Body Composition Differences in Military Pilots and Aircrew

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 565-570
Author(s):  
Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez ◽  
Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Helicopter Pilots ◽  
L Proteins ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Military Pilots

BACKGROUND: This research aimed to analyze the body composition (BC) of different military units in the Spanish Armed Forces.METHODS: We studied 179 male aircrew members (86 airplane pilots, 15 helicopter pilots and 78 transport aircrew) using bioimpedance.RESULTS: Airplane pilots (AP) had higher means than transport aircrew (TA) in height (179.56 cm vs. 173.90 cm), total body water (46.72 L vs. 42.96 L), intracellular body water (29.45 L vs. 26.89 L), extracellular body water (17.27 L vs. 16.07 L), proteins (12.72 kg vs.11.63 kg), minerals (4.50 kg vs. 4.15 kg), soft lean mass (60.21 kg vs. 55.29 kg), fat free mass (63.95 kg vs. 58.74 kg), skeletal muscle mass (36.41 kg vs. 33.07 kg), and lower means in body mass index (24.01 kg vs. 25.49 kg), body fat mass (BFM) (13.53 kg vs. 18.81 kg) and percentage of body fat (PBF) (16.83 kg vs. 23.79 kg). Helicopter pilots also had significantly lower means in BFM (13.21 kg vs. 18.81 kg) and PBF (17.11 kg vs. 18.81 kg) than TA.DISCUSSION: The different types of activity between AP (active coping with G forces) and TA (inactive) during operational flights negatively affects the body composition of TA. These results suggest differences in aircrews training and job tasks. Specific training is needed for each unit: it should be individualized, prevent injuries, and be directed by qualified personnel.Bustamante-Sánchez Á, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Body composition differences in military pilots and aircrew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(7):565–570.

In vivo estimation of body composition of lactating dairy cattle from urea space measurements

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 206-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Agnew ◽  
W J McCaughey ◽  
J.D. McEvoy ◽  
D C Patterson ◽  
M G Porter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Space Technique ◽  
Total Body

San Pietro and Rittenberg (1953) reported that urea appeared to meet all the requirements of a satisfactory tracer. Urea is non toxic, not foreign to the body and it shows an even and rapid distribution throughout the total body water without any physiological effect. For these reasons in addition to its easy and accurate measurement, urea is an ideal candidate tracer to estimate empty body water in vivo. Total body water volume (urea space) can be estimated by dividing the total amount of urea infused by the increase in plasma urea concentration from prior to infusion until 12 or 30 minutes after mean infusion time. Kock and Preston (1973) reported significant relationships between urea space measurements and percentage of empty body fat and water in cattle. However, Andrew et al. (1995) using 21 Holstein cows showed that prediction of empty body water using the urea space technique only explained 31 % of the variation. The objective of this experiment was to use the urea dilution technique to estimate the body composition of lactating dairy cows and produce relationships between urea space and body fat and protein content.

scholarly journals Between-laboratory comparison of densitometry and bio-electrical impedance measurements

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Deurenberg ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Erica J. M. Velthuis-Te Wierik
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

Body composition was measured in nine healthy, normal-weight, weight-stable subjects in three different research centres. In each centre the usual procedures for the measurements were followed. It revealed that the measurement procedures in the three centres were comparable. Body composition was measured in each centre between 09.00 and 13.00 hours after a light breakfast by densitometry (underwater weighing) and bio-electrical impedance. A single, total-body-water determination by D2O dilution was used as a reference value. Body fat determined by densitometry was significantly lower in one centre, which, however, could be completely explained by a lower body weight, probably due to water loss (the subjects refrained for a longer time from food and drinks before the measurements in that centre) and, thus, by violation of the assumptions of Siri's (1961) formula. Also, body impedance was slightly higher in that centre, indicating a lower amount of body water. Mean body fat from densitometry was also slightly lower in that centre compared with body fat determined by D2O dilution. Individual differences between body fat from densitometry and from total body water were relatively large, up to 7% body fat. The relationship between fat-free mass from densitometry and bio-electrical impedance was not different between the centres. It is concluded that differences in the relationship between body composition and bio-electrical impedance, as reported in the literature, may be due to differences in standardization procedures and/or differences in reference population.

scholarly journals Stav antropometrických parametrov a telesného zloženia u detí mladšieho školského veku

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Tomáš Hadžega ◽  
Václav Bunc
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
School Age ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Frequency Apparatus

The aim of our observation was to measure selected anthropometric characteristics and to analyze actual body composition in children of younger school age from elementary schools in Prague. The group consisted of a total of 222 probands, boys (n-117) and girls (n-105) aged 8–11 years (average boys age = 9.0 ± 1.0 years, body height = 139.9 ± 8.6 cm, body weight = 32 ± 7.5 kg, BMI = 16.3 ± 2.4 kg.m–2). Average age girls = 8.9 ± 0.9 years, body height = 137.3 ± 8.8 cm, body weight = 30.5 ± 7.3 kg, BMI = 15.9 ± 2.4 kg.m–2). The BIA 2000 M multi-frequency apparatus (whole-body bioimpedance analysis) was used to analyze the body composition. Children of younger school age showed higher TBW values – total body water (boys 65.5 ± 6.0%, girls 66.6 ± 6.5%), low body fat (boys 16.1 ± 2.4%, girls 16.5 ± 2.9%) and higher ECM/BCM coefficients (boys 1.0 ± 0.13, girls 1.02 ± 0.11). The authors draws, attention to the importance of monitoring other body composition parameters. The percentage of fat-free mass (FFM) and the share of segmental distribution of body fat and muscle mass on individual parts of the human body.

Body composition in lactating sheep and its indirect measurement in the live animal using tritiated water

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Foot ◽  
E. Skedd ◽  
D. N. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Total Body

SummaryIn two experiments with female Scottish Blackface or Border Leicester x Scottish Blackface sheep nine or ten animals were slaughtered in mid lactation and the remainder either in November at the time of the subsequent mating (Expt 1) or at weaning (Expt 2).The sheep were infused periodically, including just before slaughter, with 100 μCi tritiated water (TOH) in order to measure total body water by dilution and to estimate body fat using the inverse relationship between the proportions of fat and water in the body. The accuracy of the methods was assessed when the sheep were slaughtered. In the ton lactating Scottish Blackface sheep of Expt 1 fat made up 11.5% of the total body weight with an S.D. of 8·38% whereas the 11 sheep slaughtered at mating were twice as fat (23·2, S.D. 4·01 %). The 25 Border Leicester × Blackface sheep were all thin, whether they were slaughtered in mid lactation (4·4, S.D. 2·56%) or at weaning (3·4, S.D. 2·81%).The standard error of estimate of body water from TOH space in Expt 2 was 1·2 kg c.v. 2·8%) and lower in Expt 1.The precision with which an animal could be weighed was very important in determining the accuracy with which body fat could be predicted from live weight and TOH space. In both experiments the standard error of estimate for body fat in lactating sheep was between 600 and 700 g, compared with 1·3–2·7 kg when body fat was predicted from live weight alone. These estimates were sufficiently accurate to be of value in following changes in body composition in live animals as their nutritional and physiological state alters and for comparing animals in groups where the average fatness is greater and the range wider than in the sheep used in Expt 2.

scholarly journals The effect of zinc supplementation on body composition and hormone levels related to adiposity among children: a systematic review

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (16) ◽  
pp. 2924-2939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inong R Gunanti ◽  
Abdullah Al-Mamun ◽  
Lisa Schubert ◽  
Kurt Z Long
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Total Body

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a comprehensive synthesis of the effects of Zn supplementation on childhood body composition and adiposity-related hormone levels.DesignFive electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of Zn supplementation studies published before 28 February 2015. No statistical pooling of results was carried out due to diversity in study designs.SettingCommunity- or hospital-based, from fourteen developing and developed countries.SubjectsChildren and adolescents aged 0 to 10 years.ResultsSeven of the fourteen studies reported an overall or subgroup effect of Zn supplementation on at least one parameter of body composition, when determined by anthropometric measurements (increased mid upper-arm circumference, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold and mid upper-arm muscle area, and decreased BMI). Three out of the fourteen studies reported increased mean value of total body water estimated by bio-impedance analysis and increased fat-free mass estimated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and by total body water. Zn supplementation was associated with increased fat-free mass among stunted children. One study found supplementation decreased leptin and insulin concentrations.ConclusionsDue to the use of anthropometry when determining body composition, a majority of the studies could not accurately address whether alterations in the fat and/or fat-free mass components of the body were responsible for the observed changes in body composition. The effect of Zn supplementation on body composition is not consistent but may modify fat-free mass among children with pre-existing growth failure.

scholarly journals Body Composition and Postural Stability in Goalkeepers of the Polish National Junior Handball Team

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Jacek Wilczyński
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Average Load ◽  
Load Point ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the body composition and postural stability of goalkeepers representing the Polish National Junior Handball Team. Material and methods. Body composition was assessed by means of bioelectrical impedance analysis. Postural stability was examined using the AccuGait AMTI force platform. Results. The body composition of the subjects was correct. All of the subjects had very good postural stability. Postural sway was higher in the sagittal plane than in the frontal one. Path Length and Average COP Speed were significantly increased during the closedeyes trial. Only Fat Mass (%) and Fat Mass (kg) were significantly directly correlated with Area Ellipse (cm2) (OE, open eyes). Inverse correlations occurred between Fat-Free Mass (kg) and Average Load Point Y (cm) (OE) as well as Average Load Point Y (cm) (CE, closed eyes). Muscle Mass (kg) was significantly inversely correlated with Average Load Point Y (cm) (OE) and also with Average Load Point Y (cm) (CE). Body Mass Index correlated negatively only with Average Load Point Y (cm) (CE). Total Body Water (kg) was significantly inversely correlated with Average Load Point Y (cm) (OE) and also with Average Load Point Y (cm) (CE). However, Total Body Water (%) only correlated negatively with Area Ellipse (cm2) (OE). Conclusions. Postural stability was determined by the composition and structure of the body. Single-sided sports specialisation can lead to static disorders of the body during the developmental period discussed. Therefore, systematic tests are needed to monitor the body composition and postural stability of handball goalkeepers.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fields ◽  
Justin Merrigan ◽  
Jason White ◽  
Margaret Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

scholarly journals Prediction of the <i>in vivo</i> Body Composition of Pigs Based on Cross- Sectional Region Analysis of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Scans

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-545
Author(s):  
A. D. Mitchell ◽  
A. Scholz ◽  
V. Pursel
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Dxa Scans

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a cross-sectional scan as an alternative to the total body DXA scan for predicting the body composition of pigs in vivo. A total of 212 pigs (56 to 138 kg live body weight) were scanned by DXA. The DXA scans were analyzed for percentage fat and lean in the total body and in 14 cross-sections (57.6 mm wide): 5 in the front leg/thoracic region, 4 in the abdominal region, and 5 in the back leg region. Regression analysis was used to compare total body and cross-sectional DXA results and chemical analysis of total body fat, protein and water. The relation (R2) between the percentage fat in individual slices and the percentage of total body fat measured by DXA ranged from 0.78 to 0.97 and by chemical analysis from 0.71 to 0.85, respectively. The relation between the percentage of lean in the individual slices and chemical analysis for percentage of total body protein and water ranged from 0.48 to 0.60 and 0.56 to 0.76, respectively. These results indicate that total body composition of the pig can be predicted (accurately) by performing a time-saving single-pass cross-sectional scan.

scholarly journals Increased extracellular water compartment, relative to intracellular water compartment, after weight reduction

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 294-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter D. Van Marken Lichtenbelt ◽  
Mikael Fogelholm
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Water Compartment ◽  
Total Body

The hydration of fat free mass (FFM) and extracellular (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW) compartments were studied in 30 obese premenopausal women before and after a 3-mo weight-reduction program and again after a 9-mo weight-maintenance program. Body fat was determined by a four-compartment model. Total body water and ECW were determined by deuterium dilution and bromide dilution, respectively. After the weight-reduction period, mean weight loss was 12.8 kg, and body fat was reduced on average by 10.9 kg. During weight maintenance, changes in body mass and body fat were not significant. Before weight reduction, mean ECW/ICW ratio was relatively high (0.78 ± 0.10). During the the study, total body water and ICW did not change significantly. ECW did not change significantly after weight reduction, but 12 mo after the start ECW was significantly increased by 1 liter. The ECW/ICW ratio increased to 0.87 ± 0.12 ( month 12). The hydration of the FFM increased from 74 ± 1 to 77 ± 2% during the weight reduction and remained elevated during weight maintenance. In conclusion, the ECW/ICW ratio and the hydration of the FFM, did not normalize during weight reduction and weight maintenance.

scholarly journals Measuring the body composition of elderly subjects: a comparison of methods

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Reilly ◽  
L. A. Murray ◽  
J. Wilson ◽  
J. V. G. A. Durnin
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Individual

There is a paucity of data on differences between methods for the assessment of body composition in elderly subjects. Studies on younger adults suggest that such differences are of some practical significance at the individual level. In the present study the following methods of estimating percentage body fatness (BF%) were compared in healthy elderly men and women (mean age 70 (SD 6) years: densitometry; skinfold thickness; total body water; bioelectrical impedance (BIA) using an age-specific predictive equation and the manufacturers' equation; body mass index (BMI). Though BF% estimates from the various methods tended to be highly correlated with those from densitometry and with each other, differences between methods at the individual level were marked. In particular, the age-specific equations based on BMI and BIA systematically overestimated BF% relative to the other methods. Biases between BF% estimates derived from densitometry, skinfolds, BIA (manufacturers' equation) and total body water were less marked, indicating little evidence of systematic differences between these methods in elderly subjects. Individual differences between methods were slightly greater than those reported in some studies of younger adults, but this may be of little practical significance, and may be considered inevitable in view of variability between and within subjects in the extent to which the underlying assumptions of these two-component methods are met in elderly subjects.

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