Fuel Planning Errors in General Aviation from 2015 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 970-974
Author(s):  
Hilary Kalagher
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Management Issue ◽  
Fluid Level ◽  
Flight Planning ◽  
Complex Skill ◽  
Standard Operating

BACKGROUND: Planning, whether preflight or in-flight, is a cause of accident that is presumably almost entirely preventable. Planning skills on the part of the pilot should assist in avoiding dangerous situations with regards to light conditions, weather, fuel shortage, and/or improper weight and balance. Fuel planning is noted as especially unnecessary, as fuel planning is not considered a complex skill but part of proper flight preparation and in-flight planning.METHODS: A total of 196 accident reports from 2015 until 2020 were extracted from the NTSB online database in which the probable cause included either preflight or in-flight planning as a cause attributed to the pilot. Of those accidents, the majority (N = 131, 67%) were attributed to fuel planning and were further analyzed.RESULTS: Fuel-planning related accidents were significantly less often fatal compared to all planning-related accidents and all fuel-related accidents. The majority of fuel planning accidents resulted in fuel exhaustion. Additionally, the cause attributed to the accidents was frequently the skill-based error of “fuel planning (pilot)” and the crew resource management issue of “fuel-fluid level”. Specific information regarding the pilot’s fuel plan was only available in 52 (40%) of the accident reports.CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of fuel-related planning accidents suggests that this aspect of pilotage is underestimated and requires more attention both in training and in standard operating procedures. In particular, more detailed information regarding the pilot’s fuel plan is necessary in order to determine which step in the process most frequently results in an accident.Kalagher H. Fuel planning errors in general aviation from 2015 to 2020. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(12):970–974.

The Cost-Based Resource Management in Combination with Qos For Grid Computing

2011 ◽  
pp. 74-90
Author(s):  
Chuliang Weng ◽  
Jian Cao ◽  
Minglu Li
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Grid Computing ◽  
Scheduling Algorithms ◽  
Computational Grid ◽  
Online Scheduling ◽  
Management Issue ◽  
Job Assignment ◽  
The Cost

In the grid context, the scheduling can be grouped into two categories: offline scheduling and online scheduling. In the offline scheduling scenario, the sequence of jobs is known in advance, scheduling is based on information about all jobs in the sequence. While, in the online scheduling scenario a job is known only after all predecessors have been scheduled, and a job is scheduled only according to information of its predecessors in the sequence. This chapter focuses on resource management issue in the grid context, and introduces the two cost-based scheduling algorithms for offline job assignment and online job assignment on the computational grid, respectively.

Pastoralists’ knowledge of plant palatability and grazing indicators in an arid region of South Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen P. Waudby ◽  
Sophie Petit ◽  
Guy Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Natural Resource Management ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Wide Range

Indicator species have been used for several decades as measures of ecosystem health. In arid Australian rangelands, which are dominated by commercial grazing enterprises reliant on native pastures, the development of efficacious indicators is particularly important to monitor production and biodiversity values. The high temporal and spatial climatic variability of arid rangelands means that developing broad indicators is difficult and resource intensive. However, pastoralists, who observe their pastures and the species favoured by stock under a range of conditions, can provide information on local indicators. This paper examines pastoralists’ knowledge in terms of its value for natural resource management in rangelands, including their use of local indicators and understanding of palatability of selected plant species. A survey was mailed to all 51 occupants of pastoral properties in the Stony Plains region of South Australia. Pastoralists were asked what species they considered indicators of overgrazing, whether they would destock if they noted changes in these indicators, what they knew of the palatability of certain plant species, and the usefulness of cracking-clay areas (a key landscape feature in the region) for grazing. Views of respondents on indicator species and plant palatability mostly concurred with published reports on the preferences of livestock for these species. A wide range of indicators (all perennial plant species and no animal species) was listed by respondents, suggesting that indicators are highly location-specific, plant-focussed, and not viewed consistently among pastoralists. Respondents related specific information about cracking-clay areas on their leases, including the influence of the timing and amount of rainfall on pasture productivity, and the value of these areas for livestock. It can be difficult for natural resource management practitioners, who may not observe the landscape regularly, to evaluate land condition and prescribe appropriate land management strategies. It is argued that the participation of pastoralists in science and policy development is fundamental to achieving sustainable land management, providing opportunities for social learning within an adaptive management framework.

Overview of AGATE Advanced Materials Research

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Tomblin
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Original Material ◽  
Material System ◽  
The Government

Abstract The Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments (AGATE) Consortium is a cost-sharing industry-university-government partnership initiated by NASA to create the technological basis for revitalization of the U.S. general aviation industry. It was founded in 1994 to develop affordable new technology as well as the industry standards and certification methods for airframe, cockpit, flight training systems, and airspace infrastructure for next generation single pilot, 4–6 place, near all-weather light airplanes. The AGATE consortium has more than 70 members from industry, universities, the FAA, and other government agencies. With respect to the advanced materials program within AGATE, the government-industry-academia program is directed toward the creation of material allowables that will be approved by the FAA for qualification of composite airframes — the first two being the Cirrus SR20 from Cirrus Design Corporation of Duluth, MN and the Lancair Columbia 300 from Pacific Aviation Composites of Bend, OR. These aircraft will be the first two all composite, four-seat AGATE-type airplanes to be certified in the United States. AGATE members Lancair, Cirrus Design, Cessna Aircraft, Raytheon Aircraft, Global Aircraft, Stoddard-Hamilton and Simula Technologies are contributing members in the program that promises to increase the level of sharing between competitors for the benefit of the entire general aviation industry. One major goal of the advanced materials program is produce FAA approved certification methods for the use of composite materials within the general aviation community. A recently published document entitled “Material Qualification Methodology for Epoxy-Based Prepreg Composite Material Systems” has been approved which describes an acceptable program to substantiate that the materials and processes employed meet FAA requirements for a selected material system. This is the first FAA public document which “standardizes” the procedure for qualifying a composite material system which follows guidelines set forth by the MIL-HDBK-17 committee. These requirements apply to the original material qualification. Once certified, changes to the material, process tooling, and/or facility require a review and repetition of some (or all) of these tests may be required. The plan gives specific information about the qualification program for epoxy-based pre-impregnated carbon or fiberglass unidirectional tape and pre-impregnated carbon or fiberglass woven fabric cured and processed at or above 240 degrees Fahrenheit. Specifically, this plan covers qualification methodology for no-bleed prepreg systems manufactured using vacuum bag molding. The properties of traditional materials — aluminum, steel, etc. — have long been accepted by the FAA in the design of airframes. These “allowables” mean the designer does not have to test every part to destruction, which is a very expensive, time-consuming process, but may use these allowable to substantiate the design using various forms of analysis. Due to company proprietary data restrictions, these “allowables” are generally not shared with other airframers which cause a repetition of qualification, sometimes for identical material. The AGATE database will attempt to standardize this data for a specific material system which will allow AGATE and non-AGATE companies to use the qualification data without having to completely repeat the full qualification [as depicted in Figure (1)]. The overall savings to the baseline qualification procedure should result in an “order of magnitude” savings in cost and over a factor of four savings in qualification time [as depicted in Figure (2)]. The overall goal of the program is to decrease to time and cost required for a new aircraft certification while still maintaining a high level of reliability and safety.

The Cost-Based Resource Management in Combination with QoS for Grid Computing

2012 ◽  
pp. 1084-1098
Author(s):  
Chuliang Weng ◽  
Jian Cao ◽  
Minglu Li
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Grid Computing ◽  
Scheduling Algorithms ◽  
Computational Grid ◽  
Online Scheduling ◽  
Management Issue ◽  
Job Assignment ◽  
The Cost

In the grid context, the scheduling can be grouped into two categories: offline scheduling and online scheduling. In the offline scheduling scenario, the sequence of jobs is known in advance, scheduling is based on information about all jobs in the sequence. While, in the online scheduling scenario a job is known only after all predecessors have been scheduled, and a job is scheduled only according to information of its predecessors in the sequence. This chapter focuses on resource management issue in the grid context, and introduces the two cost-based scheduling algorithms for offline job assignment and online job assignment on the computational grid, respectively.

scholarly journals A Study on Single Pilot Resource Management Using Integral Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process

Safety ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Kwang Hyun Im ◽  
Woongyi Kim ◽  
Seock-Jin Hong
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aviation Safety ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Integral Methods ◽  
Hierarchy Process

This research aims to help develop aviation safety policies for the general aviation industry, especially for flight training schools. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy AHP, and fuzzy integral methods were used to find variables that impact aviation safety for training pilots in Korea and the United States using survey participants’ experience and perceptions. The results represent the circumstances of aviation safety in the real world where single pilot resource management, especially situational awareness, is crucial. The authors find that integral fuzzy AHP provides more explicit considerations, making up for the ambiguity of the linguistic responses caused by the AHP and fuzzy AHP.

Children and Infants in Aviation Accidents

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-357
Author(s):  
Hilary Kalagher ◽  
Alexander de Voogt
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Child Behaviors ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Aviation Accidents ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Adult Supervision ◽  
Child Restraint ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND: This study examines the relationship between seat restraints and injuries of children and infants who were passengers on an aircraft and gives a detailed analysis of children whose behavior contributed to an accident.METHODS: A total of 58 accident reports from 1980 until 2015 were extracted from the NTSB online database in which children were mentioned. In at least 10 cases the childs behavior contributed to the accident.RESULTS: Violations of regulations by the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) as well as the age and number of children and infants on board were each reported inconsistently. Violations of regulations were significantly more common when accidents occurred during the takeoff phase. Child behaviors that caused accidents included distraction of crew, not wearing a seatbelt, and running into dangerous areas.CONCLUSIONS: Pilots and crew, especially in General Aviation, need to be made aware of the need to enforce FAA regulations concerning child restraint systems. It is recommended that children both on the ground and inside an aircraft have adult supervision in addition to supervising aircraft crew to prevent distractions that harm the safe operation of an aircraft.Kalagher H, de Voogt A. Children and infants in aviation accidents. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(5):353357.

A Flight Simulator Usability Assessment of a Multi-function Flight-planning and Navigation Display for General Aviation

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Beringer ◽  
Jerry D. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Data Entry ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Flight Planning ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Usability Assessment ◽  
Aerospace Medical ◽  
Matched Design ◽  
Beta Version ◽  
Consistent Response

A human-factors and usability evaluation was performed on a beta version of a major manufacturer's flight-planning and in-flight navigation multifunction display in the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute's (CAMI's) Advanced General Aviation Research Simulator (AGARS), configured as a Piper Malibu (single-engine, complex aircraft). The evaluation was an open-ended process wherein data collection continued until consistent response patterns were uncovered. Data indicated general acceptance of the software package by the participating pilots. However, several recommendations for improvement arose from pilot consensus in the posttest questionnaire and interview that matched design criteria listed in a multi-function-display certification pocket guide being developed at CAMI. Changes to menu structure and data-entry logic were mentioned by nearly all of the participants, and included: navigation and route editing should occur on the same display page; a “back” or “undo” key is needed; and keys should be consistently placed across different pages. Findings are discussed in terms of cognitive loading, pilot expectations (stereotypes), and internal consistency.

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