom Measures ◽

Age And Sex

The present study explored predictors of the duration of therapy exclusive of outcome utilizing data on 77 patients at St. John's University Center for Psychological Services. Measures of time in therapy were the total number of sessions attended and the number of sessions attended within the first six months of therapy. A bivariate Pearson product-moment correlation matrix was constructed, comprised of measures for time in therapy, severity of symptom measures, treatment modality (psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioral), age, and sex. There was a significant correlation between scores on state anxiety and the total number of sessions as well as between scores on state anxiety and number of sessions attended within six months, but no other correlations between measures of severity of symptoms and time in therapy were significant ( p > .05). The results indicate that severity of symptoms does not significantly predict the duration of therapy.

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Depression and Anxiety in Women During Pregnancy in Slovenia / Depresija In Anksioznost Pri Ženskah Med Nosečnostjo V Sloveniji

Slovenian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1515/sjph-2015-0006 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 45-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nuša Podvornik ◽

Vislava Globevnik Velikonja ◽

Peter Praper

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

Health Complications ◽

High Trait Anxiety

Abstract Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of elevated depression and anxiety among pregnant women and to examine its correlation with medical complications and socio-demographic characteristics. Methods. The study is based on a cross-sectional design of a sample of 348 women in three trimesters of pregnancy who received routine obstetrical care at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The responding women filled out a questionnaire on socio-demographic variables, the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale CES-D and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI. Results. 21.7% of pregnant women were identified as suffering from elevated depression symptomatology, 15.7% reported high state anxiety and 12.5% had high trait anxiety. No significant differences in depression and anxiety across pregnancy trimesters were found. The women who have suffered from health complications during previous pregnancies showed higher state anxiety; those experiencing complications during their current pregnancy reported more intense symptoms of depression and of state and trait anxiety than women free of complications. Less educated, lower income and mothers of many children in the third pregnancy trimester reported more intensive symptoms of depression and trait anxiety. Conclusions. Elevated depression and anxiety are frequent among pregnant women. The results draw attention to the need for early detection and treatment of depression and anxiety during pregnancy

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Depression and Anxiety Across the First Year After Ischemic Stroke: Findings from a Population-Based New Zealand ARCOS-IV Study

Brain Impairment ◽

10.1017/brimp.2017.12 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 265-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suzanne Barker-Collo ◽

Rita Krishnamurthi ◽

Emma Witt ◽

Alice Theadom ◽

Nicola Starkey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Population Level ◽

Population Based ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

First Year ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Post Stroke

Background: Depression and anxiety are the two most frequently studied emotional outcomes of stroke. However, few previous studies have been carried out at a population level or beyond 6 months post stroke. The aim of this study was to describe depression and anxiety across the first year following incident ischemic stroke (IS), and identify predictive factors in a population-based study.Method: The Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) was administered at baseline (within 2 weeks of onset), and again at 1-month, 6-months and 12-months after IS in a sample (N = 365) drawn from a population-based study.Results: Over 75% of those assessed experienced depression or anxiety symptoms below cut-offs for probable disorder across the year post stroke. Moderate to severe symptoms for anxiety were approximately twice as likely (range 4.1%–10.6%) as compared to depression (range 2.5%–5.0%) at each assessment. The greatest improvement in anxiety occurred within the first month post stroke. In contrast, the greatest reduction in depression occurred between 1- to 6-months post stroke.Conclusions: Anxiety symptoms in the moderate to severe range were twice as common as depression, and improved over the first month post stroke, whilst depression symptoms persisted for up to 6 months, indicating a need to target these two issues at different points in the recovery process.

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Sense of guilt and anxiety in depression

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72350-1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 644-644

Author(s):

A. Gojowy ◽

A. Kowalska ◽

R. Skowronek ◽

H. Niedzielska ◽

M. Ukrainska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Disorder ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Severe Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Guilt Feeling ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

Interpersonal Guilt ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Depression Level ◽

Severity Of Depression

IntroductionDepression is a significant problem of our civilization. It is said that 10–20% of basic health care patients have depressive disorder. Its etiology is complex and multifactorial. Guilt feeling is one of accessory symptoms, but only small part of psychiatric literature is concerned with this problem.AimsThe aim of the study was to find the correlation between guilt feeling and the level of depression and anxiety.MethodsThe study group involved 20 patients with depression diagnosed with ICD-10 criteria (14 females and 6 men aged 40–69 years). The depression level was determined using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The anxiety was assessed using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and guilt feeling using Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire-67 (IGQ-67).ResultsThe results were statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel. 5 patients didn’t have symptoms of depression in last week, 11 have mild-moderate and 4 moderate-severe depression. Weak, but not statistically significant correlations between interpersonal guilt feeling and the level of depression (r = 0,319), anxiety as state (r = -0,395) and anxiety as trait (r = 0,298) were found. Statistically significant was correlation between age and state anxiety (r = 0,138; p = 0,037).ConclusionsThere is no evidence of relationship between interpersonal guilt feeling and the severity of depression and anxiety. In elderly patients with depressive disorder the level of state anxiety is higher. It may be significant to the effectiveness of applied therapy.

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The peculiarities of cognitive and emotional-volitional spheres of the patients with post-stroke neurological dysfunctions

Психолог ◽

10.25136/2409-8701.2020.1.31680 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 9-15

Author(s):

Dilara Gamzatovna Nazmetdinova ◽

Viktoriya Borisovna Obukhovskaya

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Early Stage ◽

Psychological Status ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Post Stroke ◽

Rehabilitation Period ◽

The Subject

The subject of this research is the peculiarities of cognitive (memory, attention) and emotional-volitional (manifestations of anxiety and depression, motivation towards recovery) spheres of the patients with severe dysfunctions of cerebral circulation of ischemic type in the early and late rehabilitation period. The relevance of this topic is defined by commonness of the ischemic stroke, growing number of incapacitating consequences, and mortality rate in Russia. Ischemic stroke leads to the change of physical, social and psychological status of a patient, worsening of quality of life, and unfavorable prognosis for recovery. The scientific novelty consists in assessment of the dynamics of indicators in cognitive and emotional-volitional spheres of the post-stroke patients at various states of rehabilitation treatment. It is determined that the highest positive dynamics in cognitive and emotional-volitional spheres is observed at the early stage of rehabilitation. The resource and deficiency characteristics, which are most important for selecting the target of psychological interventions, are determined for each group of patients. In the cognitive sphere are noted veracious differences in the capacity of auditory-verbal short-term and long-term memory, memory for images, allocation and shifting of attention. In the emotional-volitional sphere – the indicators of depression and anxiety, motivation towards recovery. The presented data underlines the need for simultaneous provision of psychological rehabilitation and medication interventions for fullest readaptation of a patient to life at all stages of rehabilitation.  

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