scholarly journals Selected Sex Related Differences in Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular System

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. KITTNAR
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormones ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Arterial Blood

The annual incidence of cardiovascular diseases is age-dependently increasing both in men and women, however, the prevalence is higher in men until midlife. The higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in men than in women of similar age, and the menopause-associated increase in cardiovascular disease in women, has led to speculation that gender-related differences in sex hormones might have a key role in the development and evolution of cardiovascular disease. There are several suggested pathways in which gender and sex hormones can affect human cardiovascular system to produce original sexually different pathophysiology between women and men. Sex steroid hormones and their receptors are critical determinants of cardiovascular gender differences. Also arterial blood pressure is typically lower in women than in men what could be explained particularly by greater synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in women. Female cardiomyocytes have a greater survival advantage when challenged with oxidative stress, suggesting that female hormones may play an important role in antioxidative protection of myocardium. It was also demonstrated in animal models that combination of XX chromosomes versus an XY chromosomes enhances sex differences in higher HDL cholesterol. Women were found to have reduced sympathetic activity (reflected by lower total peripheral resistance) and pulmonary artery pressure and enhanced parasympathetic activity relative to men. Similarly, men were found to have higher plasma norepinephrine levels than women. Regarding differences between the sexes in electrophysiology of the heart, two principle mechanisms have been proposed to explain them: hormonal effects on the expression or function of ion channels or, conversely, differences in autonomic tone. To improve diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, greater focus on understanding the molecular and cellular physiology of the sex steroid hormones and their receptors in the cardiovascular system will be required.

scholarly journals HORMONE-ASSOCIATED METABOLIC DISORDERS OF THE ORAL CAVITY ORGANS IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
George Khodorovskyi ◽  
Lyubov Panina ◽  
Tetiana Shchurko
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormones ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Periodontal Tissues

There is emerging evidence of a possible relationship between the oral cavity and reproductive organs. Recent studies suggest these functional relations. The aim of this review was to synthesize the available evidence on this relationship. Clinical observation established that sex hormones enhance gingival inflammation in periodontal healthy women during pregnancy and that periodontal condition is associated with variation of sex hormones in blood. Estrogen regulates DNA synthesis in human gingival epithelial cells and periodontal ligament, estrogen reduces down regulation of cytokines. Estrogen and progesterone affect the periodontium via appropriate receptors (estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor). They are localized in human periodontium, demonstrating that periodontal tissues are the target tissues for these hormones. Testosterone receptors are found in the periodontal tissues. It inhibits prostaglandin secretion and reduces interleukin production. At the same time testosterone stimulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, also enhances matrix synthesis by fibroblast, osteoblasts, and periodontal ligament. The role of testosterone in the formation of teeth is demonstrated in the paper. In females and males, in saliva there are sex steroid hormones. The study examined the entry mode of hormones into saliva. The results suggest that lipid soluble unconjugated steroids (estriol, testosterone, progesterone) enter saliva via intracellular route; the conjugated steroids (lipid insoluble (dehydroepiandrosterone, conjugated estrogens)) enter via the ‘tight junctions’ (infiltrations through the tight junctions between the acinar cells). Recent evidence indicates that organs of the oral cavity (salivary glands, periodontal tissues, oral epithelial cells mucus) produce ghrelin-hormone which affects organs of the reproductive system directly or indirectly via hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In all these organs, there is an appropriate receptor. In conclusion, the organs of oral cavity and organs of reproductive system are functionally linked by sex steroid hormones and ghrelin, besides that periodont can influence ovaries by neuro-reflectory link.  

scholarly journals Sex Steroid Hormones in Older Men: Longitudinal Associations with 4.5-Year Change in Hip Bone Mineral Density—The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 4314-4323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Cauley ◽  
Susan K. Ewing ◽  
Brent C. Taylor ◽  
Howard A. Fink ◽  
Kristine E. Ensrud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormones ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Hip Bmd

Context: There is limited information on the association between sex hormones and bone loss in older men. Objective: Our objective was to determine the longitudinal association between sex steroid hormones and bone mineral density (BMD). Design and Setting: We conducted a prospective study of 5995 men aged at least 65 yr old at six U.S. clinical centers. Participants: Sex steroid hormones were measured in a random sample of 1602 men. After exclusions, 1238 men were included in cross-sectional analyses and 969 in longitudinal analyses. Baseline sex hormones were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bioavailable (Bio) estradiol (BioE2) and testosterone (BioT) were calculated from mass action equations. SHBG was measured using chemiluminescent substrate. Main Outcome Measures: BMD of the total hip, measured at baseline and once or twice afterward over 4.6 yr of follow-up, was evaluated. Results: The annualized percent change in hip BMD increased with decreasing BioE2 (P trend = 0.03). Men with the lowest BioE2 (<39.7 pmol/liter) compared with the highest BioE2 (≥66.0 pmol/liter) experienced 38% faster rate of BMD loss (P < 0.05). There was no association between BioT and hip BMD loss. Men with lowest BioE2, lowest BioT, and highest SHBG experienced a 3-fold faster rate of BMD loss compared with men with higher levels (P = 0.02). A threshold effect of SHBG was observed; the rate of hip BMD loss increased in men with SHBG of 49–60 nm. Conclusions: Low BioE2 and high SHBG levels were associated with lower BMD and faster hip BMD loss. The combination of low BioE2, low BioT, and high SHBG was associated with significantly faster rates of BMD loss.

scholarly journals Activation of PPAR by Rosiglitazone Does Not Negatively Impact Male Sex Steroid Hormones in Diabetic Rats

PPAR Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Mansour ◽  
Elaine Coleman ◽  
John Dennis ◽  
Benson Akingbemi ◽  
Dean Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Zdf Rats

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR) activation decreased serum testosterone (T) in women with hyperthecosis and/or polycystic ovary syndrome and reduced the conversion of androgens to estradiol (E2) in female rats. This implies modulation of female sex steroid hormones by PPAR. It is not clear if PPAR modulates sex steroid hormones in diabetic males. Because PPAR activation by thiazolidinedione increased insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes, understanding the long term impact of PPAR activation on steroid sex hormones in males is critical. Our objective was to determine the effect of PPAR activation on serum and intratesticular T, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and E2 concentrations in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats treated with the PPAR agonist rosiglitazone (a thiazolidinedione). Treatment for eight weeks increased PPAR mRNA and protein in the testis and elevated serum adiponectin, an adipokine marker for PPAR activation. PPAR activation did not alter serum or intratesticular T concentrations. In contrast, serum T level but not intratesticular T was reduced by diabetes. Neither diabetes nor PPAR activation altered serum E2 or gonadotropins FSH and LH concentrations. The results suggest that activation of PPAR by rosiglitazone has no negative impact on sex hormones in male ZDF rats.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF METABOLITES IN THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ROSACEA-TIDES (PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Hladchuk ◽  
Veronika Bocharova ◽  
Vasily Bocharov
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormones ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Key Words Fever ◽  
The Brain

The materials consider the problematic aspects of the importance of metabolites in such manifestations of rosacea-tides as local fever and redness of the skin. It is emphasized that in addition to sex steroid hormones, such centers of the brain as thermoregulation and hemodynamics are affected by both hormonal metabolites (sex hormones) and non-hormonal (prostaglandins).Key words: fever and flushing, prostaglandins, steroid metabolites.

Atherosclerosis and sex hormones: current concepts

2010 ◽  
Vol 119 (12) ◽  
pp. 493-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amparo C. Villablanca ◽  
Muthuvel Jayachandran ◽  
Carole Banka
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormones ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Sex Steroid

CVD (cardiovascular disease) is the leading cause of death for women. Considerable progress has been made in both our understanding of the complexities governing menopausal hormone therapy and our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying hormone and hormone receptor function. Understanding the interplay of atherosclerosis and sex steroid hormones and their cognate receptors at the level of the vessel wall has important ramifications for clinical practice. In the present review, we discuss the epidemiology of CVD in men and women, the clinical impact of sex hormones on CVD, and summarize our current understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with a focus on gender differences in CVD, its clinical presentation and course, and pathobiology. The critical animal and human data that pertain to the role of oestrogens, androgens and progestins on the vessel wall is also reviewed, with particular attention to the actions of sex hormones on each of the three key cell types involved in atherogenesis: the endothelium, smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Where relevant, the systemic (metabolic) effects of sex hormones that influence atherogenesis, such as those involving vascular reactivity, inflammation and lipoprotein metabolism, are discussed. In addition, four key current concepts in the field are explored: (i) total hormone exposure time and coronary heart disease risk; (ii) the importance of tissue specificity of sex steroid hormones, critical timing and the stage of atherosclerosis in hormone action; (iii) biomarkers for atherosclerosis with regard to hormone therapy; and (iv) the complex role of sex steroids in inflammation. Future studies in this field will contribute to guiding clinical treatment recommendations for women and help define research priorities.

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